2011 |
Roshandel,; Thomson,; Pye,; Boonen,; Borghs,; Vanderschueren,; Huhtaniemi,; Adams,; Ward,; Bartfai,; Casanueva,; Finn,; Forti,; Giwercman,; Han,; Kula,; Lean,; Pendleton,; Punab,; Silman,; Wu,; Holliday,; O'Neill, A validation of the first genome-wide association study of calcaneus ultrasound parameters in the European Male Ageing Study (Article) BMC Med Genet, 12, Page(s): 19, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Photon Adult Aged Aging/*genetics Calcaneus/radiography/*ultrasonography Europe *Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Humans Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics Male Middle Aged Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Absorptiometry) @article{Paper, name = {A validation of the first genome-wide association study of calcaneus ultrasound parameters in the European Male Ageing Study}, author = {Roshandel, D. and Thomson, W. and Pye, S. R. and Boonen, S. and Borghs, H. and Vanderschueren, D. and Huhtaniemi, I. T. and Adams, J. E. and Ward, K. A. and Bartfai, G. and Casanueva, F. and Finn, J. D. and Forti, G. and Giwercman, A. and Han, T. S. and Kula, K. and Lean, M. E. and Pendleton, N. and Punab, M. and Silman, A. J. and Wu, F. C. and Holliday, K. L. and O'Neill, T. W.}, note = {Roshandel, Delnaz Thomson, Wendy Pye, Stephen R Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Kula, Krzysztof Lean, Michael E Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Silman, Alan J Wu, Frederick C Holliday, Kate L O'Neill, Terence W EMAS Study Group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Validation Studies England BMC medical genetics BMC Med Genet. 2011 Jan 28;12:19.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {BMC Med Genet}, volume = {12}, pages = {19}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) as measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the calcaneus in the Framingham 100K genome-wide association study (GWAS) but have not been validated in independent studies. The aim of this analysis was to determine if these SNPs are associated with QUS measurements assessed in a large independent population of European middle-aged and elderly men. The association between these SNPs and bone mineral density (BMD) measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was also tested. METHODS: Men aged 40-79 years (N = 2960) were recruited from population registers in seven European centres for participation in an observational study of male ageing, the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). QUS at the calcaneus was measured in all subjects and blood was taken for genetic analysis. Lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH) BMD were measured by DXA in a subsample of 620 men in two centres. SNPs associated with BUA or SOS in the Framingham study with p < 10-4 were selected and genotyped using SEQUENOM technology. Linear regression was used to test for the association between SNPs and standardised (SD) bone outcomes under an additive genetic model adjusting for centre. The same direction of effect and p < 0.05 indicated replication. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 38 selected SNPs were successfully genotyped in 2377 men. Suggestive evidence of replication was observed for a single SNP, rs3754032, which was associated with a higher SOS (beta(SD) = 0.07}, note = {Roshandel, Delnaz Thomson, Wendy Pye, Stephen R Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Kula, Krzysztof Lean, Michael E Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Silman, Alan J Wu, Frederick C Holliday, Kate L O'Neill, Terence W EMAS Study Group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Validation Studies England BMC medical genetics BMC Med Genet. 2011 Jan 28;12:19.}, keywords = {Photon Adult Aged Aging/*genetics Calcaneus/radiography/*ultrasonography Europe *Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Humans Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics Male Middle Aged Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Absorptiometry} } {BACKGROUND: A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) as measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the calcaneus in the Framingham 100K genome-wide association study (GWAS) but have not been validated in independent studies. The aim of this analysis was to determine if these SNPs are associated with QUS measurements assessed in a large independent population of European middle-aged and elderly men. The association between these SNPs and bone mineral density (BMD) measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was also tested. METHODS: Men aged 40-79 years (N = 2960) were recruited from population registers in seven European centres for participation in an observational study of male ageing, the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). QUS at the calcaneus was measured in all subjects and blood was taken for genetic analysis. Lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH) BMD were measured by DXA in a subsample of 620 men in two centres. SNPs associated with BUA or SOS in the Framingham study with p < 10-4 were selected and genotyped using SEQUENOM technology. Linear regression was used to test for the association between SNPs and standardised (SD) bone outcomes under an additive genetic model adjusting for centre. The same direction of effect and p < 0.05 indicated replication. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 38 selected SNPs were successfully genotyped in 2377 men. Suggestive evidence of replication was observed for a single SNP, rs3754032, which was associated with a higher SOS (beta(SD) = 0.07 |
Khounnorath,; Chamberlain,; Taylor,; Soukaloun,; Mayxay,; Lee,; Phengdy,; Luangxay,; Sisouk,; Soumphonphakdy,; Latsavong,; Akkhavong,; White,; Newton, Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e969, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology Erythrocytes/enzymology Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Thiamine Deficiency/*epidemiology Transketolase/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos}, author = {Khounnorath, S. and Chamberlain, K. and Taylor, A. M. and Soukaloun, D. and Mayxay, M. and Lee, S. J. and Phengdy, B. and Luangxay, K. and Sisouk, K. and Soumphonphakdy, B. and Latsavong, K. and Akkhavong, K. and White, N. J. and Newton, P. N.}, note = {Waiting for PRS1 form Khounnorath, Sengmanivong Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Soukaloun, Douangdao Mayxay, Mayfong Lee, Sue J Phengdy, Bounthom Luangxay, Khonsavanh Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e969.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e969}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Beriberi occurs in Vientiane, Lao PDR, among breastfed infants. Clinical disease may be the tip of an iceberg with subclinical thiamin deficiency contributing to other illnesses. Thiamin treatment could improve outcome. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cohort of 778 sick infants admitted during one year without clinical evidence of beriberi were studied prospectively and erythrocyte transketolase assays (ETK) performed. Biochemical thiamin deficiency was defined both in terms of the activation coefficient (alpha>31%) and basal ETK activity <0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Of the 778 infants, median (range) age was 5 (0-12) months, 79.2% were breastfed, 5.1% had alpha>31% and 13.4 % basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Infants>/=2 months old had a higher frequency of biochemical markers of thiamin deficiency. Mortality was 5.5% but, among infants >/=2 months old, mortality was higher in those with basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (3/47, 6.4%) than in those with basal ETK>/=0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (1/146, 0.7%) (P=0.045, relative risk=9.32 (95%CI 0.99 to 87.5)). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infant age>/=2 months and fewer maternal years of schooling were independently associated with infant basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically unapparent thiamin deficiency is common among sick infants (>/=2 months old) admitted to hospital in Vientiane. This may contribute to mortality and a low clinical threshold for providing thiamin to sick infants may be needed.}, note = {Waiting for PRS1 form Khounnorath, Sengmanivong Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Soukaloun, Douangdao Mayxay, Mayfong Lee, Sue J Phengdy, Bounthom Luangxay, Khonsavanh Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e969.}, keywords = {Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology Erythrocytes/enzymology Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Thiamine Deficiency/*epidemiology Transketolase/metabolism} } BACKGROUND: Beriberi occurs in Vientiane, Lao PDR, among breastfed infants. Clinical disease may be the tip of an iceberg with subclinical thiamin deficiency contributing to other illnesses. Thiamin treatment could improve outcome. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cohort of 778 sick infants admitted during one year without clinical evidence of beriberi were studied prospectively and erythrocyte transketolase assays (ETK) performed. Biochemical thiamin deficiency was defined both in terms of the activation coefficient (alpha>31%) and basal ETK activity <0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Of the 778 infants, median (range) age was 5 (0-12) months, 79.2% were breastfed, 5.1% had alpha>31% and 13.4 % basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Infants>/=2 months old had a higher frequency of biochemical markers of thiamin deficiency. Mortality was 5.5% but, among infants >/=2 months old, mortality was higher in those with basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (3/47, 6.4%) than in those with basal ETK>/=0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (1/146, 0.7%) (P=0.045, relative risk=9.32 (95%CI 0.99 to 87.5)). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infant age>/=2 months and fewer maternal years of schooling were independently associated with infant basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically unapparent thiamin deficiency is common among sick infants (>/=2 months old) admitted to hospital in Vientiane. This may contribute to mortality and a low clinical threshold for providing thiamin to sick infants may be needed. |
Khounnorath,; Chamberlain,; Taylor,; Soukaloun,; Mayxay,; Lee,; Phengdy,; Luangxay,; Sisouk,; Soumphonphakdy,; Latsavong,; Akkhavong,; White,; Newton, Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e969, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology Erythrocytes/enzymology Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Thiamine Deficiency/*epidemiology Transketolase/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos}, author = {Khounnorath, S. and Chamberlain, K. and Taylor, A. M. and Soukaloun, D. and Mayxay, M. and Lee, S. J. and Phengdy, B. and Luangxay, K. and Sisouk, K. and Soumphonphakdy, B. and Latsavong, K. and Akkhavong, K. and White, N. J. and Newton, P. N.}, note = {Waiting for PRS1 form Khounnorath, Sengmanivong Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Soukaloun, Douangdao Mayxay, Mayfong Lee, Sue J Phengdy, Bounthom Luangxay, Khonsavanh Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e969.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e969}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Beriberi occurs in Vientiane, Lao PDR, among breastfed infants. Clinical disease may be the tip of an iceberg with subclinical thiamin deficiency contributing to other illnesses. Thiamin treatment could improve outcome. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cohort of 778 sick infants admitted during one year without clinical evidence of beriberi were studied prospectively and erythrocyte transketolase assays (ETK) performed. Biochemical thiamin deficiency was defined both in terms of the activation coefficient (alpha>31%) and basal ETK activity <0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Of the 778 infants, median (range) age was 5 (0-12) months, 79.2% were breastfed, 5.1% had alpha>31% and 13.4 % basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Infants>/=2 months old had a higher frequency of biochemical markers of thiamin deficiency. Mortality was 5.5% but, among infants >/=2 months old, mortality was higher in those with basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (3/47, 6.4%) than in those with basal ETK>/=0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (1/146, 0.7%) (P=0.045, relative risk=9.32 (95%CI 0.99 to 87.5)). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infant age>/=2 months and fewer maternal years of schooling were independently associated with infant basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically unapparent thiamin deficiency is common among sick infants (>/=2 months old) admitted to hospital in Vientiane. This may contribute to mortality and a low clinical threshold for providing thiamin to sick infants may be needed.}, note = {Waiting for PRS1 form Khounnorath, Sengmanivong Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Soukaloun, Douangdao Mayxay, Mayfong Lee, Sue J Phengdy, Bounthom Luangxay, Khonsavanh Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e969.}, keywords = {Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology Erythrocytes/enzymology Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Thiamine Deficiency/*epidemiology Transketolase/metabolism} } BACKGROUND: Beriberi occurs in Vientiane, Lao PDR, among breastfed infants. Clinical disease may be the tip of an iceberg with subclinical thiamin deficiency contributing to other illnesses. Thiamin treatment could improve outcome. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cohort of 778 sick infants admitted during one year without clinical evidence of beriberi were studied prospectively and erythrocyte transketolase assays (ETK) performed. Biochemical thiamin deficiency was defined both in terms of the activation coefficient (alpha>31%) and basal ETK activity <0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Of the 778 infants, median (range) age was 5 (0-12) months, 79.2% were breastfed, 5.1% had alpha>31% and 13.4 % basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. Infants>/=2 months old had a higher frequency of biochemical markers of thiamin deficiency. Mortality was 5.5% but, among infants >/=2 months old, mortality was higher in those with basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (3/47, 6.4%) than in those with basal ETK>/=0.59 micromoles/min/gHb (1/146, 0.7%) (P=0.045, relative risk=9.32 (95%CI 0.99 to 87.5)). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infant age>/=2 months and fewer maternal years of schooling were independently associated with infant basal ETK<0.59 micromoles/min/gHb. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically unapparent thiamin deficiency is common among sick infants (>/=2 months old) admitted to hospital in Vientiane. This may contribute to mortality and a low clinical threshold for providing thiamin to sick infants may be needed. |
Hamer,; Bates,; Mishra, Depression, physical function, and risk of mortality: National Diet and Nutrition Survey in adults older than 65 years (Article) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 19, 1, Page(s): 72-78, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over Depression/*epidemiology/*mortality Female Follow-Up Studies *Hand Strength Health Behavior Health Surveys/*methods Humans Male Motor Activity Risk Factors, Aged Aged) @article{, name = {Depression, physical function, and risk of mortality: National Diet and Nutrition Survey in adults older than 65 years}, author = {Hamer, M. and Bates, C. J. and Mishra, G. D.}, note = {Hamer, Mark Bates, Christopher J Mishra, Gita D United States The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;19(1):72-8.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Am J Geriatr Psychiatry}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {72-78}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: the authors used an objective assessment of physical function and a range of sociodemographic, dietary, and health behaviors to explore the possible factors that could explain the association between depression and mortality in community-dwelling elderly participants aged 65 years and older. DESIGN: prospective follow-up of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey in older adults. SETTING: community sample. PARTICIPANTS: a total of 1,007 participants (522 men, 485 women; mean age: 76.4 +/- 7.3 years). MEASUREMENTS: : Depression was assessed from the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and physical function using hand grip strength. Participants were followed up for death over an average of 9.2 years. RESULTS: : At baseline, 20.9% of participants demonstrated depression (GDS-15 score >/= 5). Depressed participants were at a higher relative risk of all cause mortality during follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.49). Other risk factors for depression also related to mortality included smoking, physical inactivity, and low grip strength. These factors collectively explained an estimated 54% of the association between depression and mortality. Low-grade inflammation and low plasma vitamin C were also independently associated with depression and mortality but did not explain any of the association between depression and mortality. CONCLUSION: late-life depression is associated with a higher risk of mortality. Physical inactivity and physical dysfunction might partly mediate this association, although further longitudinal studies are required to fully elucidate these mechanisms.}, note = {Hamer, Mark Bates, Christopher J Mishra, Gita D United States The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;19(1):72-8.}, keywords = {80 and over Depression/*epidemiology/*mortality Female Follow-Up Studies *Hand Strength Health Behavior Health Surveys/*methods Humans Male Motor Activity Risk Factors, Aged Aged} } OBJECTIVE: the authors used an objective assessment of physical function and a range of sociodemographic, dietary, and health behaviors to explore the possible factors that could explain the association between depression and mortality in community-dwelling elderly participants aged 65 years and older. DESIGN: prospective follow-up of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey in older adults. SETTING: community sample. PARTICIPANTS: a total of 1,007 participants (522 men, 485 women; mean age: 76.4 +/- 7.3 years). MEASUREMENTS: : Depression was assessed from the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and physical function using hand grip strength. Participants were followed up for death over an average of 9.2 years. RESULTS: : At baseline, 20.9% of participants demonstrated depression (GDS-15 score >/= 5). Depressed participants were at a higher relative risk of all cause mortality during follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.49). Other risk factors for depression also related to mortality included smoking, physical inactivity, and low grip strength. These factors collectively explained an estimated 54% of the association between depression and mortality. Low-grade inflammation and low plasma vitamin C were also independently associated with depression and mortality but did not explain any of the association between depression and mortality. CONCLUSION: late-life depression is associated with a higher risk of mortality. Physical inactivity and physical dysfunction might partly mediate this association, although further longitudinal studies are required to fully elucidate these mechanisms. |
Soukaloun,; Lee,; Chamberlain,; Taylor,; Mayxay,; Sisouk,; Soumphonphakdy,; Latsavong,; Akkhavong,; Phommachanh,; Sengmeuang,; Luangxay,; McDonagh,; White,; Newton, Erythrocyte transketolase activity, markers of cardiac dysfunction and the diagnosis of infantile beriberi (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e971, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Waiting for PRS1 form Beriberi/complications/*diagnosis Biological Markers/blood Case-Control Studies Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods Erythrocytes/*enzymology Female Heart Diseases/diagnosis Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos Male Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood Sensitivity and Specificity Transketolase/*metabolism Troponin T/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Erythrocyte transketolase activity, markers of cardiac dysfunction and the diagnosis of infantile beriberi}, author = {Soukaloun, D. and Lee, S. J. and Chamberlain, K. and Taylor, A. M. and Mayxay, M. and Sisouk, K. and Soumphonphakdy, B. and Latsavong, K. and Akkhavong, K. and Phommachanh, D. and Sengmeuang, V. and Luangxay, K. and McDonagh, T. and White, N. J. and Newton, P. N.}, note = {Soukaloun, Douangdao Lee, Sue J Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Mayxay, Mayfong Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin Phommachanh, Douangkham Sengmeuang, Vanmaly Luangxay, Khonsavanh McDonagh, Theresa White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e971.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e971}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Infantile beriberi is a potentially lethal manifestation of thiamin deficiency, associated with traditional post-partum maternal food avoidance, which persists in the Lao PDR (Laos). There are few data on biochemical markers of infantile thiamin deficiency or indices of cardiac dysfunction as potential surrogate markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case control study of 47 infants with beriberi and age-matched afebrile and febrile controls was conducted in Vientiane, Laos. Basal and activated erythrocyte transketolase activities (ETK) and activation (alpha) coefficients were assayed along with plasma brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and troponin T. Basal ETK (and to a lesser extent activated ETK) and plasma troponin T were the only infant biochemical markers that predicted infantile beriberi. A basal ETK </= 0.59 micromoles/min/gHb gave a sensitivity (95%CI) of 75.0 (47.6 to 92.7)% and specificity (95%CI) of 85.2 (66.3 to 95.8)% for predicting infantile beriberi (OR (95%CI) 15.9 (2.03-124.2); p = 0.008) (area under ROC curve = 0.80). In contrast, the alpha coefficient did not discriminate between cases and controls. Maternal basal ETK was linearly correlated with infant basal ETK (Pearson's r = 0.66, p < 0.001). The odds of beriberi in infants with detectable plasma troponin T was 3.4 times higher in comparison to infants without detectable troponin T (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.22-9.73}, note = {Soukaloun, Douangdao Lee, Sue J Chamberlain, Karen Taylor, Ann M Mayxay, Mayfong Sisouk, Kongkham Soumphonphakdy, Bandit Latsavong, Khaysy Akkhavong, Kongsin Phommachanh, Douangkham Sengmeuang, Vanmaly Luangxay, Khonsavanh McDonagh, Theresa White, Nicholas J Newton, Paul N Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS neglected tropical diseases PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e971.}, keywords = {Waiting for PRS1 form Beriberi/complications/*diagnosis Biological Markers/blood Case-Control Studies Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods Erythrocytes/*enzymology Female Heart Diseases/diagnosis Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Laos Male Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood Sensitivity and Specificity Transketolase/*metabolism Troponin T/blood} } {BACKGROUND: Infantile beriberi is a potentially lethal manifestation of thiamin deficiency, associated with traditional post-partum maternal food avoidance, which persists in the Lao PDR (Laos). There are few data on biochemical markers of infantile thiamin deficiency or indices of cardiac dysfunction as potential surrogate markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case control study of 47 infants with beriberi and age-matched afebrile and febrile controls was conducted in Vientiane, Laos. Basal and activated erythrocyte transketolase activities (ETK) and activation (alpha) coefficients were assayed along with plasma brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and troponin T. Basal ETK (and to a lesser extent activated ETK) and plasma troponin T were the only infant biochemical markers that predicted infantile beriberi. A basal ETK </= 0.59 micromoles/min/gHb gave a sensitivity (95%CI) of 75.0 (47.6 to 92.7)% and specificity (95%CI) of 85.2 (66.3 to 95.8)% for predicting infantile beriberi (OR (95%CI) 15.9 (2.03-124.2); p = 0.008) (area under ROC curve = 0.80). In contrast, the alpha coefficient did not discriminate between cases and controls. Maternal basal ETK was linearly correlated with infant basal ETK (Pearson's r = 0.66, p < 0.001). The odds of beriberi in infants with detectable plasma troponin T was 3.4 times higher in comparison to infants without detectable troponin T (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.22-9.73 |
Browning,; Mugridge,; Dixon,; Aitken,; Prentice,; Jebb, Measuring abdominal adipose tissue: comparison of simpler methods with MRI (Article) Obes Facts, 4, 1, Page(s): 9-15, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Abdominal/*diagnosis Sex Factors Waist Circumference Young Adult, Abdominal Fat/*pathology Absorptiometry, Photon Adolescent Adult Aged Body Fat Distribution/*methods Body Mass Index Cross-Sectional Studies Electric Impedance Female Humans Intra-Abdominal Fat/*pathology *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Middle Aged Obesity) @article{, name = {Measuring abdominal adipose tissue: comparison of simpler methods with MRI}, author = {Browning, L. M. and Mugridge, O. and Dixon, A. K. and Aitken, S. W. and Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {Browning, Lucy M Mugridge, Owen Dixon, Adrian K Aitken, Sri W Prentice, Andrew M Jebb, Susan A Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Switzerland Obesity facts Obes Facts. 2011;4(1):9-15. Epub 2011 Feb 22.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Obes Facts}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study compares the relationship of visceral and total abdominal adipose tissue (VAT and TAAT) measurements obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a range of 'simpler' techniques suitable for field or bedside use: BMI, waist circumference (WC), bioelectrical impedance (BIA) devices and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHOD: 120 participants were recruited, stratified by gender and BMI (20 men and 20 women within each group: lean, overweight and obese). Measurements included height, weight, WC (at midpoint), DXA L2-L4 fat, and BIA (two whole-body and one abdominal device). MRI was used as the reference. RESULTS: MRI data showed that men have more VAT than women, (mean 147 vs. 93 cm(2)) despite less TAAT (362 vs. 405 cm(2)). Correlations of simpler abdominal fat measures showed significantly higher correlations with TAAT than with VAT in men and women. Similarly, trunk and whole-body fat measures were significantly more strongly correlated with TAAT than with VAT. CONCLUSION: None of the simpler techniques show strong correlations with VAT measured by MRI, but WC, abdominal BIA 'visceral fat level' and DXA L2-L4 fat all show similar and strong correlations with TAAT and may be useful in large scale surveys.}, note = {Browning, Lucy M Mugridge, Owen Dixon, Adrian K Aitken, Sri W Prentice, Andrew M Jebb, Susan A Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Switzerland Obesity facts Obes Facts. 2011;4(1):9-15. Epub 2011 Feb 22.}, keywords = {Abdominal/*diagnosis Sex Factors Waist Circumference Young Adult, Abdominal Fat/*pathology Absorptiometry, Photon Adolescent Adult Aged Body Fat Distribution/*methods Body Mass Index Cross-Sectional Studies Electric Impedance Female Humans Intra-Abdominal Fat/*pathology *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Middle Aged Obesity} } OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study compares the relationship of visceral and total abdominal adipose tissue (VAT and TAAT) measurements obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a range of 'simpler' techniques suitable for field or bedside use: BMI, waist circumference (WC), bioelectrical impedance (BIA) devices and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHOD: 120 participants were recruited, stratified by gender and BMI (20 men and 20 women within each group: lean, overweight and obese). Measurements included height, weight, WC (at midpoint), DXA L2-L4 fat, and BIA (two whole-body and one abdominal device). MRI was used as the reference. RESULTS: MRI data showed that men have more VAT than women, (mean 147 vs. 93 cm(2)) despite less TAAT (362 vs. 405 cm(2)). Correlations of simpler abdominal fat measures showed significantly higher correlations with TAAT than with VAT in men and women. Similarly, trunk and whole-body fat measures were significantly more strongly correlated with TAAT than with VAT. CONCLUSION: None of the simpler techniques show strong correlations with VAT measured by MRI, but WC, abdominal BIA 'visceral fat level' and DXA L2-L4 fat all show similar and strong correlations with TAAT and may be useful in large scale surveys. |
Hamer,; Bates,; Mishra, Multiple health behaviors and mortality risk in older adults (Article) J Am Geriatr Soc, 59, 2, Page(s): 370-2, 2011. (BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over *Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Female Great Britain/epidemiology *Health Behavior Humans Male Risk Factors Sex Factors Survival Rate/trends, Age Factors Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Multiple health behaviors and mortality risk in older adults}, author = {Hamer, M. and Bates, C. J. and Mishra, G. D.}, note = {Hamer, Mark Bates, Chris J Mishra, Gita D Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Letter Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Journal of the American Geriatrics Society J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Feb;59(2):370-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03258.x.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {370-2}, note = {Hamer, Mark Bates, Chris J Mishra, Gita D Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Letter Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Journal of the American Geriatrics Society J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Feb;59(2):370-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03258.x.}, keywords = {80 and over *Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Female Great Britain/epidemiology *Health Behavior Humans Male Risk Factors Sex Factors Survival Rate/trends, Age Factors Aged Aged} } |
Ni Mhurchu,; Capelin,; Dunford,; Webster,; Neal,; Jebb, Sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom: analysis of 44,000 foods purchased by 21,000 households (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 93, 3, Page(s): 594-600, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Consumer Satisfaction/statistics & numerical data Diet, Sodium-Restricted Fast Foods/analysis/classification/economics Food/classification/*economics *Food Analysis Food Preferences Great Britain Health Promotion Humans Nutrition Policy Public-Private Sector Partnerships Sodium, Dietary/adverse effects/*analysis) @article{Paper, name = {Sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom: analysis of 44,000 foods purchased by 21,000 households}, author = {Ni Mhurchu, C. and Capelin, C. and Dunford, E. K. and Webster, J. L. and Neal, B. C. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {Ni Mhurchu, Cliona Capelin, Cathy Dunford, Elizabeth K Webster, Jacqueline L Neal, Bruce C Jebb, Susan A Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The American journal of clinical nutrition Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar;93(3):594-600. Epub 2010 Dec 29.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {594-600}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom, sodium reduction targets have been set for a large number of processed food categories. Assessment and monitoring are essential to evaluate progress. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine whether household consumer panel food-purchasing data could be used to assess the sodium content of processed foods. Our further objectives were to estimate the mean sodium content of UK foods by category and undertake analyses weighted by food-purchasing volumes. DESIGN: Data were obtained for 21,108 British households between October 2008 and September 2009. Purchasing data (product description, product weight, annual purchases) and sodium values (mg/100 g) were collated for all food categories known to be major contributors to sodium intake. Unweighted and weighted mean sodium values were calculated. RESULTS: Data were available for 44,372 food products. The largest contributors to sodium purchases were table salt (23%), processed meat (18%), bread and bakery products (13%), dairy products (12%), and sauces and spreads (11%). More than one-third of sodium purchased (37%) was accounted for by 5 food categories: bacon, bread, milk, cheese, and sauces. For some food groups (bread and bakery, cereals and cereal products, processed meat), purchase-weighted means were 18-35% higher than unweighted means, suggesting that market leaders have higher sodium contents than the category mean. CONCLUSION: The targeting of sodium reduction in a small number of food categories and focusing on products sold in the highest volumes could lead to large decreases in sodium available for consumption and therefore to gains in public health.}, note = {Ni Mhurchu, Cliona Capelin, Cathy Dunford, Elizabeth K Webster, Jacqueline L Neal, Bruce C Jebb, Susan A Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The American journal of clinical nutrition Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar;93(3):594-600. Epub 2010 Dec 29.}, keywords = {Consumer Satisfaction/statistics & numerical data Diet, Sodium-Restricted Fast Foods/analysis/classification/economics Food/classification/*economics *Food Analysis Food Preferences Great Britain Health Promotion Humans Nutrition Policy Public-Private Sector Partnerships Sodium, Dietary/adverse effects/*analysis} } BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom, sodium reduction targets have been set for a large number of processed food categories. Assessment and monitoring are essential to evaluate progress. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine whether household consumer panel food-purchasing data could be used to assess the sodium content of processed foods. Our further objectives were to estimate the mean sodium content of UK foods by category and undertake analyses weighted by food-purchasing volumes. DESIGN: Data were obtained for 21,108 British households between October 2008 and September 2009. Purchasing data (product description, product weight, annual purchases) and sodium values (mg/100 g) were collated for all food categories known to be major contributors to sodium intake. Unweighted and weighted mean sodium values were calculated. RESULTS: Data were available for 44,372 food products. The largest contributors to sodium purchases were table salt (23%), processed meat (18%), bread and bakery products (13%), dairy products (12%), and sauces and spreads (11%). More than one-third of sodium purchased (37%) was accounted for by 5 food categories: bacon, bread, milk, cheese, and sauces. For some food groups (bread and bakery, cereals and cereal products, processed meat), purchase-weighted means were 18-35% higher than unweighted means, suggesting that market leaders have higher sodium contents than the category mean. CONCLUSION: The targeting of sodium reduction in a small number of food categories and focusing on products sold in the highest volumes could lead to large decreases in sodium available for consumption and therefore to gains in public health. |
Holliday,; Pye,; Thomson,; Boonen,; Borghs,; Vanderschueren,; Gielen,; Huhtaniemi,; Adams,; Ward,; Bartfai,; Casanueva,; Finn,; Forti,; Giwercman,; Han,; Kula,; Labrie,; Lean,; Pendleton,; Punab,; Wu,; O'Neill,; Group, EMAS Study The ESR1 (6q25) locus is associated with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric bone mineral density in European men (Article) PLoS One, 6, 7, Page(s): e22037, 2011. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Single Nucleotide/genetics Radius/*physiology/radiography) @article{Paper, name = {The ESR1 (6q25) locus is associated with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric bone mineral density in European men}, author = {Holliday, K. L. and Pye, S. R. and Thomson, W. and Boonen, S. and Borghs, H. and Vanderschueren, D. and Gielen, E. and Huhtaniemi, I. T. and Adams, J. E. and Ward, K. A. and Bartfai, G. and Casanueva, F. and Finn, J. D. and Forti, G. and Giwercman, A. and Han, T. S. and Kula, K. and Labrie, F. and Lean, M. E. and Pendleton, N. and Punab, M. and Wu, F. C. and O'Neill, T. W. and EMAS Study Group}, note = {Holliday, Kate L Pye, Stephen R Thomson, Wendy Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Gielen, Evelien Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Kula, Krzysztof Labrie, Fernand Lean, Michael E J Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Wu, Frederick C W O'Neill, Terence W EMAS study group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PloS one PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22037. Epub 2011 Jul 7.}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e22037}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 6q25, which incorporates the oestrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), as a quantitative trait locus for areal bone mineral density (BMD(a)) of the hip and lumbar spine. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of this locus on other bone health outcomes; calcaneal ultrasound (QUS) parameters, radial peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) parameters and markers of bone turnover in a population sample of European men. METHODS: Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the 6q25 locus were genotyped in men aged 40-79 years from 7 European countries, participating in the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). The associations between SNPs and measured bone parameters were tested under an additive genetic model adjusting for centre using linear regression. RESULTS: 2468 men, mean (SD) aged 59.9 (11.1) years had QUS measurements performed and bone turnover marker levels measured. A subset of 628 men had DXA and pQCT measurements. Multiple independent SNPs showed significant associations with BMD using all three measurement techniques. Most notably, rs1999805 was associated with a 0.10 SD (95%CI 0.05, 0.16; p = 0.0001) lower estimated BMD at the calcaneus, a 0.14 SD (95%CI 0.05, 0.24; p = 0.004) lower total hip BMD(a), a 0.12 SD (95%CI 0.02, 0.23; p = 0.026) lower lumbar spine BMD(a) and a 0.18 SD (95%CI 0.06, 0.29; p = 0.003) lower trabecular BMD at the distal radius for each copy of the minor allele. There was no association with serum levels of bone turnover markers and a single SNP which was associated with cortical density was also associated with cortical BMC and thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Our data replicate previous associations found between SNPs in the 6q25 locus and BMD(a) at the hip and extend these data to include associations with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric BMD.}, note = {Holliday, Kate L Pye, Stephen R Thomson, Wendy Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Gielen, Evelien Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Kula, Krzysztof Labrie, Fernand Lean, Michael E J Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Wu, Frederick C W O'Neill, Terence W EMAS study group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PloS one PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22037. Epub 2011 Jul 7.}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Single Nucleotide/genetics Radius/*physiology/radiography} } PURPOSE: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 6q25, which incorporates the oestrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), as a quantitative trait locus for areal bone mineral density (BMD(a)) of the hip and lumbar spine. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of this locus on other bone health outcomes; calcaneal ultrasound (QUS) parameters, radial peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) parameters and markers of bone turnover in a population sample of European men. METHODS: Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the 6q25 locus were genotyped in men aged 40-79 years from 7 European countries, participating in the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). The associations between SNPs and measured bone parameters were tested under an additive genetic model adjusting for centre using linear regression. RESULTS: 2468 men, mean (SD) aged 59.9 (11.1) years had QUS measurements performed and bone turnover marker levels measured. A subset of 628 men had DXA and pQCT measurements. Multiple independent SNPs showed significant associations with BMD using all three measurement techniques. Most notably, rs1999805 was associated with a 0.10 SD (95%CI 0.05, 0.16; p = 0.0001) lower estimated BMD at the calcaneus, a 0.14 SD (95%CI 0.05, 0.24; p = 0.004) lower total hip BMD(a), a 0.12 SD (95%CI 0.02, 0.23; p = 0.026) lower lumbar spine BMD(a) and a 0.18 SD (95%CI 0.06, 0.29; p = 0.003) lower trabecular BMD at the distal radius for each copy of the minor allele. There was no association with serum levels of bone turnover markers and a single SNP which was associated with cortical density was also associated with cortical BMC and thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Our data replicate previous associations found between SNPs in the 6q25 locus and BMD(a) at the hip and extend these data to include associations with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric BMD. |
2010 |
Hill,; Dodrill,; Bluck,; Davies, A novel stable isotope approach for determining the impact of thickening agents on water absorption (Article) Dysphagia, 25, 1, Page(s): 1-5, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Biological Availability Deglutition Disorders Deuterium/metabolism Humans Male Models, Biological Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*metabolism Radioisotopes/*diagnostic use Water/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {A novel stable isotope approach for determining the impact of thickening agents on water absorption}, author = {Hill, R. J. and Dodrill, P. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Davies, P. S.}, note = {doi ; 10.1007/s00455-009-9221-4, 26 June 2009}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Dysphagia}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, abstract = {Research on the bioavailability of water from thickened fluids has recently been published and it concluded that the addition of certain thickening agents (namely, modified maize starch, guar gum, and xanthan gum) does not significantly alter the absorption of water from the healthy, mature human gut. Using xanthan gum as an example, our "proof of concept" study describes a simple, accurate, and noninvasive alternative to the methodology used in that first study, and involves the measurement and comparison of the dilution space ratios of the isotopes (2)H and (18)O and subsequent calculation of total body water. Our method involves the ingestion of a thickening agent labeled with (2)H 1 day after ingestion of (18)O. Analyses are based on the isotopic enrichment of urine samples collected prior to the administration of each isotope, and daily urine samples collected for 15 days postdosing. We urge that further research is needed to evaluate the impact of various thickening agents on the bioavailability of water from the developing gut and in cases of gut pathology and recommend our methodology.}, note = {doi ; 10.1007/s00455-009-9221-4, 26 June 2009}, keywords = {Adult Biological Availability Deglutition Disorders Deuterium/metabolism Humans Male Models, Biological Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*metabolism Radioisotopes/*diagnostic use Water/*metabolism} } Research on the bioavailability of water from thickened fluids has recently been published and it concluded that the addition of certain thickening agents (namely, modified maize starch, guar gum, and xanthan gum) does not significantly alter the absorption of water from the healthy, mature human gut. Using xanthan gum as an example, our "proof of concept" study describes a simple, accurate, and noninvasive alternative to the methodology used in that first study, and involves the measurement and comparison of the dilution space ratios of the isotopes (2)H and (18)O and subsequent calculation of total body water. Our method involves the ingestion of a thickening agent labeled with (2)H 1 day after ingestion of (18)O. Analyses are based on the isotopic enrichment of urine samples collected prior to the administration of each isotope, and daily urine samples collected for 15 days postdosing. We urge that further research is needed to evaluate the impact of various thickening agents on the bioavailability of water from the developing gut and in cases of gut pathology and recommend our methodology. |
Ward,; Das,; Roberts,; Berry,; Adams,; Rawer,; Mughal, A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation upon musculoskeletal health in postmenarchal females (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 10, Page(s): 4643-4651, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry) @article{, name = {A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation upon musculoskeletal health in postmenarchal females}, author = {Ward, K. A. and Das, G. and Roberts, S. A. and Berry, J. L. and Adams, J. E. and Rawer, R. and Mughal, M. Z.}, note = {Ward, K A Das, G Roberts, S A Berry, J L Adams, J E Rawer, R Mughal, M Z Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct;95(10):4643-51. Epub 2010 Jul 14.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {95}, number = {10}, pages = {4643-4651}, abstract = {CONTEXT: There has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency rickets throughout the developed world, with infants and adolescents being primarily affected. Adolescence is a crucial period for muscle and bone mineral accumulation. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the adolescent musculoskeletal system. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a community-based, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in a secondary school. PARTICIPANTS: Postmenarchal 12- to 14-yr-old females participated in the trial. Ninety-nine were screened, 73 were included in randomized controlled trial, and 69 completed the trial. There were no adverse events. INTERVENTION: Four doses of 150,000 IU vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) were given over 1 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and jumping mechanography were used. RESULTS: At follow-up, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status was 56.0 +/- 8.9 nmol/liter in the intervention group and 15.8 +/- 6.6 nmol/liter in controls. There were no effects of supplementation on bone; however, for muscle function, efficiency of movement improved in the vitamin D-treated group. There was an interaction between baseline 25(OH)D concentration and response to vitamin D supplementation for muscle jump velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements in 25(OH)D status, treatment with vitamin D(2) was not shown to increase mineral accretion, bone geometry or strength, muscle force, or power. There were greater increases in jump velocity in girls with the lowest baseline 25(OH)D concentrations. Lack of effect of intervention after the period of peak mineral and muscle mass accretion suggests that earlier action is required.}, note = {Ward, K A Das, G Roberts, S A Berry, J L Adams, J E Rawer, R Mughal, M Z Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct;95(10):4643-51. Epub 2010 Jul 14.}, keywords = {Absorptiometry} } CONTEXT: There has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency rickets throughout the developed world, with infants and adolescents being primarily affected. Adolescence is a crucial period for muscle and bone mineral accumulation. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the adolescent musculoskeletal system. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a community-based, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in a secondary school. PARTICIPANTS: Postmenarchal 12- to 14-yr-old females participated in the trial. Ninety-nine were screened, 73 were included in randomized controlled trial, and 69 completed the trial. There were no adverse events. INTERVENTION: Four doses of 150,000 IU vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) were given over 1 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and jumping mechanography were used. RESULTS: At follow-up, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status was 56.0 +/- 8.9 nmol/liter in the intervention group and 15.8 +/- 6.6 nmol/liter in controls. There were no effects of supplementation on bone; however, for muscle function, efficiency of movement improved in the vitamin D-treated group. There was an interaction between baseline 25(OH)D concentration and response to vitamin D supplementation for muscle jump velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements in 25(OH)D status, treatment with vitamin D(2) was not shown to increase mineral accretion, bone geometry or strength, muscle force, or power. There were greater increases in jump velocity in girls with the lowest baseline 25(OH)D concentrations. Lack of effect of intervention after the period of peak mineral and muscle mass accretion suggests that earlier action is required. |
Siervo,; Corander,; Mander,; Browning,; Jebb, Acute effects of hyperglycaemia on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), adiponectin and inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP) in overweight and obese women with metabolic syndrome (Article) Br J Biomed Sci, 67, 4, Page(s): 216-8, 2010. (BibTeX | Tags: Adiponectin/*metabolism Adult Aged Arginine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism Biological Markers/blood Female Humans Hyperglycemia/complications/*metabolism Interleukin-6/*metabolism Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*metabolism Middle Aged Obesity/complications/*metabolism Young Adult) @article{, name = {Acute effects of hyperglycaemia on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), adiponectin and inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP) in overweight and obese women with metabolic syndrome}, author = {Siervo, M. and Corander, M. and Mander, A. P. and Browning, L. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {Siervo, M Corander, M Mander, A P Browning, L M Jebb, S A England British journal of biomedical science Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67(4):216-8.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Biomed Sci}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {216-8}, note = {Siervo, M Corander, M Mander, A P Browning, L M Jebb, S A England British journal of biomedical science Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67(4):216-8.}, keywords = {Adiponectin/*metabolism Adult Aged Arginine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism Biological Markers/blood Female Humans Hyperglycemia/complications/*metabolism Interleukin-6/*metabolism Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/*metabolism Middle Aged Obesity/complications/*metabolism Young Adult} } |
Park,; Dahm,; Keogh,; Mitrou,; Cairns,; Greenwood,; Spencer,; Fentiman,; Shipley,; Brunner,; Cade,; Burley,; Mishra,; Kuh,; Stephen,; White,; Luben,; Mulligan,; Khaw,; Rodwell, Alcohol intake and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium (Article) Br J Cancer, 103, Page(s): 747-756, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Alcohol Drinking/*adverse effects Case-Control Studies Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology Diet Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Middle Aged Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects) @article{Paper, name = {Alcohol intake and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium}, author = {Park, J. Y. and Dahm, C. C. and Keogh, R. H. and Mitrou, P. N. and Cairns, B. J. and Greenwood, D. C. and Spencer, E. A. and Fentiman, I. S. and Shipley, M. J. and Brunner, E. J. and Cade, J. E. and Burley, V. J. and Mishra, G. D. and Kuh, D. and Stephen, A. M. and White, I. R. and Luben, R. N. and Mulligan, A. A. and Khaw, K. T. and Rodwell, S. A.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Cancer}, volume = {103}, pages = {747-756}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive alcohol intake increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, findings regarding tumour subsites and sex differences have been inconsistent. METHODS: We investigated the prospective associations between alcohol intake on overall and site- and sex-specific CRC risk. Analyses were conducted on 579 CRC cases and 1996 matched controls nested within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium using standardised data obtained from food diaries as a main nutritional method and repeated using data from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: Compared with individuals in the lightest category of drinkers (>0-<5 g per day), the multivariable odds ratios of CRC were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.88, 1.53) for non-drinkers, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.24) for drinkers with 5-<15 g per day, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.25) for drinkers with 15-<30 g per day, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.58) for drinkers with 30-<45 g per day and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.91) for drinkers with >or=45 g per day. No clear associations were observed between site-specific CRC risk and alcohol intake in either sex. Analyses using FFQ showed similar results. CONCLUSION: We found no significantly increased risk of CRC up to 30 g per day of alcohol intake within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium.}, keywords = {Alcohol Drinking/*adverse effects Case-Control Studies Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology Diet Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Middle Aged Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects} } BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive alcohol intake increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, findings regarding tumour subsites and sex differences have been inconsistent. METHODS: We investigated the prospective associations between alcohol intake on overall and site- and sex-specific CRC risk. Analyses were conducted on 579 CRC cases and 1996 matched controls nested within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium using standardised data obtained from food diaries as a main nutritional method and repeated using data from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: Compared with individuals in the lightest category of drinkers (>0-<5 g per day), the multivariable odds ratios of CRC were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.88, 1.53) for non-drinkers, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.24) for drinkers with 5-<15 g per day, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.25) for drinkers with 15-<30 g per day, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.58) for drinkers with 30-<45 g per day and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.91) for drinkers with >or=45 g per day. No clear associations were observed between site-specific CRC risk and alcohol intake in either sex. Analyses using FFQ showed similar results. CONCLUSION: We found no significantly increased risk of CRC up to 30 g per day of alcohol intake within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. |
Blundell,; de Graaf,; Huslshof,; Jebb,; Livingstone,; Lluch,; Mela,; Salah,; Schuring,; van der Knaap,; Westerterp, Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods (Article) Obes Rev, 11, 3, Page(s): 251-270, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Appetite Regulation/*physiology Eating *Evidence-Based Medicine Food/*standards Food Labeling *Guidelines as Topic Humans Satiation/*physiology) @article{Review, name = {Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods}, author = {Blundell, J. E. and de Graaf, C. and Huslshof, T. and Jebb, S. and Livingstone, B. and Lluch, A. and Mela, D. and Salah, S. and Schuring, E. and van der Knaap, H. and Westerterp, M.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Obes Rev}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {251-270}, abstract = {This report describes a set of scientific procedures used to assess the impact of foods and food ingredients on the expression of appetite (psychological and behavioural). An overarching priority has been to enable potential evaluators of health claims about foods to identify justified claims and to exclude claims that are not supported by scientific evidence for the effect cited. This priority follows precisely from the principles set down in the PASSCLAIM report. The report allows the evaluation of the strength of health claims, about the effects of foods on appetite, which can be sustained on the basis of the commonly used scientific designs and experimental procedures. The report includes different designs for assessing effects on satiation as opposed to satiety, detailed coverage of the extent to which a change in hunger can stand alone as a measure of appetite control and an extensive discussion of the statistical procedures appropriate for handling data in this field of research. Because research in this area is continually evolving, new improved methodologies may emerge over time and will need to be incorporated into the framework. One main objective of the report has been to produce guidance on good practice in carrying out appetite research, and not to set down a series of commandments that must be followed.}, keywords = {Appetite Regulation/*physiology Eating *Evidence-Based Medicine Food/*standards Food Labeling *Guidelines as Topic Humans Satiation/*physiology} } This report describes a set of scientific procedures used to assess the impact of foods and food ingredients on the expression of appetite (psychological and behavioural). An overarching priority has been to enable potential evaluators of health claims about foods to identify justified claims and to exclude claims that are not supported by scientific evidence for the effect cited. This priority follows precisely from the principles set down in the PASSCLAIM report. The report allows the evaluation of the strength of health claims, about the effects of foods on appetite, which can be sustained on the basis of the commonly used scientific designs and experimental procedures. The report includes different designs for assessing effects on satiation as opposed to satiety, detailed coverage of the extent to which a change in hunger can stand alone as a measure of appetite control and an extensive discussion of the statistical procedures appropriate for handling data in this field of research. Because research in this area is continually evolving, new improved methodologies may emerge over time and will need to be incorporated into the framework. One main objective of the report has been to produce guidance on good practice in carrying out appetite research, and not to set down a series of commandments that must be followed. |
Warren,; Ekelund,; Besson,; Mezzani,; Geladas,; Vanhees,; Panel, Experts Assessment of physical activity: a review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: a report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (Article) Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 17, 2, Page(s): 127-139, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Actigraphy Biomedical Research/instrumentation/*methods Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention & control Electrocardiography, Ambulatory *Epidemiologic Research Design Europe Humans Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/*methods *Motor Activity *Physical Fitness Questionnaires Reproducibility of Results Risk Reduction Behavior Societies, Medical Terminology as Topic) @article{Paper, name = {Assessment of physical activity: a review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: a report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation}, author = {Warren, J. M. and Ekelund, U. and Besson, H. and Mezzani, A. L. and Geladas, N. and Vanhees, L. and Experts Panel}, note = {European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Exercise Physiology Section}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {127-139}, abstract = {Physical activity has a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The precise measurement of physical activity is key to many surveillance and epidemiological studies investigating trends and associations with disease. Public health initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity rely on the measurement of physical activity to monitor their effectiveness. Physical activity is multidimensional, and a complex behaviour to measure; its various domains are often misunderstood. Inappropriate or crude measures of physical activity have serious implications, and are likely to lead to misleading results and underestimate effect size. In this review, key definitions and theoretical aspects, which underpin the measurement of physical activity, are briefly discussed. Methodologies particularly suited for use in epidemiological research are reviewed, with particular reference to their validity, primary outcome measure and considerations when using each in the field. It is acknowledged that the choice of method may be a compromise between accuracy level and feasibility, but the ultimate choice of tool must suit the stated aim of the research. A framework is presented to guide researchers on the selection of the most suitable tool for use in a specific study.}, note = {European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Exercise Physiology Section}, keywords = {Actigraphy Biomedical Research/instrumentation/*methods Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention & control Electrocardiography, Ambulatory *Epidemiologic Research Design Europe Humans Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/*methods *Motor Activity *Physical Fitness Questionnaires Reproducibility of Results Risk Reduction Behavior Societies, Medical Terminology as Topic} } Physical activity has a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The precise measurement of physical activity is key to many surveillance and epidemiological studies investigating trends and associations with disease. Public health initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity rely on the measurement of physical activity to monitor their effectiveness. Physical activity is multidimensional, and a complex behaviour to measure; its various domains are often misunderstood. Inappropriate or crude measures of physical activity have serious implications, and are likely to lead to misleading results and underestimate effect size. In this review, key definitions and theoretical aspects, which underpin the measurement of physical activity, are briefly discussed. Methodologies particularly suited for use in epidemiological research are reviewed, with particular reference to their validity, primary outcome measure and considerations when using each in the field. It is acknowledged that the choice of method may be a compromise between accuracy level and feasibility, but the ultimate choice of tool must suit the stated aim of the research. A framework is presented to guide researchers on the selection of the most suitable tool for use in a specific study. |
McAlpine,; Frisch,; Rome,; Clark,; Signore,; Lindroos,; Allison, Bariatric surgery: a primer for eating disorder professionals (Article) Eur Eat Disord Rev, 18, 4, Page(s): 304-317, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bariatric Surgery/*psychology Eating Disorders/*psychology Humans Obesity/*psychology/*surgery) @article{Review, name = {Bariatric surgery: a primer for eating disorder professionals}, author = {McAlpine, D. E. and Frisch, M. J. and Rome, E. S. and Clark, M. M. and Signore, C. and Lindroos, A. K. and Allison, K. C.}, note = {doi: 10.1002/erv.1012}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Eur Eat Disord Rev}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {304-317}, abstract = {Obesity is a public health epidemic with medical, psychological and economic consequences. It continues to increase globally in prevalence and severity. Despite numerous behaviourally, medically or pharmacologically guided treatments, an effective non-surgical long-term treatment approach has not been identified. Bariatric surgery has surfaced as a viable option for a subset of individuals with medically complicated obesity who have failed non-surgical approaches. Pre-operative evaluation followed by post-operative, longitudinal follow-up by a multidisciplinary team specializing in surgery, medicine, psychiatry/psychology, exercise science and nutrition constitutes recognized and necessary standard of care for these complex patients. More information is needed regarding factors that interfere with successful outcomes and mechanisms of optimal follow-up for bariatric surgery patients to prevent and detect post-operative medical, psychological and social difficulties. We will review these issues with a focus on issues relevant to eating disorders professionals.}, note = {doi: 10.1002/erv.1012}, keywords = {Bariatric Surgery/*psychology Eating Disorders/*psychology Humans Obesity/*psychology/*surgery} } Obesity is a public health epidemic with medical, psychological and economic consequences. It continues to increase globally in prevalence and severity. Despite numerous behaviourally, medically or pharmacologically guided treatments, an effective non-surgical long-term treatment approach has not been identified. Bariatric surgery has surfaced as a viable option for a subset of individuals with medically complicated obesity who have failed non-surgical approaches. Pre-operative evaluation followed by post-operative, longitudinal follow-up by a multidisciplinary team specializing in surgery, medicine, psychiatry/psychology, exercise science and nutrition constitutes recognized and necessary standard of care for these complex patients. More information is needed regarding factors that interfere with successful outcomes and mechanisms of optimal follow-up for bariatric surgery patients to prevent and detect post-operative medical, psychological and social difficulties. We will review these issues with a focus on issues relevant to eating disorders professionals. |
de Bono,; Schoenmakers,; Ceesay,; Mendy,; Laskey,; Cole,; Prentice, Birth weight predicts bone size in young adulthood at cortical sites in men and trabecular sites in women from The Gambia (Article) Bone, 46, 5, Page(s): 1316-1321, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adolescent Birth Weight/*physiology Bone Density Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/metabolism/*physiology Female Gambia Humans Male Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Birth weight predicts bone size in young adulthood at cortical sites in men and trabecular sites in women from The Gambia}, author = {de Bono, S. and Schoenmakers, I. and Ceesay, M. and Mendy, M. and Laskey, M. A. and Cole, T. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.381 In press, corrected proof. 1873-2763 (Electronic) 1873-2763 (Linking) Journal article}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {1316-1321}, abstract = {Fracture risk is determined by bone mass, size and architecture. Birth weight (Bwt) is reported to predict adult bone mass and density. Early life environment may therefore be a determinant of bone strength in later life. However such evidence was obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which is known to be dependent on size. We used peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and DXA to investigate Bwt as a determinant of bone size and cross section area (CSA), bone mineral content (BMC) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and areal BMD (aBMD) independent of current weight, height and age. The study population consisted of 68 males and 52 nulliparous females aged 17 to 21years from Keneba, The Gambia. This population has a high prevalence of factors likely to influence skeletal development (poor nutrition, low calcium intake, late puberty and high physical activity). Measures of bone size and CSA, BMC and BMD were obtained using pQCT (Stratec 2000; at 4% and 66% radius; 4% and 50% tibia) and DXA (Lunar DPX; spine, hip, forearm and whole body). Sequential univariable (influence of Bwt on bone variables) and multivariable linear regression analyses (influence of Bwt on bone variables after adjusting for current height, weight and age) were used to investigate the independent effects of Bwt and attained size. Analyses were performed separately by sex. Bwt was a significant positive predictor of CSA at appendicular cortical sites in males and CSA and bone area at appendicular and most axial trabecular sites in females before and after adjustment for current height, weight and age. Bwt was not consistently related to BMC, vBMD or aBMD as measured by pQCT or DXA. Current weight was a positive predictor of aBMD and pQCT- and DXA-derived BMC in males and females. Height predicted aBMD and trabecular vBMD in males. In summary, Bwt significantly predicted attained CSA at cortical sites in males and at trabecular sites in females. Current weight was a positive predictor of BMC and aBMD in both sexes. This suggests that pre-natal factors affecting fetal growth may influence adult bone strength independently of post-natal factors.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.381 In press, corrected proof. 1873-2763 (Electronic) 1873-2763 (Linking) Journal article}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adolescent Birth Weight/*physiology Bone Density Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/metabolism/*physiology Female Gambia Humans Male Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed Young Adult} } Fracture risk is determined by bone mass, size and architecture. Birth weight (Bwt) is reported to predict adult bone mass and density. Early life environment may therefore be a determinant of bone strength in later life. However such evidence was obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which is known to be dependent on size. We used peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and DXA to investigate Bwt as a determinant of bone size and cross section area (CSA), bone mineral content (BMC) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and areal BMD (aBMD) independent of current weight, height and age. The study population consisted of 68 males and 52 nulliparous females aged 17 to 21years from Keneba, The Gambia. This population has a high prevalence of factors likely to influence skeletal development (poor nutrition, low calcium intake, late puberty and high physical activity). Measures of bone size and CSA, BMC and BMD were obtained using pQCT (Stratec 2000; at 4% and 66% radius; 4% and 50% tibia) and DXA (Lunar DPX; spine, hip, forearm and whole body). Sequential univariable (influence of Bwt on bone variables) and multivariable linear regression analyses (influence of Bwt on bone variables after adjusting for current height, weight and age) were used to investigate the independent effects of Bwt and attained size. Analyses were performed separately by sex. Bwt was a significant positive predictor of CSA at appendicular cortical sites in males and CSA and bone area at appendicular and most axial trabecular sites in females before and after adjustment for current height, weight and age. Bwt was not consistently related to BMC, vBMD or aBMD as measured by pQCT or DXA. Current weight was a positive predictor of aBMD and pQCT- and DXA-derived BMC in males and females. Height predicted aBMD and trabecular vBMD in males. In summary, Bwt significantly predicted attained CSA at cortical sites in males and at trabecular sites in females. Current weight was a positive predictor of BMC and aBMD in both sexes. This suggests that pre-natal factors affecting fetal growth may influence adult bone strength independently of post-natal factors. |
Siervo,; Jebb, Body composition assessment theory into practice: introduction of multicompartment models (Article) IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, 29, Page(s): 48-59, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Composition/*physiology Computer Simulation Eating/*physiology Energy Metabolism/*physiology Equipment Design Humans *Models, Biological Monitoring, Physiologic/*instrumentation/methods) @article{Paper, name = {Body composition assessment theory into practice: introduction of multicompartment models}, author = {Siervo, M. and Jebb, S. A.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag}, volume = {29}, pages = {48-59}, abstract = {The science of body composition is based on a series of models characterized by progressive levels of anatomical complexity: atomic, molecular, cellular, functional tissue, and whole body. The physiological characterization of the different components included in each model is based on a range of specific methods that exploit basic notions of physiology, statistics, and physics. The theoretical principles need to be fully understood to explain the potential of each method in research and clinical practice.}, keywords = {Body Composition/*physiology Computer Simulation Eating/*physiology Energy Metabolism/*physiology Equipment Design Humans *Models, Biological Monitoring, Physiologic/*instrumentation/methods} } The science of body composition is based on a series of models characterized by progressive levels of anatomical complexity: atomic, molecular, cellular, functional tissue, and whole body. The physiological characterization of the different components included in each model is based on a range of specific methods that exploit basic notions of physiology, statistics, and physics. The theoretical principles need to be fully understood to explain the potential of each method in research and clinical practice. |
Prynne,; McCarron,; Wadsworth,; Stephen, Dietary fibre and phytate - a balancing act: results from three time points in a British Birth Cohort (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 2, Page(s): 274-280, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Bread *Cereals Cohort Studies *Diet Records *Diet Surveys *Dietary Fiber Female Fruit Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Oryza sativa *Phytic Acid Solanum tuberosum) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary fibre and phytate - a balancing act: results from three time points in a British Birth Cohort}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and McCarron, A. and Wadsworth, M. E. J. and Stephen, A. M.}, note = {13 October, 2009 first published}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {274-280}, abstract = {An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of dietary fibre (NSP) and phytate of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5 d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. The food composition database was amended with revised values for phytate. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total NSP and phytate by year, sex and food source. There were significant changes in total NSP and phytate intake over the three time points. Intakes of NSP rose significantly between 1982 and 1999 for men and women but phytate intakes rose significantly only between 1989 and 1999. Cereal foods were the most important source of both NSP and phytate. Between 1989 and 1999 there was a significant increase in the contribution from pasta, rice and other grains. The present study shows that an increase in dietary fibre that is in accordance with dietary guidelines would almost inevitably be accompanied by a rise in phytate. The increased dietary phytate is discussed in relation to its recognised inhibition of mineral absorption and its merits with regard to protection against some cancers and other diseases of an ageing population.}, note = {13 October, 2009 first published}, keywords = {Adult Bread *Cereals Cohort Studies *Diet Records *Diet Surveys *Dietary Fiber Female Fruit Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Oryza sativa *Phytic Acid Solanum tuberosum} } An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of dietary fibre (NSP) and phytate of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5 d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. The food composition database was amended with revised values for phytate. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total NSP and phytate by year, sex and food source. There were significant changes in total NSP and phytate intake over the three time points. Intakes of NSP rose significantly between 1982 and 1999 for men and women but phytate intakes rose significantly only between 1989 and 1999. Cereal foods were the most important source of both NSP and phytate. Between 1989 and 1999 there was a significant increase in the contribution from pasta, rice and other grains. The present study shows that an increase in dietary fibre that is in accordance with dietary guidelines would almost inevitably be accompanied by a rise in phytate. The increased dietary phytate is discussed in relation to its recognised inhibition of mineral absorption and its merits with regard to protection against some cancers and other diseases of an ageing population. |
Larsen,; Dalskov,; van Baak,; Jebb,; Papadaki,; Pfeiffer,; Martinez,; Handjieva-Darlenska,; Kunesova,; Pihlsgard,; Stender,; Holst,; Saris,; Astrup, Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance (Article) N Engl J Med, 363, 22, Page(s): 2102-2113, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Abdominal Pain/etiology Adult Biological Markers/urine Body Mass Index Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted *Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects *Diet, Reducing Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage *Glycemic Index Humans Intention to Treat Analysis Obesity/diet therapy Overweight/*diet therapy Patient Compliance Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance}, author = {Larsen, T. M. and Dalskov, S. M. and van Baak, M. and Jebb, S. A. and Papadaki, A. and Pfeiffer, A. F. and Martinez, J. A. and Handjieva-Darlenska, T. and Kunesova, M. and Pihlsgard, M. and Stender, S. and Holst, C. and Saris, W. H. and Astrup, A.}, note = {Larsen, Thomas Meinert Dalskov, Stine-Mathilde van Baak, Marleen Jebb, Susan A Papadaki, Angeliki Pfeiffer, Andreas F H Martinez, J Alfredo Handjieva-Darlenska, Teodora Kunesova, Marie Pihlsgard, Mats Stender, Steen Holst, Claus Saris, Wim H M Astrup, Arne Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The New England journal of medicine N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 25;363(22):2102-13.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {363}, number = {22}, pages = {2102-2113}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions, probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power. METHODS: We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8% of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ (800-kcal) low-calorie diet. Participants were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design, to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period: a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, or a control diet. RESULTS: A total of 1209 adults were screened (mean age, 41 years; body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 34), of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study. A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were randomly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets; 548 completed the intervention (71%). Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein-high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study (26.4% and 25.6%, respectively, vs. 37.4%; P=0.02 and P=0.01 for the respective comparisons). The mean initial weight loss with the low-calorie diet was 11.0 kg. In the analysis of participants who completed the study, only the low-protein-high-glycemic-index diet was associated with subsequent significant weight regain (1.67 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 2.87). In an intention-to-treat analysis, the weight regain was 0.93 kg less (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.55) in the groups assigned to a high-protein diet than in those assigned to a low-protein diet (P=0.003) and 0.95 kg less (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.57) in the groups assigned to a low-glycemic-index diet than in those assigned to a high-glycemic-index diet (P=0.003). The analysis involving participants who completed the intervention produced similar results. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to diet-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this large European study, a modest increase in protein content and a modest reduction in the glycemic index led to an improvement in study completion and maintenance of weight loss. (Funded by the European Commission; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00390637.).}, note = {Larsen, Thomas Meinert Dalskov, Stine-Mathilde van Baak, Marleen Jebb, Susan A Papadaki, Angeliki Pfeiffer, Andreas F H Martinez, J Alfredo Handjieva-Darlenska, Teodora Kunesova, Marie Pihlsgard, Mats Stender, Steen Holst, Claus Saris, Wim H M Astrup, Arne Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The New England journal of medicine N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 25;363(22):2102-13.}, keywords = {Abdominal Pain/etiology Adult Biological Markers/urine Body Mass Index Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted *Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects *Diet, Reducing Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage *Glycemic Index Humans Intention to Treat Analysis Obesity/diet therapy Overweight/*diet therapy Patient Compliance Weight Loss} } BACKGROUND: Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions, probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power. METHODS: We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8% of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ (800-kcal) low-calorie diet. Participants were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design, to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period: a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, or a control diet. RESULTS: A total of 1209 adults were screened (mean age, 41 years; body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 34), of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study. A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were randomly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets; 548 completed the intervention (71%). Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein-high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study (26.4% and 25.6%, respectively, vs. 37.4%; P=0.02 and P=0.01 for the respective comparisons). The mean initial weight loss with the low-calorie diet was 11.0 kg. In the analysis of participants who completed the study, only the low-protein-high-glycemic-index diet was associated with subsequent significant weight regain (1.67 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 2.87). In an intention-to-treat analysis, the weight regain was 0.93 kg less (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.55) in the groups assigned to a high-protein diet than in those assigned to a low-protein diet (P=0.003) and 0.95 kg less (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.57) in the groups assigned to a low-glycemic-index diet than in those assigned to a high-glycemic-index diet (P=0.003). The analysis involving participants who completed the intervention produced similar results. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to diet-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this large European study, a modest increase in protein content and a modest reduction in the glycemic index led to an improvement in study completion and maintenance of weight loss. (Funded by the European Commission; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00390637.). |
Ni Mhurchu,; Blakely,; Jiang,; Eyles,; Rodgers, Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: a randomized controlled trial (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 3, Page(s): 736-747, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Commerce Costs and Cost Analysis Diet/economics/standards Fatty Acids/*economics Female Food/*economics *Food Preferences Food Supply/economics *Health Behavior *Health Education Humans Male Middle Aged New Zealand Treatment Outcome) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: a randomized controlled trial}, author = {Ni Mhurchu, C. and Blakely, T. and Jiang, Y. and Eyles, H. C. and Rodgers, A.}, note = {Originally submitted to JAMA}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {736-747}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traditional methods to improve population diets have largely relied on individual responsibility, but there is growing interest in structural interventions such as pricing policies. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effect of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket food and nutrient purchases. DESIGN: A 2 x 2 factorial randomized controlled trial was conducted in 8 New Zealand supermarkets. A total of 1104 shoppers were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 interventions that were delivered over 6 mo: price discounts (12.5%) on healthier foods, tailored nutrition education, discounts plus education, or control (no intervention). The primary outcome was change in saturated fat purchased at 6 mo. Secondary outcomes were changes in other nutrients and foods purchased at 6 and 12 mo. Outcomes were assessed by using electronic scanner sales data. RESULTS: At 6 mo, the difference in saturated fat purchased for price discounts on healthier foods compared with that purchased for no discount on healthier foods was -0.02% (95% CI: -0.40%, 0.36%; P = 0.91). The corresponding difference for tailored nutrition education compared with that for no education was -0.09% (95% CI: -0.47%, 0.30%; P = 0.66). However, those subjects who were randomly assigned to receive price discounts bought significantly more predefined healthier foods at 6 mo (11% more; mean difference: 0.79 kg/wk; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.16; P < 0.001) and 12 mo (5% more; mean difference: 0.38 kg/wk; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.76; P = 0.045). Education had no effect on food purchases. CONCLUSIONS: Neither price discounts nor tailored nutrition education had a significant effect on nutrients purchased. However, the significant and sustained effect of discounts on food purchases suggests that pricing strategies hold promise as a means to improve population diets.}, note = {Originally submitted to JAMA}, keywords = {Adult *Commerce Costs and Cost Analysis Diet/economics/standards Fatty Acids/*economics Female Food/*economics *Food Preferences Food Supply/economics *Health Behavior *Health Education Humans Male Middle Aged New Zealand Treatment Outcome} } BACKGROUND: Traditional methods to improve population diets have largely relied on individual responsibility, but there is growing interest in structural interventions such as pricing policies. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effect of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket food and nutrient purchases. DESIGN: A 2 x 2 factorial randomized controlled trial was conducted in 8 New Zealand supermarkets. A total of 1104 shoppers were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 interventions that were delivered over 6 mo: price discounts (12.5%) on healthier foods, tailored nutrition education, discounts plus education, or control (no intervention). The primary outcome was change in saturated fat purchased at 6 mo. Secondary outcomes were changes in other nutrients and foods purchased at 6 and 12 mo. Outcomes were assessed by using electronic scanner sales data. RESULTS: At 6 mo, the difference in saturated fat purchased for price discounts on healthier foods compared with that purchased for no discount on healthier foods was -0.02% (95% CI: -0.40%, 0.36%; P = 0.91). The corresponding difference for tailored nutrition education compared with that for no education was -0.09% (95% CI: -0.47%, 0.30%; P = 0.66). However, those subjects who were randomly assigned to receive price discounts bought significantly more predefined healthier foods at 6 mo (11% more; mean difference: 0.79 kg/wk; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.16; P < 0.001) and 12 mo (5% more; mean difference: 0.38 kg/wk; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.76; P = 0.045). Education had no effect on food purchases. CONCLUSIONS: Neither price discounts nor tailored nutrition education had a significant effect on nutrients purchased. However, the significant and sustained effect of discounts on food purchases suggests that pricing strategies hold promise as a means to improve population diets. |
Pye,; Devakumar,; Boonen,; Borghs,; Vanderschueren,; Adams,; Ward,; Bartfai,; Casanueva,; Finn,; Forti,; Giwercman,; Han,; Huhtaniemi,; Kula,; Lean,; Pendleton,; Punab,; Silman,; Wu,; O'Neill, Influence of lifestyle factors on quantitative heel ultrasound measurements in middle-aged and elderly men (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 86, 3, Page(s): 211-219, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Aging/pathology/physiology Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/epidemiology Bone Density/*physiology Calcaneus/pathology/physiopathology/*ultrasonography Europe Exercise Therapy/statistics & numerical data/trends Exercise Tolerance/physiology Fractures) @article{Paper, name = {Influence of lifestyle factors on quantitative heel ultrasound measurements in middle-aged and elderly men}, author = {Pye, S. R. and Devakumar, V. and Boonen, S. and Borghs, H. and Vanderschueren, D. and Adams, J. E. and Ward, K. A. and Bartfai, G. and Casanueva, F. F. and Finn, J. D. and Forti, G. and Giwercman, A. and Han, T. S. and Huhtaniemi, I. T. and Kula, K. and Lean, M. E. and Pendleton, N. and Punab, M. and Silman, A. J. and Wu, F. C. and O'Neill, T. W.}, note = {Pye, Stephen R Devakumar, Vinodh Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe F Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Kula, Krzysztof Lean, Michael E J Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Silman, Alan J Wu, Frederick C W O'Neill, Terence W EMAS Study Group Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Calcified tissue international Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Mar;86(3):211-9.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Calcif Tissue Int}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {211-219}, abstract = {We examined the distribution of quantitative heel ultrasound (QUS) parameters in population samples of European men and looked at the influence of lifestyle factors on the occurrence of these parameters. Men aged between 40 and 79 years were recruited from eight European centers and invited to attend for an interviewer-assisted questionnaire, assessment of physical performance, and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus (Hologic; Sahara). The relationships between QUS parameters and lifestyle variables were assessed using linear regression with adjustments for age, center, and weight. Three thousand two hundred fifty-eight men, mean age 60.0 years, were included in the analysis. A higher PASE score (upper vs. lower tertile) was associated with a higher BUA (beta coefficient = 2.44 dB/ Mhz), SOS (beta = 6.83 m/s), and QUI (beta = 3.87). Compared to those who were inactive, those who walked or cycled more than an hour per day had a higher BUA (beta = 3.71 dB/Mhz), SOS (beta = 6.97 m/s), and QUI (beta = 4.50). A longer time to walk 50 ft was linked with a lower BUA (beta = -0.62 dB/ Mhz), SOS (beta = -1.06 m/s), and QUI (beta = -0.69). Smoking was associated with a reduction in BUA, SOS, and QUI. There was a U-shaped association with frequency of alcohol consumption. Modification of lifestyle, including increasing physical activity and stopping smoking, may help optimize bone strength and reduce the risk of fracture in middle-aged and elderly European men.}, note = {Pye, Stephen R Devakumar, Vinodh Boonen, Steven Borghs, Herman Vanderschueren, Dirk Adams, Judith E Ward, Kate A Bartfai, Gyorgy Casanueva, Felipe F Finn, Joseph D Forti, Gianni Giwercman, Aleksander Han, Thang S Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T Kula, Krzysztof Lean, Michael E J Pendleton, Neil Punab, Margus Silman, Alan J Wu, Frederick C W O'Neill, Terence W EMAS Study Group Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Calcified tissue international Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Mar;86(3):211-9.}, keywords = {Adult Aged Aging/pathology/physiology Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/epidemiology Bone Density/*physiology Calcaneus/pathology/physiopathology/*ultrasonography Europe Exercise Therapy/statistics & numerical data/trends Exercise Tolerance/physiology Fractures} } We examined the distribution of quantitative heel ultrasound (QUS) parameters in population samples of European men and looked at the influence of lifestyle factors on the occurrence of these parameters. Men aged between 40 and 79 years were recruited from eight European centers and invited to attend for an interviewer-assisted questionnaire, assessment of physical performance, and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus (Hologic; Sahara). The relationships between QUS parameters and lifestyle variables were assessed using linear regression with adjustments for age, center, and weight. Three thousand two hundred fifty-eight men, mean age 60.0 years, were included in the analysis. A higher PASE score (upper vs. lower tertile) was associated with a higher BUA (beta coefficient = 2.44 dB/ Mhz), SOS (beta = 6.83 m/s), and QUI (beta = 3.87). Compared to those who were inactive, those who walked or cycled more than an hour per day had a higher BUA (beta = 3.71 dB/Mhz), SOS (beta = 6.97 m/s), and QUI (beta = 4.50). A longer time to walk 50 ft was linked with a lower BUA (beta = -0.62 dB/ Mhz), SOS (beta = -1.06 m/s), and QUI (beta = -0.69). Smoking was associated with a reduction in BUA, SOS, and QUI. There was a U-shaped association with frequency of alcohol consumption. Modification of lifestyle, including increasing physical activity and stopping smoking, may help optimize bone strength and reduce the risk of fracture in middle-aged and elderly European men. |
Brownlee,; Moore,; Chatfield,; Richardson,; Ashby,; Kuznesof,; Jebb,; Seal, Markers of cardiovascular risk are not changed by increased whole-grain intake: the WHOLEheart study, a randomised, controlled dietary intervention (Article) Br J Nutr, 104, 1, Page(s): 125-134, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Aged Biological Markers/*blood Blood Coagulation Blood Glucose Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*etiology *Cereals *Diet Endothelium, Vascular/physiology Female *Food Habits Food Handling Humans Inflammation Insulin/blood Lipids/blood Male Middle Aged Models, Statistical Risk Factors Time Factors Waist Circumference Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Markers of cardiovascular risk are not changed by increased whole-grain intake: the WHOLEheart study, a randomised, controlled dietary intervention}, author = {Brownlee, I. A. and Moore, C. and Chatfield, M. and Richardson, D. P. and Ashby, P. and Kuznesof, S. A. and Jebb, S. A. and Seal, C. J.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000644 Journal Article}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {125-134}, abstract = {Recommendations for whole-grain (WG) intake are based on observational studies showing that higher WG consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk. No large-scale, randomised, controlled dietary intervention studies have investigated the effects on CVD risk markers of substituting WG in place of refined grains in the diets of non-WG consumers. A total of 316 participants (aged 18-65 years; BMI>25 kg/m2) consuming < 30 g WG/d were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 weeks) and intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 weeks followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 weeks). Markers of CVD risk, measured at 0 (baseline), 8 and 16 weeks, were: BMI, percentage body fat, waist circumference; fasting plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin; and indicators of inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial function. Differences between study groups were compared using a random intercepts model with time and WG intake as factors. Although reported WG intake was significantly increased among intervention groups, and demonstrated good participant compliance, there were no significant differences in any markers of CVD risk between groups. A period of 4 months may be insufficient to change the lifelong disease trajectory associated with CVD. The lack of impact of increasing WG consumption on CVD risk markers implies that public health messages may need to be clarified to consider the source of WG and/or other diet and lifestyle factors linked to the benefits of whole-grain consumption seen in observational studies.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000644 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Aged Biological Markers/*blood Blood Coagulation Blood Glucose Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*etiology *Cereals *Diet Endothelium, Vascular/physiology Female *Food Habits Food Handling Humans Inflammation Insulin/blood Lipids/blood Male Middle Aged Models, Statistical Risk Factors Time Factors Waist Circumference Young Adult} } Recommendations for whole-grain (WG) intake are based on observational studies showing that higher WG consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk. No large-scale, randomised, controlled dietary intervention studies have investigated the effects on CVD risk markers of substituting WG in place of refined grains in the diets of non-WG consumers. A total of 316 participants (aged 18-65 years; BMI>25 kg/m2) consuming < 30 g WG/d were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 weeks) and intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 weeks followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 weeks). Markers of CVD risk, measured at 0 (baseline), 8 and 16 weeks, were: BMI, percentage body fat, waist circumference; fasting plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin; and indicators of inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial function. Differences between study groups were compared using a random intercepts model with time and WG intake as factors. Although reported WG intake was significantly increased among intervention groups, and demonstrated good participant compliance, there were no significant differences in any markers of CVD risk between groups. A period of 4 months may be insufficient to change the lifelong disease trajectory associated with CVD. The lack of impact of increasing WG consumption on CVD risk markers implies that public health messages may need to be clarified to consider the source of WG and/or other diet and lifestyle factors linked to the benefits of whole-grain consumption seen in observational studies. |
Donin,; Nightingale,; Owen,; Rudnicka,; McNamara,; Prynne,; Stephen,; Cook,; Whincup, Nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children in the United Kingdom: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE) (Article) Br J Nutr, 104, Page(s): 276-285, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *African Continental Ancestry Group Asia, Western/ethnology Caribbean Region/ethnology Child Diet/*ethnology/statistics & numerical data *European Continental Ancestry Group Food Habits/*ethnology Great Britain Humans Nutrition Assessment) @article{Paper, name = {Nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children in the United Kingdom: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)}, author = {Donin, A. S. and Nightingale, C. M. and Owen, C. G. and Rudnicka, A. R. and McNamara, M. C. and Prynne, C. J. and Stephen, A. M. and Cook, D. G. and Whincup, P. H.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {104}, pages = {276-285}, abstract = {In the UK, South Asian adults have increased risks of CHD, type 2 diabetes and central obesity. Black African-Caribbeans, in contrast, have increased risks of type 2 diabetes and general obesity but lower CHD risk. There is growing evidence that these risk differences emerge in early life and that nutritional factors may be important. We have therefore examined the variations in nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children, using 24 h recalls of dietary intake collected during a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular health in eighty-five primary schools in London, Birmingham and Leicester. In all, 2209 children aged 9-10 years took part, including 558 of South Asian, 560 of black African-Caribbean and 543 of white European ethnicity. Compared with white Europeans, South Asian children reported higher mean total energy intake; their intakes of total fat, polyunsaturated fat and protein (both absolute and as proportions of total energy intake) were higher and their intakes of carbohydrate as a proportion of energy (particularly sugars), vitamin C and D, Ca and haem Fe were lower. These differences were especially marked for Bangladeshi children. Black African-Caribbean children had lower intakes of total and saturated fat (both absolute and as proportions of energy intake), NSP, vitamin D and Ca. The lower total and saturated fat intakes were particularly marked among black African children. Appreciable ethnic differences exist in the nutritional composition of children's diets, which may contribute to future differences in chronic disease risk.}, keywords = {*African Continental Ancestry Group Asia, Western/ethnology Caribbean Region/ethnology Child Diet/*ethnology/statistics & numerical data *European Continental Ancestry Group Food Habits/*ethnology Great Britain Humans Nutrition Assessment} } In the UK, South Asian adults have increased risks of CHD, type 2 diabetes and central obesity. Black African-Caribbeans, in contrast, have increased risks of type 2 diabetes and general obesity but lower CHD risk. There is growing evidence that these risk differences emerge in early life and that nutritional factors may be important. We have therefore examined the variations in nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children, using 24 h recalls of dietary intake collected during a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular health in eighty-five primary schools in London, Birmingham and Leicester. In all, 2209 children aged 9-10 years took part, including 558 of South Asian, 560 of black African-Caribbean and 543 of white European ethnicity. Compared with white Europeans, South Asian children reported higher mean total energy intake; their intakes of total fat, polyunsaturated fat and protein (both absolute and as proportions of total energy intake) were higher and their intakes of carbohydrate as a proportion of energy (particularly sugars), vitamin C and D, Ca and haem Fe were lower. These differences were especially marked for Bangladeshi children. Black African-Caribbean children had lower intakes of total and saturated fat (both absolute and as proportions of energy intake), NSP, vitamin D and Ca. The lower total and saturated fat intakes were particularly marked among black African children. Appreciable ethnic differences exist in the nutritional composition of children's diets, which may contribute to future differences in chronic disease risk. |
Gripeteg,; Torgerson,; Karlsson,; Lindroos, Prolonged refeeding improves weight maintenance after weight loss with very-low-energy diets (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 1, Page(s): 141-148, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Mass Index *Body Weight Cholesterol, HDL/blood Diet, Reducing/*methods Energy Intake Feeding Behavior/*physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity/diet therapy/*rehabilitation Patient Selection Questionnaires Time Factors Weight Loss/*physiology Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Prolonged refeeding improves weight maintenance after weight loss with very-low-energy diets}, author = {Gripeteg, L. and Torgerson, J. and Karlsson, J. and Lindroos, A. K.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991474, 7 August 2009}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {141-148}, abstract = {{The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a prolonged refeeding duration after successful very-low-energy diet (VLED)-induced weight loss beneficially affects weight development and eating behaviour. Patients (n 269) were recruited to a 1-year obesity treatment programme with 12 weeks of an initial VLED. After the VLED, patients with >or= 10 % weight loss were randomly allocated to 1 week (group 1) or 6 weeks (group 6) refeeding to an ordinary, energy-reduced diet, and thereafter followed and actively treated for an additional 40 weeks. Eating behaviour (revised twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) was measured at baseline, during and after refeeding, and at week 52. Weight change over time in the two treatment groups was tested by repeated-measures analysis in completers and by intention to treat (ITT). Of the patients, 169 (109 women) lost >or= 10 % during the VLED and were randomised. At randomisation, weight loss was - 16.5 (SD 3.7) % in group 1 and - 16.7 (SD 4.3) % in group 6 (P = 0.73). Between weeks 12 and 52, completers in group 6 regained significantly less weight (3.9 (SD 9.1) %) as compared with group 1 (8.2 (SD 8.3) %; P = 0.006) (ITT}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991474, 7 August 2009}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Mass Index *Body Weight Cholesterol, HDL/blood Diet, Reducing/*methods Energy Intake Feeding Behavior/*physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity/diet therapy/*rehabilitation Patient Selection Questionnaires Time Factors Weight Loss/*physiology Young Adult} } {The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a prolonged refeeding duration after successful very-low-energy diet (VLED)-induced weight loss beneficially affects weight development and eating behaviour. Patients (n 269) were recruited to a 1-year obesity treatment programme with 12 weeks of an initial VLED. After the VLED, patients with >or= 10 % weight loss were randomly allocated to 1 week (group 1) or 6 weeks (group 6) refeeding to an ordinary, energy-reduced diet, and thereafter followed and actively treated for an additional 40 weeks. Eating behaviour (revised twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) was measured at baseline, during and after refeeding, and at week 52. Weight change over time in the two treatment groups was tested by repeated-measures analysis in completers and by intention to treat (ITT). Of the patients, 169 (109 women) lost >or= 10 % during the VLED and were randomised. At randomisation, weight loss was - 16.5 (SD 3.7) % in group 1 and - 16.7 (SD 4.3) % in group 6 (P = 0.73). Between weeks 12 and 52, completers in group 6 regained significantly less weight (3.9 (SD 9.1) %) as compared with group 1 (8.2 (SD 8.3) %; P = 0.006) (ITT |
Peacock,; Stanley,; Calder,; Jebb,; Thies,; Seal,; Woodside,; Sanders, UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: carbohydrate and cardiovascular risk (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 11, Page(s): 1688-1694, 2010. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology Cereals Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diet, Mediterranean *Dietary Carbohydrates Dietary Fats Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Food/standards Fruit Government Agencies Great Britain Humans Insulin Resistance Lipids/blood Male Metabolic Syndrome X Middle Aged Nutrition Policy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Risk Factors Vegetables) @article{Paper, name = {UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: carbohydrate and cardiovascular risk}, author = {Peacock, E. and Stanley, J. and Calder, P. C. and Jebb, S. A. and Thies, F. and Seal, C. J. and Woodside, J. V. and Sanders, T. A.}, note = {Peacock, Emma Stanley, John Calder, Philip C Jebb, Susan A Thies, Frank Seal, Chris J Woodside, Jayne V Sanders, Tom A B Congresses England The British journal of nutrition Br J Nutr. 2010 Jun;103(11):1688-94. Epub 2010 Mar 18.}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {103}, number = {11}, pages = {1688-1694}, abstract = {This report summarises a workshop convened by the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) on 14 October 2008 to discuss current FSA-funded research on carbohydrates and cardiovascular health. The objective of this workshop was to discuss the results of recent research and to identify any areas which could inform future FSA research calls. This workshop highlighted that the FSA is currently funding some of the largest, well-powered intervention trials investigating the type of fat and carbohydrate, whole grains and fruit and vegetables, on various CVD risk factors. Results of these trials will make a substantive contribution to the evidence on diet and cardiovascular risk.}, note = {Peacock, Emma Stanley, John Calder, Philip C Jebb, Susan A Thies, Frank Seal, Chris J Woodside, Jayne V Sanders, Tom A B Congresses England The British journal of nutrition Br J Nutr. 2010 Jun;103(11):1688-94. Epub 2010 Mar 18.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology Cereals Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diet, Mediterranean *Dietary Carbohydrates Dietary Fats Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Food/standards Fruit Government Agencies Great Britain Humans Insulin Resistance Lipids/blood Male Metabolic Syndrome X Middle Aged Nutrition Policy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Risk Factors Vegetables} } This report summarises a workshop convened by the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) on 14 October 2008 to discuss current FSA-funded research on carbohydrates and cardiovascular health. The objective of this workshop was to discuss the results of recent research and to identify any areas which could inform future FSA research calls. This workshop highlighted that the FSA is currently funding some of the largest, well-powered intervention trials investigating the type of fat and carbohydrate, whole grains and fruit and vegetables, on various CVD risk factors. Results of these trials will make a substantive contribution to the evidence on diet and cardiovascular risk. |
2009 |
Pan,; Sader,; Powell,; Bleloch,; Gass,; Trinick,; Warley,; Li,; Brydson,; Brown, 3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: new evidence for a subunit structure revealed by single particles analysis of HAADF-STEM images (Article) J Struct Biol, 166, 1, Page(s): 22-31, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biopsy Ferric Compounds/*chemistry Ferritins/chemistry/*ultrastructure Hemochromatosis/pathology Hemosiderin/chemistry/ultrastructure Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods Liver/chemistry/pathology/*ultrastructure Microscopy, Scanning/*methods Models, Molecular, Electron) @article{Paper, name = {3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: new evidence for a subunit structure revealed by single particles analysis of HAADF-STEM images}, author = {Pan, Y. H. and Sader, K. and Powell, J. J. and Bleloch, A. and Gass, M. and Trinick, J. and Warley, A. and Li, A. and Brydson, R. and Brown, A.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Struct Biol}, volume = {166}, number = {1}, pages = {22-31}, abstract = {Ferritin, the major iron storage protein, has dual functions; it sequesters redox activity of intracellular iron and facilitates iron turn-over. Here we present high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images from individual hepatic ferritin cores within tissue sections, these images were obtained using spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) under controlled electron fluence. HAADF images of the cores suggest a cubic morphology and a polycrystalline (ferrihydrite) subunit structure that is not evident in equivalent bright field images. By calibrating contrast levels in the HAADF images using quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy, we have estimated the absolute iron content in any one core, and produced a three dimensional reconstruction of the average core morphology. The core is composed of up to eight subunits, consistent with the eight channels in the protein shell that deliver iron to the central cavity. We find no evidence of a crystallographic orientation relationship between core subunits. Our results confirm that the ferritin protein shell acts as a template for core morphology and within the core, small (approximately 2 nm), surface-disordered ferrihydrite subunits connect to leave a low density centre and a high surface area that would allow rapid turn-over of iron in biological systems.}, keywords = {Biopsy Ferric Compounds/*chemistry Ferritins/chemistry/*ultrastructure Hemochromatosis/pathology Hemosiderin/chemistry/ultrastructure Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods Liver/chemistry/pathology/*ultrastructure Microscopy, Scanning/*methods Models, Molecular, Electron} } Ferritin, the major iron storage protein, has dual functions; it sequesters redox activity of intracellular iron and facilitates iron turn-over. Here we present high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images from individual hepatic ferritin cores within tissue sections, these images were obtained using spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) under controlled electron fluence. HAADF images of the cores suggest a cubic morphology and a polycrystalline (ferrihydrite) subunit structure that is not evident in equivalent bright field images. By calibrating contrast levels in the HAADF images using quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy, we have estimated the absolute iron content in any one core, and produced a three dimensional reconstruction of the average core morphology. The core is composed of up to eight subunits, consistent with the eight channels in the protein shell that deliver iron to the central cavity. We find no evidence of a crystallographic orientation relationship between core subunits. Our results confirm that the ferritin protein shell acts as a template for core morphology and within the core, small (approximately 2 nm), surface-disordered ferrihydrite subunits connect to leave a low density centre and a high surface area that would allow rapid turn-over of iron in biological systems. |
Wells,; Williams,; Haroun,; Fewtrell,; Colantuoni,; Siervo, Aggregate predictions impove accuracy when calculating metabolic variables used to guide treatment (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 2, Page(s): 491-499, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adolescent Adult Anthropometry Basal Metabolism/*physiology Bias (Epidemiology) Body Composition/*physiology Body Water/metabolism Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Male *Mathematics Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism Predictive Value of Tests Reproducibility of Results Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Aggregate predictions impove accuracy when calculating metabolic variables used to guide treatment}, author = {Wells, J.C.K. and Williams, J. E. and Haroun, D. and Fewtrell, M. S. and Colantuoni, A. and Siervo, M.}, note = {doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26629, 13 January}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {491-499}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many components of clinical management are tailored to metabolic variables, such as fat-free mass, fat mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body surface area. However, these traits are difficult to measure in routine care and are typically predicted from simple anthropometric or bedside body-composition measurements. Many prediction equations have been published, but validation studies have shown that these equations tend to have limited accuracy in individuals and many have significant average bias. OBJECTIVE: We tested a mathematical approach that assumes that the aggregate of many independent predictions is more accurate than the best single prediction. DESIGN: Body composition was measured in 196 children aged 4-16 y by using the 4-component model. RMR was measured in 142 adult women. Data on weight, height, age, skinfold thickness, and body impedance were used in published equations to predict body composition (12 equations) or RMR (13 equations). The accuracy of individual compared with aggregate predictions, relative to the reference measurements, was compared by using the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: For children's body composition and adult RMR, the aggregate predictions had lower mean biases and lower limits of agreement than did the individual predictions, and the aggregate predictions performed better than did any individual prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregate predictions perform better than single predictions at predicting fat-free mass, fat mass, total body water, and RMR. Our findings indicate that the accuracy of calculating variables such as energy requirements and drug and dialysis dosages can be improved significantly with the use of our mathematical approach.}, note = {doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26629, 13 January}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adolescent Adult Anthropometry Basal Metabolism/*physiology Bias (Epidemiology) Body Composition/*physiology Body Water/metabolism Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Male *Mathematics Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism Predictive Value of Tests Reproducibility of Results Young Adult} } BACKGROUND: Many components of clinical management are tailored to metabolic variables, such as fat-free mass, fat mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body surface area. However, these traits are difficult to measure in routine care and are typically predicted from simple anthropometric or bedside body-composition measurements. Many prediction equations have been published, but validation studies have shown that these equations tend to have limited accuracy in individuals and many have significant average bias. OBJECTIVE: We tested a mathematical approach that assumes that the aggregate of many independent predictions is more accurate than the best single prediction. DESIGN: Body composition was measured in 196 children aged 4-16 y by using the 4-component model. RMR was measured in 142 adult women. Data on weight, height, age, skinfold thickness, and body impedance were used in published equations to predict body composition (12 equations) or RMR (13 equations). The accuracy of individual compared with aggregate predictions, relative to the reference measurements, was compared by using the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: For children's body composition and adult RMR, the aggregate predictions had lower mean biases and lower limits of agreement than did the individual predictions, and the aggregate predictions performed better than did any individual prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregate predictions perform better than single predictions at predicting fat-free mass, fat mass, total body water, and RMR. Our findings indicate that the accuracy of calculating variables such as energy requirements and drug and dialysis dosages can be improved significantly with the use of our mathematical approach. |
Rickard,; Chatfield,; Conway,; Stephen,; Powell, An algorithm to assess intestinal iron availability for use in dietary surveys (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, 11, Page(s): 1678-1685, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult *Algorithms Diet Diet Surveys Female Humans Intestinal Absorption/physiology Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged *Models, Biological *Nutritive Value Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {An algorithm to assess intestinal iron availability for use in dietary surveys}, author = {Rickard, A. P. and Chatfield, M. and Conway, R. and Stephen, A. M. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {27 August OA - Yes, no charge WBS: U.1059.00.016.00002.01}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {102}, number = {11}, pages = {1678-1685}, abstract = {In nutritional epidemiology, it is often assumed that nutrient absorption is proportional to nutrient intake. For several nutrients, including non-haem Fe, this assumption may not hold. Depending on the nutrients ingested with non-haem Fe, its availability for absorption varies greatly. Therefore, using Fe intake to examine associations between Fe and health can impact upon the validity of findings. Previous algorithms that adjust Fe intakes for dietary factors known to affect absorption have been found to underestimate Fe absorption and, in the present study, perform poorly on independent dietary data. We have designed a new algorithm to adjust Fe intakes for the effects of ascorbic acid, meat, fish and poultry, phytate, polyphenols and Ca, incorporating not only absorption data from test meals but also current understanding of Fe absorption. In so doing, we have created a robust and universal Fe algorithm with potential for use in large cohorts. The algorithm described aims not to predict Fe absorption but available Fe in the gut, a measure we believe to be of greater use in epidemiological research. Available Fe is Fe available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, taking into account enhancing or inhibiting effects of dietary modifiers. Our algorithm successfully estimated average Fe availability in test meal data used to construct the algorithm and, unlike other algorithms tested, also provided plausible predictions when applied to independent dietary data. Future research is needed to evaluate the extent to which this algorithm is useful in epidemiological research to relate Fe to health outcomes.}, note = {27 August OA - Yes, no charge WBS: U.1059.00.016.00002.01}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult *Algorithms Diet Diet Surveys Female Humans Intestinal Absorption/physiology Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged *Models, Biological *Nutritive Value Young Adult} } In nutritional epidemiology, it is often assumed that nutrient absorption is proportional to nutrient intake. For several nutrients, including non-haem Fe, this assumption may not hold. Depending on the nutrients ingested with non-haem Fe, its availability for absorption varies greatly. Therefore, using Fe intake to examine associations between Fe and health can impact upon the validity of findings. Previous algorithms that adjust Fe intakes for dietary factors known to affect absorption have been found to underestimate Fe absorption and, in the present study, perform poorly on independent dietary data. We have designed a new algorithm to adjust Fe intakes for the effects of ascorbic acid, meat, fish and poultry, phytate, polyphenols and Ca, incorporating not only absorption data from test meals but also current understanding of Fe absorption. In so doing, we have created a robust and universal Fe algorithm with potential for use in large cohorts. The algorithm described aims not to predict Fe absorption but available Fe in the gut, a measure we believe to be of greater use in epidemiological research. Available Fe is Fe available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, taking into account enhancing or inhibiting effects of dietary modifiers. Our algorithm successfully estimated average Fe availability in test meal data used to construct the algorithm and, unlike other algorithms tested, also provided plausible predictions when applied to independent dietary data. Future research is needed to evaluate the extent to which this algorithm is useful in epidemiological research to relate Fe to health outcomes. |
van der Hee,; Miret,; Slettenaar,; Duchateau,; Rietveld,; Wilkinson,; Quail,; Berry,; Dainty,; Teucher,; Fairweather-Tait, Calcium absorption from fortified ice cream formulations compared with calcium absorption from milk (Article) J Am Diet Assoc, 109, 5, Page(s): 830-835, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Analysis of Variance Animals Biological Availability Bone Density Bone Density Conservation Agents/*pharmacokinetics Bone and Bones/*drug effects/metabolism Calcium/deficiency/metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*pharmacokinetics Cross-Over Studies Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Double-Blind Method Female *Food, Fortified Humans Ice Cream/*analysis Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Male Middle Aged Milk/chemistry Nutritional Requirements Osteoporosis/prevention & control Vitamin D/pharmacology) @article{Paper, name = {Calcium absorption from fortified ice cream formulations compared with calcium absorption from milk}, author = {van der Hee, R. M. and Miret, S. and Slettenaar, M. and Duchateau, G. S. M. J. E. and Rietveld, A. G. and Wilkinson, J. E. and Quail, P. J. and Berry, M. J. and Dainty, J. R. and Teucher, B. and Fairweather-Tait, S. J.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Am Diet Assoc}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {830-835}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Optimal bone mass in early adulthood is achieved through appropriate diet and lifestyle, thereby protecting against osteoporosis and risk of bone fracture in later life. Calcium and vitamin D are essential to build adequate bones, but calcium intakes of many population groups do not meet dietary reference values. In addition, changes in dietary patterns are exacerbating the problem, thereby emphasizing the important role of calcium-rich food products. We have designed a calcium-fortified ice cream formulation that is lower in fat than regular ice cream and could provide a useful source of additional dietary calcium. Calcium absorption from two different ice cream formulations was determined in young adults and compared with milk. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Sixteen healthy volunteers (25 to 45 years of age), recruited from the general public of The Netherlands, participated in a randomized, reference-controlled, double-blind cross-over study in which two test products and milk were consumed with a light standard breakfast on three separate occasions: a standard portion of ice cream (60 g) fortified with milk minerals and containing a low level (3%) of butter fat, ice cream (60 g) fortified with milk minerals and containing a typical level (9%) of coconut oil, and reduced-fat milk (1.7% milk fat) (200 mL). Calcium absorption was measured by the dual-label stable isotope technique. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Effects on calcium absorption were evaluated by analysis of variance. RESULTS: Fractional absorption of calcium from the 3% butterfat ice cream, 9% coconut oil ice cream, and milk was 26%+/-8%, 28%+/-5%, and 31%+/-9%, respectively, and did not differ significantly (P=0.159). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that calcium bioavailability in the two calcium-fortified ice cream formulations used in this study is as high as milk, indicating that ice cream may be a good vehicle for delivery of calcium.}, keywords = {Adult Analysis of Variance Animals Biological Availability Bone Density Bone Density Conservation Agents/*pharmacokinetics Bone and Bones/*drug effects/metabolism Calcium/deficiency/metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*pharmacokinetics Cross-Over Studies Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Double-Blind Method Female *Food, Fortified Humans Ice Cream/*analysis Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Male Middle Aged Milk/chemistry Nutritional Requirements Osteoporosis/prevention & control Vitamin D/pharmacology} } OBJECTIVE: Optimal bone mass in early adulthood is achieved through appropriate diet and lifestyle, thereby protecting against osteoporosis and risk of bone fracture in later life. Calcium and vitamin D are essential to build adequate bones, but calcium intakes of many population groups do not meet dietary reference values. In addition, changes in dietary patterns are exacerbating the problem, thereby emphasizing the important role of calcium-rich food products. We have designed a calcium-fortified ice cream formulation that is lower in fat than regular ice cream and could provide a useful source of additional dietary calcium. Calcium absorption from two different ice cream formulations was determined in young adults and compared with milk. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Sixteen healthy volunteers (25 to 45 years of age), recruited from the general public of The Netherlands, participated in a randomized, reference-controlled, double-blind cross-over study in which two test products and milk were consumed with a light standard breakfast on three separate occasions: a standard portion of ice cream (60 g) fortified with milk minerals and containing a low level (3%) of butter fat, ice cream (60 g) fortified with milk minerals and containing a typical level (9%) of coconut oil, and reduced-fat milk (1.7% milk fat) (200 mL). Calcium absorption was measured by the dual-label stable isotope technique. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Effects on calcium absorption were evaluated by analysis of variance. RESULTS: Fractional absorption of calcium from the 3% butterfat ice cream, 9% coconut oil ice cream, and milk was 26%+/-8%, 28%+/-5%, and 31%+/-9%, respectively, and did not differ significantly (P=0.159). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that calcium bioavailability in the two calcium-fortified ice cream formulations used in this study is as high as milk, indicating that ice cream may be a good vehicle for delivery of calcium. |
Hart,; Skinner,; Winship,; Faria,; Kulinskaya,; Webster,; Muirhead-Allwood,; Aldam,; Anwar,; Powell, Circulating levels of cobalt and chromium from metal-on-metal hip replacement are associated with CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia (Article) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 91, 6, Page(s): 835-842, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Replacement, Arthroplasty, Hip/*adverse effects Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Cross-Sectional Studies Female Hip Prosthesis Humans Lymphopenia/*blood/complications Male Middle Aged Prosthesis Design) @article{Paper, name = {Circulating levels of cobalt and chromium from metal-on-metal hip replacement are associated with CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia}, author = {Hart, A. J. and Skinner, J. A. and Winship, P. D. and Faria, N. J. R. and Kulinskaya, E. and Webster, D. and Muirhead-Allwood, S. and Aldam, C. H. and Anwar, H. and Powell, J. J.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Joint Surg Br}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {835-842}, abstract = {We carried out a cross-sectional study with analysis of the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacing, ceramic-on-ceramic and metal-on-polyethylene hip replacements. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between metal-on-metal replacements, the levels of cobalt and chromium ions in whole blood and the absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes. We recruited 164 patients (101 men and 63 women) with hip replacements, 106 with metal-on-metal hips and 58 with non-metal-on-metal hips, aged < 65 years, with a pre-operative diagnosis of osteoarthritis and no pre-existing immunological disorders. Laboratory-defined T-cell lymphopenia was present in 13 patients (15%) (CD8(+) lymphopenia) and 11 patients (13%) (CD3(+) lymphopenia) with unilateral metal-on-metal hips. There were significant differences in the absolute CD8(+) lymphocyte subset counts for the metal-on-metal groups compared with each control group (p-values ranging between 0.024 and 0.046). Statistical modelling with analysis of covariance using age, gender, type of hip replacement, smoking and circulating metal ion levels, showed that circulating levels of metal ions, especially cobalt, explained the variation in absolute lymphocyte counts for almost all lymphocyte subsets.}, keywords = {Replacement, Arthroplasty, Hip/*adverse effects Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Cross-Sectional Studies Female Hip Prosthesis Humans Lymphopenia/*blood/complications Male Middle Aged Prosthesis Design} } We carried out a cross-sectional study with analysis of the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacing, ceramic-on-ceramic and metal-on-polyethylene hip replacements. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between metal-on-metal replacements, the levels of cobalt and chromium ions in whole blood and the absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes. We recruited 164 patients (101 men and 63 women) with hip replacements, 106 with metal-on-metal hips and 58 with non-metal-on-metal hips, aged < 65 years, with a pre-operative diagnosis of osteoarthritis and no pre-existing immunological disorders. Laboratory-defined T-cell lymphopenia was present in 13 patients (15%) (CD8(+) lymphopenia) and 11 patients (13%) (CD3(+) lymphopenia) with unilateral metal-on-metal hips. There were significant differences in the absolute CD8(+) lymphocyte subset counts for the metal-on-metal groups compared with each control group (p-values ranging between 0.024 and 0.046). Statistical modelling with analysis of covariance using age, gender, type of hip replacement, smoking and circulating metal ion levels, showed that circulating levels of metal ions, especially cobalt, explained the variation in absolute lymphocyte counts for almost all lymphocyte subsets. |
Koulman,; Petras,; Narayana,; Wang,; Volmer, Comparative high-speed profiling of carboxylic acid metabolite levels by differential isotope-coded MALDI mass spectrometry (Article) Anal Chem, 81, 18, Page(s): 7544-51, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carboxylic Acids/*analysis/metabolism Fatty Acids/*analysis Fish Oils/metabolism Humans Metabolome Metabolomics/*methods Pyridinium Compounds/chemistry Spectrometry, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/*methods, Mass) @article{Paper, name = {Comparative high-speed profiling of carboxylic acid metabolite levels by differential isotope-coded MALDI mass spectrometry}, author = {Koulman, A. and Petras, D. and Narayana, V. K. and Wang, L. and Volmer, D. A.}, note = {Koulman, Albert Petras, Daniel Narayana, Vinod K Wang, Laura Volmer, Dietrich A Comparative Study United States Analytical chemistry Anal Chem. 2009 Sep 15;81(18):7544-51.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Anal Chem}, volume = {81}, number = {18}, pages = {7544-51}, abstract = {This present work describes the development of a novel high throughput comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry profiling technique for endogenous compounds using a new isotope-coded label for relative quantitation of carboxylic acids. The key new aspect of this technique was a differential label, 3-hydroxymethyl-1-ethylpyrididinium iodide (HMEP), designed specifically for simultaneous quantitative MALDI analysis of two physiological states. The HMEP-d(0) and HMEP-d(5) variants of the label were applied to profiling endogenous fatty acid levels during a fish oil intervention study, using the metabolite profile of every individual person in the study as their own personal analytical reference standard. Initially, analytical figures of merit such as sensitivity, linear dynamic range, limit of quantitation, and precision were determined from the comparative quantitation experiments. Importantly, the permanently charged HMEP mass tag not only increased the ionization efficiency of the studied fatty acids but also ensured that the solution phase properties of the analytes became more similar, allowing the use of CHCA as a single MALDI matrix compound for the entire range of analytes. The label exhibited a further very unique feature; it provided complete suppression of MALDI matrix-related ions. The MALDI assay was able to generate the data much faster than conventional gas chromatography (GC) methods for fatty acids. It is shown in this study that analyzing a single sample took less than 10 s with analytical results of comparable quality to those obtained by GC.}, note = {Koulman, Albert Petras, Daniel Narayana, Vinod K Wang, Laura Volmer, Dietrich A Comparative Study United States Analytical chemistry Anal Chem. 2009 Sep 15;81(18):7544-51.}, keywords = {Carboxylic Acids/*analysis/metabolism Fatty Acids/*analysis Fish Oils/metabolism Humans Metabolome Metabolomics/*methods Pyridinium Compounds/chemistry Spectrometry, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/*methods, Mass} } This present work describes the development of a novel high throughput comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry profiling technique for endogenous compounds using a new isotope-coded label for relative quantitation of carboxylic acids. The key new aspect of this technique was a differential label, 3-hydroxymethyl-1-ethylpyrididinium iodide (HMEP), designed specifically for simultaneous quantitative MALDI analysis of two physiological states. The HMEP-d(0) and HMEP-d(5) variants of the label were applied to profiling endogenous fatty acid levels during a fish oil intervention study, using the metabolite profile of every individual person in the study as their own personal analytical reference standard. Initially, analytical figures of merit such as sensitivity, linear dynamic range, limit of quantitation, and precision were determined from the comparative quantitation experiments. Importantly, the permanently charged HMEP mass tag not only increased the ionization efficiency of the studied fatty acids but also ensured that the solution phase properties of the analytes became more similar, allowing the use of CHCA as a single MALDI matrix compound for the entire range of analytes. The label exhibited a further very unique feature; it provided complete suppression of MALDI matrix-related ions. The MALDI assay was able to generate the data much faster than conventional gas chromatography (GC) methods for fatty acids. It is shown in this study that analyzing a single sample took less than 10 s with analytical results of comparable quality to those obtained by GC. |
Eyles,; Ni Mhurchu,; Wharemate,; Funaki-Tahifote,; Lanumata,; Rodgers, Developing nutrition education resources for a multi-ethnic population in New Zealand (Article) Health Educ Res, 24, 4, Page(s): 558-574, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult *Ethnic Groups Female Focus Groups Health Education/*methods Humans Intervention Studies Male Middle Aged New Zealand Nutritional Sciences/*education Oceanic Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data) @article{Paper, name = {Developing nutrition education resources for a multi-ethnic population in New Zealand}, author = {Eyles, H. C. and Ni Mhurchu, C. and Wharemate, L. and Funaki-Tahifote, M. and Lanumata, T. and Rodgers, A.}, note = {doi: 10.1093/her/cyn057, 10 November 2008}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Health Educ Res}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {558-574}, abstract = {In New Zealand, the burden of nutrition-related disease is greatest among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including Maori and Pacific peoples. However, little research is currently available on effective ways to improve nutrition in these communities. This paper describes the development of six paper-based nutrition education resources for multi-ethnic participants in a large supermarket intervention trial. Six focus groups involving 15 Maori, 13 Pacific and 16 non-Maori, non-Pacific participants were held. A general inductive approach was applied to identify common themes around participants' understanding and thoughts on relevance and usefulness of the draft resources. Feedback from focus groups was used to modify resources accordingly. Five themes emerged across all focus groups and guided modification of the resources: (i) perceived higher cost of healthy food, (ii) difficulty in changing food-purchasing habits, (iii) lack of knowledge, understanding and information about healthy food, (iv) desire for personally relevant information that uses ethnically appropriate language and (v) other barriers to healthy eating, including limited availability of healthy food. Many issues affect the likelihood of purchase and consumption of healthy food. These issues should be taken into account when developing nutritional materials for New Zealanders and possibly other multi-ethnic populations worldwide.}, note = {doi: 10.1093/her/cyn057, 10 November 2008}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult *Ethnic Groups Female Focus Groups Health Education/*methods Humans Intervention Studies Male Middle Aged New Zealand Nutritional Sciences/*education Oceanic Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data} } In New Zealand, the burden of nutrition-related disease is greatest among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including Maori and Pacific peoples. However, little research is currently available on effective ways to improve nutrition in these communities. This paper describes the development of six paper-based nutrition education resources for multi-ethnic participants in a large supermarket intervention trial. Six focus groups involving 15 Maori, 13 Pacific and 16 non-Maori, non-Pacific participants were held. A general inductive approach was applied to identify common themes around participants' understanding and thoughts on relevance and usefulness of the draft resources. Feedback from focus groups was used to modify resources accordingly. Five themes emerged across all focus groups and guided modification of the resources: (i) perceived higher cost of healthy food, (ii) difficulty in changing food-purchasing habits, (iii) lack of knowledge, understanding and information about healthy food, (iv) desire for personally relevant information that uses ethnically appropriate language and (v) other barriers to healthy eating, including limited availability of healthy food. Many issues affect the likelihood of purchase and consumption of healthy food. These issues should be taken into account when developing nutritional materials for New Zealanders and possibly other multi-ethnic populations worldwide. |
McNeill,; Winter,; Jia, Diet and cognitive function in later life: a challenge for nutrition epidemiology (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S33-S37, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/*psychology *Cognition Cognition Disorders Data Collection/*standards Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Memory, Short-Term *Mental Recall Nutrition Assessment Questionnaires Reproducibility of Results Scotland) @article{Paper, name = {Diet and cognitive function in later life: a challenge for nutrition epidemiology}, author = {McNeill, G. and Winter, J. and Jia, X.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {63}, pages = {S33-S37}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As the proportion of old and very old people in the population increases, new research on the influence of diet on health and nutritional needs in later life will be needed. Dietary assessment methods that rely on short-term memory or lengthy interviews, such as the 24-h recall and diet history methods, could have some limitations in this age group. There is some support for the use of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in older people, although their validity in the older old and in those with more advanced cognitive decline has not been extensively assessed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a study designed to assess the validity of a modified FFQ in men and women over 65 years, 50 men and 47 women completed two FFQs, and 42 men and 41 women completed one FFQ followed by a 4-day weighed diet diary. Digit span forward (a test of short-term memory) and verbal fluency (a test of executive function) tests were used to assess the possible influence of cognitive function on repeatability and validity of the FFQ. RESULTS: The FFQ was found to have good repeatability for most nutrients and reasonable validity for some but not all nutrients. Cognitive function assessed prior to the dietary assessment showed no relationship with repeatability, but there was some evidence that validity was lower in those with lower executive function. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary assessment in healthy older people without overt cognitive decline can be achieved, but development and testing of methods of data collection for each target population and nutrient of interest are particularly important in this age group to ensure valid results. The possibility that cognitive decline influences dietary assessment needs to be borne in mind in the interpretation of observational studies of the influence of dietary intake on cognition in later life.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/*psychology *Cognition Cognition Disorders Data Collection/*standards Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Memory, Short-Term *Mental Recall Nutrition Assessment Questionnaires Reproducibility of Results Scotland} } BACKGROUND: As the proportion of old and very old people in the population increases, new research on the influence of diet on health and nutritional needs in later life will be needed. Dietary assessment methods that rely on short-term memory or lengthy interviews, such as the 24-h recall and diet history methods, could have some limitations in this age group. There is some support for the use of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in older people, although their validity in the older old and in those with more advanced cognitive decline has not been extensively assessed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a study designed to assess the validity of a modified FFQ in men and women over 65 years, 50 men and 47 women completed two FFQs, and 42 men and 41 women completed one FFQ followed by a 4-day weighed diet diary. Digit span forward (a test of short-term memory) and verbal fluency (a test of executive function) tests were used to assess the possible influence of cognitive function on repeatability and validity of the FFQ. RESULTS: The FFQ was found to have good repeatability for most nutrients and reasonable validity for some but not all nutrients. Cognitive function assessed prior to the dietary assessment showed no relationship with repeatability, but there was some evidence that validity was lower in those with lower executive function. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary assessment in healthy older people without overt cognitive decline can be achieved, but development and testing of methods of data collection for each target population and nutrient of interest are particularly important in this age group to ensure valid results. The possibility that cognitive decline influences dietary assessment needs to be borne in mind in the interpretation of observational studies of the influence of dietary intake on cognition in later life. |
Prynne,; Mander,; Wadsworth,; Stephen, Diet and glycosylated haemoglobin in the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, 9, Page(s): 1084-1090, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Diet *Energy Intake Female Great Britain/epidemiology Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/*metabolism Humans Hyperglycemia/*epidemiology/metabolism Male Middle Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Diet and glycosylated haemoglobin in the 1946 British Birth Cohort}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and Mander, A. P. and Wadsworth, M. E. J. and Stephen, A. M.}, note = {doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.43, 24 June}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {63}, number = {9}, pages = {1084-1090}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Raised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) concentration is a recognized risk factor for diabetes, the incidence of which is rising worldwide. The intake of certain foods has been related to HbA(1c) concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nutrient intake, sourced by these foods, was predictive of raised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) concentration in a British cohort. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 495 men and 570 women who were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, 1946 birth cohort.Diet was assessed from 5-day records in 1982, 1989 and 1999. HbA(1c) was measured in blood samples collected in 1999. Individuals in whom concentration of HbA(1c) was > or =6.3% were identified as being 'at risk' and their nutrient intake was compared with those whose concentration of HbA(1c) was within the normal range (< or =6.2%). RESULTS: Lower intakes of protein, carbohydrate, non-starch polysaccharide, iron, folate, vitamin B(12) and a higher percentage energy from fat in 1989 were significantly predictive of high HbA(1c) status in 1999. In 1999, there were no nutrient intakes that were predictive of HbA(1c) status. Global tests of whether the intakes of energy, carbohydrate, sodium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin B(12) at all three time points were related to HbA(1c) status in 1999, were significant. CONCLUSION: An increased intake of energy, carbohydrate, sodium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin B(12) over 10 years was predictive of raised HbA(1c) status. Increased energy intake may have resulted in increase in body weight, which is a risk factor for diabetes.}, note = {doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.43, 24 June}, keywords = {Adult *Diet *Energy Intake Female Great Britain/epidemiology Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/*metabolism Humans Hyperglycemia/*epidemiology/metabolism Male Middle Aged} } OBJECTIVES: Raised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) concentration is a recognized risk factor for diabetes, the incidence of which is rising worldwide. The intake of certain foods has been related to HbA(1c) concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nutrient intake, sourced by these foods, was predictive of raised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) concentration in a British cohort. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 495 men and 570 women who were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, 1946 birth cohort.Diet was assessed from 5-day records in 1982, 1989 and 1999. HbA(1c) was measured in blood samples collected in 1999. Individuals in whom concentration of HbA(1c) was > or =6.3% were identified as being 'at risk' and their nutrient intake was compared with those whose concentration of HbA(1c) was within the normal range (< or =6.2%). RESULTS: Lower intakes of protein, carbohydrate, non-starch polysaccharide, iron, folate, vitamin B(12) and a higher percentage energy from fat in 1989 were significantly predictive of high HbA(1c) status in 1999. In 1999, there were no nutrient intakes that were predictive of HbA(1c) status. Global tests of whether the intakes of energy, carbohydrate, sodium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin B(12) at all three time points were related to HbA(1c) status in 1999, were significant. CONCLUSION: An increased intake of energy, carbohydrate, sodium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin B(12) over 10 years was predictive of raised HbA(1c) status. Increased energy intake may have resulted in increase in body weight, which is a risk factor for diabetes. |
Warren,; Stephen, Dietary assessment at the end of life's spectrum (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Suppl 1, Page(s): S1-4, 2009. (BibTeX | Tags: Aged Child Data Collection/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Humans) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary assessment at the end of life's spectrum}, author = {Warren, J. M. and Stephen, A. M.}, note = {1476-5640 (Electronic) Editorial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {63}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S1-4}, note = {1476-5640 (Electronic) Editorial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Aged Child Data Collection/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Humans} } |
Johnson,; van Jaarsveld,; Emmett,; Rogers,; Ness,; Hattersley,; Timpson,; Davey Smith,; Jebb, Dietary energy density affects fat mass in early adolescence and is not modified by FTO variants (Article) PLoS ONE, 4, 3, Page(s): e4594, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent Alleles Body Mass Index Child Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Diet Records *Energy Intake Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Obesity/genetics Organ Size Proteins/*genetics) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary energy density affects fat mass in early adolescence and is not modified by FTO variants}, author = {Johnson, L. and van Jaarsveld, C. H. M. and Emmett, P. M. and Rogers, I. S. and Ness, A. R. and Hattersley, A. T. and Timpson, N. J. and Davey Smith, G. and Jebb, S. A.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {e4594}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) does not have a simple linear relationship to fat mass in children, which suggests that some children are more susceptible than others to the effects of DED. Children with the FTO (rs9939609) variant that increases the risk of obesity may have a higher susceptibility to the effects of DED because their internal appetite control system is compromised. We tested the relationship between DED and fat mass in early adolescence and its interaction with FTO variants. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We carried out a prospective analysis on 2,275 children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Diet was assessed at age 10 y using 3-day diet diaries. DED (kJ/g) was calculated excluding drinks. Children were genotyped for the FTO (rs9939609) variant. Fat mass was estimated at age 13 y using the Lunar Prodigy Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scanner. There was no evidence of interaction between DED at age 10 y and the high risk A allele of the FTO gene in relation to fat mass at age 13 y (beta = 0.005}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent Alleles Body Mass Index Child Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Diet Records *Energy Intake Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Obesity/genetics Organ Size Proteins/*genetics} } {BACKGROUND: Dietary energy density (DED) does not have a simple linear relationship to fat mass in children, which suggests that some children are more susceptible than others to the effects of DED. Children with the FTO (rs9939609) variant that increases the risk of obesity may have a higher susceptibility to the effects of DED because their internal appetite control system is compromised. We tested the relationship between DED and fat mass in early adolescence and its interaction with FTO variants. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We carried out a prospective analysis on 2,275 children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Diet was assessed at age 10 y using 3-day diet diaries. DED (kJ/g) was calculated excluding drinks. Children were genotyped for the FTO (rs9939609) variant. Fat mass was estimated at age 13 y using the Lunar Prodigy Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scanner. There was no evidence of interaction between DED at age 10 y and the high risk A allele of the FTO gene in relation to fat mass at age 13 y (beta = 0.005 |
Roberts,; Goralski,; Renton,; Julien,; Webber,; Sleno,; Volmer,; Hall, Effect of acute inflammatory brain injury on accumulation of morphine and morphine 3- and 6-glucuronide in the human brain (Article) Crit Care Med, 37, 10, Page(s): 2767-2774, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Blood-Brain Barrier/*physiology Brain/*metabolism Cerebral Hemorrhage/*cerebrospinal fluid Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Head Injuries) @article{, name = {Effect of acute inflammatory brain injury on accumulation of morphine and morphine 3- and 6-glucuronide in the human brain}, author = {Roberts, D. J. and Goralski, K. B. and Renton, K. W. and Julien, L. C. and Webber, A. M. and Sleno, L. and Volmer, D. A. and Hall, R.I.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Crit Care Med}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, pages = {2767-2774}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: In animals, central nervous system inflammation increases drug accumulation in the brain partly due to a loss of central nervous system drug efflux transporter function at the blood-brain barrier. To determine whether a similar loss of active drug efflux occurs in humans after acute inflammatory brain injury. DESIGN: Observational human pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: Medical-surgical-neurosurgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated, Canadian tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Patients with acute inflammatory brain injury, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 10), intracerebral and/or intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 4), or closed head trauma (n = 2) who received morphine intravenously after being fitted with cerebrospinal fluid ventriculostomy and peripheral arterial catheters. INTERVENTIONS: We correlated the cerebrospinal fluid distribution of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide with the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and the passive marker of blood-brain barrier permeability, albumin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acute brain injury produced a robust inflammatory response in the central nervous system as reflected by the elevated concentration of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid. Penetration of morphine metabolites into the central nervous system increased in proportion to the neuroinflammatory response as demonstrated by the positive correlation between cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 exposure and the area under the curve cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio for morphine-3-glucuronide (r = .49, p < .001) and morphine-6-glucuronide (r = .51, p < .001). In contrast, distribution of morphine into the brain was not linked with cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 exposure (r = .073}, keywords = {Adult Aged Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Blood-Brain Barrier/*physiology Brain/*metabolism Cerebral Hemorrhage/*cerebrospinal fluid Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Head Injuries} } {OBJECTIVE: In animals, central nervous system inflammation increases drug accumulation in the brain partly due to a loss of central nervous system drug efflux transporter function at the blood-brain barrier. To determine whether a similar loss of active drug efflux occurs in humans after acute inflammatory brain injury. DESIGN: Observational human pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: Medical-surgical-neurosurgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated, Canadian tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Patients with acute inflammatory brain injury, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 10), intracerebral and/or intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 4), or closed head trauma (n = 2) who received morphine intravenously after being fitted with cerebrospinal fluid ventriculostomy and peripheral arterial catheters. INTERVENTIONS: We correlated the cerebrospinal fluid distribution of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide with the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and the passive marker of blood-brain barrier permeability, albumin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acute brain injury produced a robust inflammatory response in the central nervous system as reflected by the elevated concentration of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid. Penetration of morphine metabolites into the central nervous system increased in proportion to the neuroinflammatory response as demonstrated by the positive correlation between cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 exposure and the area under the curve cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio for morphine-3-glucuronide (r = .49, p < .001) and morphine-6-glucuronide (r = .51, p < .001). In contrast, distribution of morphine into the brain was not linked with cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 exposure (r = .073 |
Tucker,; Jugdaohsingh,; Powell,; Qiao,; Hannan,; Sripanyakorn,; Cupples,; Kiel, Effects of beer, wine and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older adult men and women (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 4, Page(s): 1188-1196, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over Aging/*physiology Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/*physiopathology *Alcoholic Beverages Beer/adverse effects/analysis Bone Density/*drug effects/physiology Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Dose-Response Relationship, Adult Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of beer, wine and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older adult men and women}, author = {Tucker, K. L. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Powell, J. J. and Qiao, N. and Hannan, M. T. and Sripanyakorn, S. and Cupples, L. A. and Kiel, D. P.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {1188-1196}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Moderate intake of alcohol has been reported to have beneficial effects on bone. However, different classes of alcoholic beverages have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the association between intake of total alcohol or individual alcoholic beverages and bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN: Adjusting for potential confounding factors, we examined alcohol intakes and BMD at 3 hip sites and the lumbar spine in 1182 men and in 1289 postmenopausal and 248 premenopausal women in the population-based Framingham Offspring cohort (age: 29-86 y). RESULTS: Men were predominantly beer drinkers, and women were predominantly wine drinkers. Compared with nondrinkers, hip BMD was greater (3.4-4.5%) in men consuming 1-2 drinks/d of total alcohol or beer, whereas hip and spine BMD were significantly greater (5.0-8.3%) in postmenopausal women consuming >2 drinks/d of total alcohol or wine. Intake of >2 drinks/d of liquor in men was associated with significantly lower (3.0-5.2%) hip and spine BMD than was intake of 1-2 drinks/d of liquor in men. After adjustment for silicon intake, all intergroup differences for beer were no longer significant; differences for other alcohol sources remained significant. Power was low for premenopausal women, and the associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate consumption of alcohol may be beneficial to bone in men and postmenopausal women. However, in men, high liquor intakes (>2 drinks/d) were associated with significantly lower BMD. The tendency toward stronger associations between BMD and beer or wine, relative to liquor, suggests that constituents other than ethanol may contribute to bone health. Silicon appears to mediate the association of beer, but not that of wine or liquor, with BMD. Other components need further investigation.}, keywords = {80 and over Aging/*physiology Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects/*physiopathology *Alcoholic Beverages Beer/adverse effects/analysis Bone Density/*drug effects/physiology Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Dose-Response Relationship, Adult Aged Aged} } BACKGROUND: Moderate intake of alcohol has been reported to have beneficial effects on bone. However, different classes of alcoholic beverages have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the association between intake of total alcohol or individual alcoholic beverages and bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN: Adjusting for potential confounding factors, we examined alcohol intakes and BMD at 3 hip sites and the lumbar spine in 1182 men and in 1289 postmenopausal and 248 premenopausal women in the population-based Framingham Offspring cohort (age: 29-86 y). RESULTS: Men were predominantly beer drinkers, and women were predominantly wine drinkers. Compared with nondrinkers, hip BMD was greater (3.4-4.5%) in men consuming 1-2 drinks/d of total alcohol or beer, whereas hip and spine BMD were significantly greater (5.0-8.3%) in postmenopausal women consuming >2 drinks/d of total alcohol or wine. Intake of >2 drinks/d of liquor in men was associated with significantly lower (3.0-5.2%) hip and spine BMD than was intake of 1-2 drinks/d of liquor in men. After adjustment for silicon intake, all intergroup differences for beer were no longer significant; differences for other alcohol sources remained significant. Power was low for premenopausal women, and the associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate consumption of alcohol may be beneficial to bone in men and postmenopausal women. However, in men, high liquor intakes (>2 drinks/d) were associated with significantly lower BMD. The tendency toward stronger associations between BMD and beer or wine, relative to liquor, suggests that constituents other than ethanol may contribute to bone health. Silicon appears to mediate the association of beer, but not that of wine or liquor, with BMD. Other components need further investigation. |
Salgin,; Marcovecchio,; Williams,; Jackson,; Bluck,; Humphreys,; Acerini,; Dunger, Effects of growth hormone and free fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94, 9, Page(s): 3297-3305, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Blood Glucose/analysis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*metabolism Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood/*physiology Female Human Growth Hormone/blood/*physiology Humans *Insulin Resistance Male Pyrazines/pharmacology) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of growth hormone and free fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes}, author = {Salgin, B. and Marcovecchio, M. L. and Williams, R. M. and Jackson, S. J. and Bluck, L. J. and Humphreys, S. M. and Acerini, C. L. and Dunger, D. B.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {94}, number = {9}, pages = {3297-3305}, abstract = {CONTEXT: Because GH stimulates lipolysis, an increase in circulating free fatty acid levels, as opposed to a direct effect of high GH levels, could underlie the development of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our aim was to explore the relative contributions of GH and free fatty acids to the development of insulin resistance in patients with T1D. PATIENTS: Seven (four females, three males) nonobese patients with T1D aged 21-30 yr were studied on four occasions in random order. On each visit, overnight endogenous GH production was suppressed by octreotide. Three 1-h pulses of recombinant human GH (rhGH) or placebo were administered on two visits each. Acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, or a placebo were ingested every 4 h on two visits each. Stable glucose and glycerol isotopes were used to assess glucose and glycerol turnover. The overnight protocol was concluded by a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp on each visit. MAIN OUTCOME: rhGH administration led to increases in the insulin infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia overnight (P = 0.008), elevated basal endogenous glucose production (P = 0.007), decreased basal peripheral glucose uptake (P = 0.03), and reduced glucose uptake during step 1 of the clamp (P < 0.0001). Coadministration of rhGH and acipimox reversed these effects and suppression of lipolysis in the absence of GH replacement led to further increases in insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: GH pulses were associated with an increase in endogenous glucose production and decreased rates of peripheral glucose uptake, which was entirely reversed by acipimox. Therefore, GH-driven decreases in insulin sensitivity are mainly determined by the effect of GH on lipolysis.}, keywords = {Adult Blood Glucose/analysis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*metabolism Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood/*physiology Female Human Growth Hormone/blood/*physiology Humans *Insulin Resistance Male Pyrazines/pharmacology} } CONTEXT: Because GH stimulates lipolysis, an increase in circulating free fatty acid levels, as opposed to a direct effect of high GH levels, could underlie the development of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our aim was to explore the relative contributions of GH and free fatty acids to the development of insulin resistance in patients with T1D. PATIENTS: Seven (four females, three males) nonobese patients with T1D aged 21-30 yr were studied on four occasions in random order. On each visit, overnight endogenous GH production was suppressed by octreotide. Three 1-h pulses of recombinant human GH (rhGH) or placebo were administered on two visits each. Acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, or a placebo were ingested every 4 h on two visits each. Stable glucose and glycerol isotopes were used to assess glucose and glycerol turnover. The overnight protocol was concluded by a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp on each visit. MAIN OUTCOME: rhGH administration led to increases in the insulin infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia overnight (P = 0.008), elevated basal endogenous glucose production (P = 0.007), decreased basal peripheral glucose uptake (P = 0.03), and reduced glucose uptake during step 1 of the clamp (P < 0.0001). Coadministration of rhGH and acipimox reversed these effects and suppression of lipolysis in the absence of GH replacement led to further increases in insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: GH pulses were associated with an increase in endogenous glucose production and decreased rates of peripheral glucose uptake, which was entirely reversed by acipimox. Therefore, GH-driven decreases in insulin sensitivity are mainly determined by the effect of GH on lipolysis. |
Yan,; Schoenmakers,; Zhou,; Jarjou,; Smith,; Nigdikar,; Goldberg,; Prentice, Ethnic differences in parathyroid hormone secretion and mineral metabolism in response to oral phosphate administration (Article) Bone, 45, 2, Page(s): 238-245, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Administration) @article{Paper, name = {Ethnic differences in parathyroid hormone secretion and mineral metabolism in response to oral phosphate administration}, author = {Yan, L. and Schoenmakers, I. and Zhou, B. and Jarjou, L. M. A. and Smith, E. and Nigdikar, S. and Goldberg, G. R. and Prentice, A.}, note = {Originally submitted to J Clin Endocrinol & Metab as 08/598 on 2008/04/04. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.237, 17 May}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {238-245}, abstract = {Ethnic differences in bone metabolism have been reported and it has been suggested that these may be partly due to prolonged exposure to an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration or a decreased sensitivity to PTH. We explored ethnic differences in bone and mineral metabolism by 5 days of oral phosphate (P) loading to stimulate PTH secretion. Healthy older people from UK (B), The Gambia (G) and China (C), 15 individuals from each sex and ethnic group, were studied. Blood and urine samples were collected before and 2 h after P dose on days 1, 4 and 5 and on a control day. The induced changes (%) in PTH and markers of mineral and bone metabolism after 2 h and over 5 days were examined. At baseline, PTH, 1,25(OH)(2)D and bone turnover markers were higher in Gambian subjects than in British and Chinese subjects (P < or = 0.01). 2 h after P loading, ionized calcium (iCa) decreased and PTH and plasma P (P) increased in all groups (P < or = 0.01, n.s. between groups). Urinary P to creatinine ratio (uP/Cr) increased, the increase being greater in Chinese subjects than in British and Gambian subjects on days 4 and 5 (P < or = 0.01). By day 5, fasting iCa was decreased and P increased in British and Gambian (P < or = 0.01) but not in Chinese subjects. Fasting PTH and uP/Cr increased in all groups. There were ethnic differences in changes in bone markers, but the relationship with changes in PTH was comparable between groups. In conclusion, ethnic differences in mineral metabolism in response to 5-day P loading were found. Chinese subjects showed a more rapid renal clearance of P than British and Gambian counterparts and there were differences between the groups in the skeletal response to P loading, but no evidence was found for resistance to the resorbing effects of PTH.}, note = {Originally submitted to J Clin Endocrinol & Metab as 08/598 on 2008/04/04. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.237, 17 May}, keywords = {Administration} } Ethnic differences in bone metabolism have been reported and it has been suggested that these may be partly due to prolonged exposure to an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration or a decreased sensitivity to PTH. We explored ethnic differences in bone and mineral metabolism by 5 days of oral phosphate (P) loading to stimulate PTH secretion. Healthy older people from UK (B), The Gambia (G) and China (C), 15 individuals from each sex and ethnic group, were studied. Blood and urine samples were collected before and 2 h after P dose on days 1, 4 and 5 and on a control day. The induced changes (%) in PTH and markers of mineral and bone metabolism after 2 h and over 5 days were examined. At baseline, PTH, 1,25(OH)(2)D and bone turnover markers were higher in Gambian subjects than in British and Chinese subjects (P < or = 0.01). 2 h after P loading, ionized calcium (iCa) decreased and PTH and plasma P (P) increased in all groups (P < or = 0.01, n.s. between groups). Urinary P to creatinine ratio (uP/Cr) increased, the increase being greater in Chinese subjects than in British and Gambian subjects on days 4 and 5 (P < or = 0.01). By day 5, fasting iCa was decreased and P increased in British and Gambian (P < or = 0.01) but not in Chinese subjects. Fasting PTH and uP/Cr increased in all groups. There were ethnic differences in changes in bone markers, but the relationship with changes in PTH was comparable between groups. In conclusion, ethnic differences in mineral metabolism in response to 5-day P loading were found. Chinese subjects showed a more rapid renal clearance of P than British and Gambian counterparts and there were differences between the groups in the skeletal response to P loading, but no evidence was found for resistance to the resorbing effects of PTH. |
Kerr,; Livingstone,; Bates,; Bradbury,; Scott,; Ward,; Pentieva,; Mansoor,; McNulty, Folate, related B vitamins and homocysteine in childhood and adolescence: potential implications for disease risk in later life (Article) Pediatrics, 123, 2, Page(s): 627-635, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Age Factors Child Child, Preschool Female Folic Acid/*blood Homocysteine/*blood Humans Male Reference Values Risk Factors Vitamin B Complex/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Folate, related B vitamins and homocysteine in childhood and adolescence: potential implications for disease risk in later life}, author = {Kerr, M. and Livingstone, M. B. E. and Bates, C. J. and Bradbury, I. and Scott, J. and Ward, M. and Pentieva, K. and Mansoor, M. A. and McNulty, H.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {627-635}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Folate and the metabolically related B vitamins are an important priority throughout life, but few studies have examined their status through childhood and adolescence. The aims of the current study were to investigate age, gender, and lifestyle factors as determinants of folate, related B-vitamin status, and homocysteine concentrations among British children and adolescents and to propose age-specific reference ranges for these biomarkers, which, at present, are unavailable. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Data from the National Dietary and Nutritional Survey of 2127 young people aged 4 to 18 years were accessed to provide a representative sample of British children. All of the subjects who provided a blood sample for homocysteine concentrations were included in the current study (n = 840). Of these, laboratory biomarkers of folate (serum and red cell folate: n = 832 and 774, respectively), vitamin B(12) (n = 828), vitamin B(6) (n = 770), and riboflavin (n = 839) were also examined. RESULTS: The biomarker status of all 4 of the relevant B vitamins decreased significantly with age. Correspondingly, homocysteine concentrations progressively increased, with median values of 5.6, 6.3, and 7.9 mumol/L for children aged 4 to 10 years, 11 to 14 years, and 15 to 18 years, respectively, and were higher in boys compared with girls (15-18 years only). Independent of age and gender, fortified breakfast cereal intake (consumed by 89% of the sample) was associated with significantly higher B-vitamin status and lower homocysteine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: It is not generally appreciated that the well-established progressive increase in homocysteine from 4 to 18 years reflects decreases in the biomarker status of all 4 metabolically related B vitamins. We suggest age-specific laboratory reference ranges for homocysteine and related B-vitamin concentrations for potential use within a pediatric setting.}, keywords = {Adolescent Age Factors Child Child, Preschool Female Folic Acid/*blood Homocysteine/*blood Humans Male Reference Values Risk Factors Vitamin B Complex/*blood} } OBJECTIVES: Folate and the metabolically related B vitamins are an important priority throughout life, but few studies have examined their status through childhood and adolescence. The aims of the current study were to investigate age, gender, and lifestyle factors as determinants of folate, related B-vitamin status, and homocysteine concentrations among British children and adolescents and to propose age-specific reference ranges for these biomarkers, which, at present, are unavailable. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Data from the National Dietary and Nutritional Survey of 2127 young people aged 4 to 18 years were accessed to provide a representative sample of British children. All of the subjects who provided a blood sample for homocysteine concentrations were included in the current study (n = 840). Of these, laboratory biomarkers of folate (serum and red cell folate: n = 832 and 774, respectively), vitamin B(12) (n = 828), vitamin B(6) (n = 770), and riboflavin (n = 839) were also examined. RESULTS: The biomarker status of all 4 of the relevant B vitamins decreased significantly with age. Correspondingly, homocysteine concentrations progressively increased, with median values of 5.6, 6.3, and 7.9 mumol/L for children aged 4 to 10 years, 11 to 14 years, and 15 to 18 years, respectively, and were higher in boys compared with girls (15-18 years only). Independent of age and gender, fortified breakfast cereal intake (consumed by 89% of the sample) was associated with significantly higher B-vitamin status and lower homocysteine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: It is not generally appreciated that the well-established progressive increase in homocysteine from 4 to 18 years reflects decreases in the biomarker status of all 4 metabolically related B vitamins. We suggest age-specific laboratory reference ranges for homocysteine and related B-vitamin concentrations for potential use within a pediatric setting. |
Koulman,; Lane,; Harrison,; Volmer, From differentiating metabolites to biomarkers (Article) Anal Bioanal Chem, 394, 3, Page(s): 663-670, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Markers/*metabolism Metabolomics/*methods/standards Regression Analysis) @article{Paper, name = {From differentiating metabolites to biomarkers}, author = {Koulman, A. and Lane, G. A. and Harrison, S. J. and Volmer, D. A.}, note = {Open Access}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem}, volume = {394}, number = {3}, pages = {663-670}, abstract = {The current developments in metabolomics and metabolic profiling technologies have led to the discovery of several new metabolic biomarkers. Finding metabolites present in significantly different levels between sample sets, however, does not necessarily make these metabolites useful biomarkers. The route to valid and applicable biomarkers (biomarker qualification) is long and demands a significant amount of work. In this overview, we critically discuss the current state-of-the-art of metabolic biomarker discovery, with highlights and shortcomings, and suggest a pathway to clinical usefulness.}, note = {Open Access}, keywords = {Biological Markers/*metabolism Metabolomics/*methods/standards Regression Analysis} } The current developments in metabolomics and metabolic profiling technologies have led to the discovery of several new metabolic biomarkers. Finding metabolites present in significantly different levels between sample sets, however, does not necessarily make these metabolites useful biomarkers. The route to valid and applicable biomarkers (biomarker qualification) is long and demands a significant amount of work. In this overview, we critically discuss the current state-of-the-art of metabolic biomarker discovery, with highlights and shortcomings, and suggest a pathway to clinical usefulness. |
Koulman,; Woffendin,; Narayana,; Welchman,; Crone,; Volmer, High-resolution extracted ion chromatography, a new tool for metabolomics and lipidomics using a second-generation orbitrap mass spectrometer (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 23, 10, Page(s): 1411-1418, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Chromatography, Liquid/*methods Humans *Lipid Metabolism Lipids/blood/*chemistry Mass Spectrometry/*methods) @article{Paper, name = {High-resolution extracted ion chromatography, a new tool for metabolomics and lipidomics using a second-generation orbitrap mass spectrometer}, author = {Koulman, A. and Woffendin, G. and Narayana, V. K. and Welchman, H. and Crone, C. and Volmer, D. A.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, pages = {1411-1418}, abstract = {Most analytical methods in metabolomics are based on one of two strategies. The first strategy is aimed at specifically analysing a limited number of known metabolites or compound classes. Alternatively, an unbiased approach can be used for profiling as many features as possible in a given metabolome without prior knowledge of the identity of these features. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry with instruments capable of measuring m/z ratios with sufficiently low mass measurement uncertainties and simultaneous high scan speeds, it is possible to combine these two strategies, allowing unbiased profiling of biological samples and targeted analysis of specific compounds at the same time without compromises. Such high mass accuracy and mass resolving power reduces the number of candidate metabolites occupying the same retention time and m/z ratio space to a minimum. In this study, we demonstrate how targeted analysis of phospholipids as well as unbiased profiling is achievable using a benchtop orbitrap instrument after high-speed reversed-phase chromatography. The ability to apply both strategies in one experiment is an important step forward in comprehensive analysis of the metabolome.}, keywords = {Chromatography, Liquid/*methods Humans *Lipid Metabolism Lipids/blood/*chemistry Mass Spectrometry/*methods} } Most analytical methods in metabolomics are based on one of two strategies. The first strategy is aimed at specifically analysing a limited number of known metabolites or compound classes. Alternatively, an unbiased approach can be used for profiling as many features as possible in a given metabolome without prior knowledge of the identity of these features. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry with instruments capable of measuring m/z ratios with sufficiently low mass measurement uncertainties and simultaneous high scan speeds, it is possible to combine these two strategies, allowing unbiased profiling of biological samples and targeted analysis of specific compounds at the same time without compromises. Such high mass accuracy and mass resolving power reduces the number of candidate metabolites occupying the same retention time and m/z ratio space to a minimum. In this study, we demonstrate how targeted analysis of phospholipids as well as unbiased profiling is achievable using a benchtop orbitrap instrument after high-speed reversed-phase chromatography. The ability to apply both strategies in one experiment is an important step forward in comprehensive analysis of the metabolome. |
Salgin,; Sleigh,; Williams,; Jackson,; Bluck,; Murgatroyd,; Humphreys,; Harding,; Carpenter,; Dunger, Intramyocellular lipid levels are associated with peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity in normal healthy subjects (Article) Clin Sci, 117, 3, Page(s): 111-118, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Blood Glucose/*biosynthesis Body Composition Body Mass Index Female Glucose Clamp Technique Humans Insulin/*metabolism Lipid Metabolism/*physiology Liver/*metabolism Male Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Intramyocellular lipid levels are associated with peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity in normal healthy subjects}, author = {Salgin, B. and Sleigh, A. J. and Williams, R. M. and Jackson, S. J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Humphreys, S. M. and Harding, S. and Carpenter, T. A. and Dunger, D. B.}, note = {Project No. 5213 doi: 10.1042/CS20080563, 18 December}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Clin Sci}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {111-118}, abstract = {{Increased levels of IMCL (intramyocellular lipid) have been shown to be associated with reduced steady-state glucose infusion rates during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (M-value). The aim of the present study was to explore how IMCL levels relate to the insulin-mediated suppression of endogenous glucose production [hepatic SI (insulin sensitivity)] and increase in glucose disposal (peripheral SI). In the present study, 11 healthy young adults (7 male, 4 female; aged 21-31 years) undertook, in random order, an hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp combined with stable glucose isotope enrichment to measure peripheral and hepatic SI, a 1H-MRS (proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) scan to determine IMCL levels and a DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan to assess body composition. IMCL levels (range, 3.2-10.7) were associated with whole-body fat mass (r=0.787}, note = {Project No. 5213 doi: 10.1042/CS20080563, 18 December}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Blood Glucose/*biosynthesis Body Composition Body Mass Index Female Glucose Clamp Technique Humans Insulin/*metabolism Lipid Metabolism/*physiology Liver/*metabolism Male Young Adult} } {Increased levels of IMCL (intramyocellular lipid) have been shown to be associated with reduced steady-state glucose infusion rates during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (M-value). The aim of the present study was to explore how IMCL levels relate to the insulin-mediated suppression of endogenous glucose production [hepatic SI (insulin sensitivity)] and increase in glucose disposal (peripheral SI). In the present study, 11 healthy young adults (7 male, 4 female; aged 21-31 years) undertook, in random order, an hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp combined with stable glucose isotope enrichment to measure peripheral and hepatic SI, a 1H-MRS (proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) scan to determine IMCL levels and a DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan to assess body composition. IMCL levels (range, 3.2-10.7) were associated with whole-body fat mass (r=0.787 |
Corder,; van Sluijs,; Wright,; Whincup,; Wareham,; Ekelund, Is it possible to assess free-living physical activity and energy expenditure in young people by self-report? (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 3, Page(s): 862-870, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Child Child, Preschool *Energy Metabolism Female Humans Male *Motor Activity Questionnaires/*standards Reproducibility of Results *Self Disclosure) @article{Paper, name = {Is it possible to assess free-living physical activity and energy expenditure in young people by self-report?}, author = {Corder, K. and van Sluijs, E. M. F. and Wright, A. and Whincup, P. and Wareham, N. J. and Ekelund, U.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {862-870}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether it is possible to accurately estimate physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) by self-report in youth. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the validity and reliability of 4 self-reports to assess PAEE and time spent at moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) over the previous week in British young people between 4 and 17 y of age. DESIGN: PAEE and MVPA were derived from the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire, Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Swedish Adolescent Physical Activity Questionnaire; a lifestyle score indicative of habitual activity was derived from the Child Heart and Health Study in England Questionnaire. These data were compared with criterion methods, PAEE, and MVPA derived from simultaneous measurements by doubly labeled water and accelerometry in 3 age groups: 4-5 y (n = 27), 12-13 y (n = 25), and 16-17 y (n = 24). Validity was assessed by using Spearman correlations and the Bland-Altman method, and reliability was assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The strength of association between questionnaire and criterion methods varied (r = 0.09 to r = 0.46). Some questionnaires were able to accurately assess group-level PAEE and MVPA for some age groups, but the error was large for individual-level estimates throughout. Reliability of the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire and Child Heart and Health Study in England Questionnaire was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.64-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Absolute PAEE and MVPA estimated from these self-reports were not valid on an individual level in young people, although some questionnaires appeared to rank individuals accurately. Age (the outcome of interest) and whether individual or group-level estimates are necessary will influence the best choice of self-report method when assessing physical activity in youth.}, keywords = {Adolescent Child Child, Preschool *Energy Metabolism Female Humans Male *Motor Activity Questionnaires/*standards Reproducibility of Results *Self Disclosure} } BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether it is possible to accurately estimate physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) by self-report in youth. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the validity and reliability of 4 self-reports to assess PAEE and time spent at moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) over the previous week in British young people between 4 and 17 y of age. DESIGN: PAEE and MVPA were derived from the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire, Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Swedish Adolescent Physical Activity Questionnaire; a lifestyle score indicative of habitual activity was derived from the Child Heart and Health Study in England Questionnaire. These data were compared with criterion methods, PAEE, and MVPA derived from simultaneous measurements by doubly labeled water and accelerometry in 3 age groups: 4-5 y (n = 27), 12-13 y (n = 25), and 16-17 y (n = 24). Validity was assessed by using Spearman correlations and the Bland-Altman method, and reliability was assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The strength of association between questionnaire and criterion methods varied (r = 0.09 to r = 0.46). Some questionnaires were able to accurately assess group-level PAEE and MVPA for some age groups, but the error was large for individual-level estimates throughout. Reliability of the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire and Child Heart and Health Study in England Questionnaire was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.64-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Absolute PAEE and MVPA estimated from these self-reports were not valid on an individual level in young people, although some questionnaires appeared to rank individuals accurately. Age (the outcome of interest) and whether individual or group-level estimates are necessary will influence the best choice of self-report method when assessing physical activity in youth. |
Prentice,; Jarjou,; Goldberg,; Bennett,; Cole,; Schoenmakers, Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and mineral accretion of Gambian infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 98, 8, Page(s): 1360-1362, 2009. (BibTeX | Tags: Birth Weight Bone Density Calcium/administration & dosage Female Gambia Humans Infant, Newborn/growth & development/*physiology Linear Models *Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Pregnancy/*blood Rural Population/statistics & numerical data Sunlight Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood) @article{Paper(ShortCommunication), name = {Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and mineral accretion of Gambian infants}, author = {Prentice, A. and Jarjou, L. M. A. and Goldberg, G. R. and Bennett, J. and Cole, T. J. and Schoenmakers, I.}, note = {doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01352.x}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Acta Paediatr}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, pages = {1360-1362}, note = {doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01352.x}, keywords = {Birth Weight Bone Density Calcium/administration & dosage Female Gambia Humans Infant, Newborn/growth & development/*physiology Linear Models *Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Pregnancy/*blood Rural Population/statistics & numerical data Sunlight Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood} } |
Sripanyakorn,; Jugdaohsingh,; Mander,; Davidson,; Thompson,; Powell, Moderate ingestion of alcohol is associated with acute ethanol-induced suppression of circulating CTx in a PTH-independent fashion (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 24, 8, Page(s): 1380-1388, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Alcohol Drinking/*blood Biological Markers/blood Bone Density Bone Remodeling Collagen Type I/*blood Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethanol/blood/*pharmacology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Parathyroid Hormone/*physiology Peptides/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Moderate ingestion of alcohol is associated with acute ethanol-induced suppression of circulating CTx in a PTH-independent fashion}, author = {Sripanyakorn, S. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Mander, A. P. and Davidson, S. L. and Thompson, R. P.H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {doi:10.1359/JBMR.090222, 16 Feb}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Miner Res}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1380-1388}, abstract = {The "J shape" curve linking the risk of poor bone health to alcohol intake is now well recognized from epidemiological studies. Ethanol and nonethanol components of alcoholic beverages could influence bone remodeling. However, in the absence of a solid underlying mechanism, the positive association between moderate alcoholic intake and BMD remains questionable because of confounding associated social factors. The objective of this work was to characterize the short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on circulating bone markers, especially those involved in bone resorption. Two sequential blood-sampling studies were undertaken in fasted healthy volunteers (age, 20-47 yr) over a 6-h period using beer of different alcohol levels (<0.05-4.6%), solutions of ethanol or orthosilicic acid (two major components of beer), and water +/- calcium chloride (positive and negative controls, respectively). Study 1 (24 subjects) assessed the effects of the different solutions, whereas study 2 (26 subjects) focused on ethanol/beer dose. Using all data in a "mixed effect model," we identified the contributions of the individual components of beer, namely ethanol, energy, low-dose calcium, and high-dose orthosilicic acid, on acute bone resorption. Markers of bone formation were unchanged throughout the study for all solutions investigated. In contrast, the bone resorption marker, serum carboxy terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), was significantly reduced after ingestion of a 0.6 liters of ethanol solution (>2% ethanol; p <or= 0.01, RM-ANOVA), 0.6 liters of beer (<0.05-4.6% ethanol; p < 0.02), or a solution of calcium (180 mg calcium; p < 0.001), but only after calcium ingestion was the reduction in CTX preceded by a significant fall in serum PTH (p < 0.001). Orthosilicic acid had no acute effect. Similar reductions in CTX, from baseline, were measured in urine after ingestion of the test solutions; however, the biological variability in urine CTX was greater compared with serum CTX. Modeling indicated that the major, acute suppressive effects of moderate beer ingestion (0.6 liters) on CTX were caused by energy intake in the early phase (approximately 0-3 h) and a "nonenergy" ethanol component in the later phase (approximately 3 to >6 h). The early effect on bone resorption is well described after the intake of energy, mediated by glucagon-like peptide-2, but the late effect of moderate alcohol ingestion is novel, seems to be ethanol specific, and is mediated in a non-calcitonin- and a non-PTH-dependent fashion, thus providing a mechanism for the positive association between moderate alcohol ingestion and BMD.}, note = {doi:10.1359/JBMR.090222, 16 Feb}, keywords = {Adult Alcohol Drinking/*blood Biological Markers/blood Bone Density Bone Remodeling Collagen Type I/*blood Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethanol/blood/*pharmacology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Parathyroid Hormone/*physiology Peptides/*blood} } The "J shape" curve linking the risk of poor bone health to alcohol intake is now well recognized from epidemiological studies. Ethanol and nonethanol components of alcoholic beverages could influence bone remodeling. However, in the absence of a solid underlying mechanism, the positive association between moderate alcoholic intake and BMD remains questionable because of confounding associated social factors. The objective of this work was to characterize the short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on circulating bone markers, especially those involved in bone resorption. Two sequential blood-sampling studies were undertaken in fasted healthy volunteers (age, 20-47 yr) over a 6-h period using beer of different alcohol levels (<0.05-4.6%), solutions of ethanol or orthosilicic acid (two major components of beer), and water +/- calcium chloride (positive and negative controls, respectively). Study 1 (24 subjects) assessed the effects of the different solutions, whereas study 2 (26 subjects) focused on ethanol/beer dose. Using all data in a "mixed effect model," we identified the contributions of the individual components of beer, namely ethanol, energy, low-dose calcium, and high-dose orthosilicic acid, on acute bone resorption. Markers of bone formation were unchanged throughout the study for all solutions investigated. In contrast, the bone resorption marker, serum carboxy terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), was significantly reduced after ingestion of a 0.6 liters of ethanol solution (>2% ethanol; p <or= 0.01, RM-ANOVA), 0.6 liters of beer (<0.05-4.6% ethanol; p < 0.02), or a solution of calcium (180 mg calcium; p < 0.001), but only after calcium ingestion was the reduction in CTX preceded by a significant fall in serum PTH (p < 0.001). Orthosilicic acid had no acute effect. Similar reductions in CTX, from baseline, were measured in urine after ingestion of the test solutions; however, the biological variability in urine CTX was greater compared with serum CTX. Modeling indicated that the major, acute suppressive effects of moderate beer ingestion (0.6 liters) on CTX were caused by energy intake in the early phase (approximately 0-3 h) and a "nonenergy" ethanol component in the later phase (approximately 3 to >6 h). The early effect on bone resorption is well described after the intake of energy, mediated by glucagon-like peptide-2, but the late effect of moderate alcohol ingestion is novel, seems to be ethanol specific, and is mediated in a non-calcitonin- and a non-PTH-dependent fashion, thus providing a mechanism for the positive association between moderate alcohol ingestion and BMD. |
McDermid,; Schim van der Loeff,; Jaye,; Hennig,; Bates,; Todd,; Sirugo,; Hill,; Whittle,; Prentice, Mortality in HIV infection is independently predicted by host iron status and SLC11A1 and HP genotypes, with new evidence of a gene-nutrient interaction (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 90, 1, Page(s): 225-233, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Cation Transport Proteins/*genetics DNA/blood Female Gambia Genotype HIV Infections/blood/*genetics/*mortality Haptoglobins/*genetics Humans Iron/*blood Male Polymorphism, Genetic Predictive Value of Tests Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics Receptors, Transferrin/blood Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {Mortality in HIV infection is independently predicted by host iron status and SLC11A1 and HP genotypes, with new evidence of a gene-nutrient interaction}, author = {McDermid, J. M. and Schim van der Loeff, M. F. and Jaye, A. and Hennig, B. J. and Bates, C .J. and Todd, J. and Sirugo, G. and Hill, A. V. and Whittle, H. C. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27709, 27 May 2009}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {225-233}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Iron-related genes and iron status may independently contribute to variable HIV outcomes. The nature of the biologically plausible gene-nutrient interaction remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate whether iron-related genotypes and clinically abnormal iron status independently predict mortality in HIV and whether a gene-nutrient interaction exists. DESIGN: Baseline plasma, DNA, and clinical data were obtained from 1362 HIV-seropositive Gambian adults followed for 11.5 y to ascertain all-cause mortality. Iron status was estimated on the basis of plasma iron, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), ferritin, transferrin, transferrin index, and log(sTfR/ferritin). One haptoglobin (HP) and 5 SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS: SLC11A1-SLC3 and CAAA polymorphisms were the best independent genetic predictors of mortality [adjusted mortality rate ratio (95% CI)]: SLC3:G/C = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.85), CAAA:del/ins = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.07). In an adjusted model that included all polymorphisms, SLC1:199/199, SLC1:other/other, SLC6a:A/A, and CAAA:del/ins were associated with significantly greater mortality, whereas Hp 2-1 and SLC3:G/C were protective. In unadjusted analyses, all biomarker concentrations were significantly associated with mortality. In an extension of previous findings, both low and elevated iron states were associated with mortality, but the nature of the risk was variable, with linear, inversely linear, and U-shaped associations depending on the biomarker. Mortality was significantly lower in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 infection in the presence of abnormal (low or elevated) iron status. A gene-iron interaction was detected (likelihood-ratio test P = 0.018); however, subject numbers restricted category-specific interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Iron-related genes, iron status, and their interaction predict mortality in HIV. These findings illustrate the complexity and uncertainty surrounding best practice for managing abnormal iron status and anemia during HIV infection and in regions with a high risk of infection.}, note = {doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27709, 27 May 2009}, keywords = {Adult Cation Transport Proteins/*genetics DNA/blood Female Gambia Genotype HIV Infections/blood/*genetics/*mortality Haptoglobins/*genetics Humans Iron/*blood Male Polymorphism, Genetic Predictive Value of Tests Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics Receptors, Transferrin/blood Young Adult} } BACKGROUND: Iron-related genes and iron status may independently contribute to variable HIV outcomes. The nature of the biologically plausible gene-nutrient interaction remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate whether iron-related genotypes and clinically abnormal iron status independently predict mortality in HIV and whether a gene-nutrient interaction exists. DESIGN: Baseline plasma, DNA, and clinical data were obtained from 1362 HIV-seropositive Gambian adults followed for 11.5 y to ascertain all-cause mortality. Iron status was estimated on the basis of plasma iron, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), ferritin, transferrin, transferrin index, and log(sTfR/ferritin). One haptoglobin (HP) and 5 SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS: SLC11A1-SLC3 and CAAA polymorphisms were the best independent genetic predictors of mortality [adjusted mortality rate ratio (95% CI)]: SLC3:G/C = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.85), CAAA:del/ins = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.07). In an adjusted model that included all polymorphisms, SLC1:199/199, SLC1:other/other, SLC6a:A/A, and CAAA:del/ins were associated with significantly greater mortality, whereas Hp 2-1 and SLC3:G/C were protective. In unadjusted analyses, all biomarker concentrations were significantly associated with mortality. In an extension of previous findings, both low and elevated iron states were associated with mortality, but the nature of the risk was variable, with linear, inversely linear, and U-shaped associations depending on the biomarker. Mortality was significantly lower in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 infection in the presence of abnormal (low or elevated) iron status. A gene-iron interaction was detected (likelihood-ratio test P = 0.018); however, subject numbers restricted category-specific interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Iron-related genes, iron status, and their interaction predict mortality in HIV. These findings illustrate the complexity and uncertainty surrounding best practice for managing abnormal iron status and anemia during HIV infection and in regions with a high risk of infection. |
Fitt,; Prynne,; Stephen,; Teucher,; Swan, National Diet and Nutrition Survey: assigning mixed dishes to food groups in the nutrient databank (Article) J Food Comp Anal, 22, Suppl, Page(s): S52-S56, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: National survey Nutrient databank National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Mixed dishes Foods Recipe Food data management Food composition) @article{Paper, name = {National Diet and Nutrition Survey: assigning mixed dishes to food groups in the nutrient databank}, author = {Fitt, E. and Prynne, C. J. and Stephen, A. M. and Teucher, B. and Swan, G.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Food Comp Anal}, volume = {22}, number = {Suppl}, pages = {S52-S56}, abstract = {The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) gathers information on the dietary habits and nutritional status of the UK population aged 1.5 years upward. Mixed dishes, being a mixture of components with varying proportions, prove problematic for categorising and reporting consumption—unlike basic foods, which can be classified into specific food groups relatively easily. For both purchased and homemade mixed dishes, it is advantageous to have a consistent method for assigning dishes to appropriate food groups, while retaining continuity with previous NDNS surveys to enable investigation of trends over time. Historically two main methods have been used to classify mixed dishes in the NDNS databank: either grouping by meat or fish content, or grouping by the main food component. Neither method is entirely satisfactory. In this study, selected foods were tabulated by both methods to determine which approach should be used in future work. Neither method proved entirely satisfactory alone, and in order to maintain consistency and continuity for the main survey of the new NDNS rolling programme, it was decided to take into account elements from both methods and to place comparable recipes together in the same food groups. A varied approach encompassing food names, proportions of ingredients and case-by-case judgement is the most appropriate way to classify mixed food dishes in a nutrient databank.}, keywords = {National survey Nutrient databank National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Mixed dishes Foods Recipe Food data management Food composition} } The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) gathers information on the dietary habits and nutritional status of the UK population aged 1.5 years upward. Mixed dishes, being a mixture of components with varying proportions, prove problematic for categorising and reporting consumption—unlike basic foods, which can be classified into specific food groups relatively easily. For both purchased and homemade mixed dishes, it is advantageous to have a consistent method for assigning dishes to appropriate food groups, while retaining continuity with previous NDNS surveys to enable investigation of trends over time. Historically two main methods have been used to classify mixed dishes in the NDNS databank: either grouping by meat or fish content, or grouping by the main food component. Neither method is entirely satisfactory. In this study, selected foods were tabulated by both methods to determine which approach should be used in future work. Neither method proved entirely satisfactory alone, and in order to maintain consistency and continuity for the main survey of the new NDNS rolling programme, it was decided to take into account elements from both methods and to place comparable recipes together in the same food groups. A varied approach encompassing food names, proportions of ingredients and case-by-case judgement is the most appropriate way to classify mixed food dishes in a nutrient databank. |
Semple,; Sleigh,; Murgatroyd,; Adams,; Bluck,; Jackson,; Charlton-Menys,; Durrington,; Soos,; Carpenter,; Cochran,; Gorden,; O'Rahilly,; Savage, Postreceptor insulin resistance contributes to human dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis (Article) J Clin Invest, 119, 2, Page(s): 315-322, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Dyslipidemias/*etiology Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood Fatty Liver/*etiology Female Glucose Tolerance Test Humans *Insulin Resistance Lipoproteins, VLDL/metabolism Male Middle Aged Mutation Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology Signal Transduction) @article{Paper, name = {Postreceptor insulin resistance contributes to human dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis}, author = {Semple, R. K. and Sleigh, A. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Adams, C. A. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Jackson, S. J. and Charlton-Menys, V. and Durrington, P. and Soos, M. A. and Carpenter, T. A. and Cochran, E. K. and Gorden, P. and O'Rahilly, S. and Savage, D. B.}, note = {Project no.: 6226 doi: 10.1172/JC137432, 2 February}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Invest}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {315-322}, abstract = {Metabolic dyslipidemia is characterized by high circulating triglyceride (TG) and low HDL cholesterol levels and is frequently accompanied by hepatic steatosis. Increased hepatic lipogenesis contributes to both of these problems. Because insulin fails to suppress gluconeogenesis but continues to stimulate lipogenesis in both obese and lipodystrophic insulin-resistant mice, it has been proposed that a selective postreceptor defect in hepatic insulin action is central to the pathogenesis of fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in these mice. Here we show that humans with generalized insulin resistance caused by either mutations in the insulin receptor gene or inhibitory antibodies specific for the insulin receptor uniformly exhibited low serum TG and normal HDL cholesterol levels. This was due at least in part to surprisingly low rates of de novo lipogenesis and was associated with low liver fat content and the production of TG-depleted VLDL cholesterol particles. In contrast, humans with a selective postreceptor defect in AKT2 manifest increased lipogenesis, elevated liver fat content, TG-enriched VLDL, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol levels. People with lipodystrophy, a disorder characterized by particularly severe insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, demonstrated similar abnormalities. Collectively these data from humans with molecularly characterized forms of insulin resistance suggest that partial postreceptor hepatic insulin resistance is a key element in the development of metabolic dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis.}, note = {Project no.: 6226 doi: 10.1172/JC137432, 2 February}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Dyslipidemias/*etiology Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood Fatty Liver/*etiology Female Glucose Tolerance Test Humans *Insulin Resistance Lipoproteins, VLDL/metabolism Male Middle Aged Mutation Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology Signal Transduction} } Metabolic dyslipidemia is characterized by high circulating triglyceride (TG) and low HDL cholesterol levels and is frequently accompanied by hepatic steatosis. Increased hepatic lipogenesis contributes to both of these problems. Because insulin fails to suppress gluconeogenesis but continues to stimulate lipogenesis in both obese and lipodystrophic insulin-resistant mice, it has been proposed that a selective postreceptor defect in hepatic insulin action is central to the pathogenesis of fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in these mice. Here we show that humans with generalized insulin resistance caused by either mutations in the insulin receptor gene or inhibitory antibodies specific for the insulin receptor uniformly exhibited low serum TG and normal HDL cholesterol levels. This was due at least in part to surprisingly low rates of de novo lipogenesis and was associated with low liver fat content and the production of TG-depleted VLDL cholesterol particles. In contrast, humans with a selective postreceptor defect in AKT2 manifest increased lipogenesis, elevated liver fat content, TG-enriched VLDL, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol levels. People with lipodystrophy, a disorder characterized by particularly severe insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, demonstrated similar abnormalities. Collectively these data from humans with molecularly characterized forms of insulin resistance suggest that partial postreceptor hepatic insulin resistance is a key element in the development of metabolic dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. |
Bluck, Recent progress in stable isotope methods for assessing vitamin metabolism (Article) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12, 5, Page(s): 495-500, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Availability Humans Intestinal Absorption *Isotope Labeling Isotopes/*analysis Vitamins/*metabolism/pharmacokinetics) @article{Review, name = {Recent progress in stable isotope methods for assessing vitamin metabolism}, author = {Bluck, L. J.}, note = {1535-3885 (Electronic) Journal Article Review}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {495-500}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent developments in mass spectrometric methodology, in particular the widespread adoption of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, have presented investigators with new opportunities to investigate micronutrient absorption and metabolism. This review focuses on recent reports of the use of stable isotope techniques to facilitate research into vitamin uptake and utilization in humans. RECENT FINDINGS: Stable isotopes are used principally in two ways, as analytical standards in isotope dilution assays and as tracers in studies of physiology. There have been a number of advances in both fields recently for almost all of the vitamins. In particular, the effects of food preparation and meal composition on vitamin bioavailability are being probed more widely than before. SUMMARY: A considerable amount of method development has been reported. We now have the opportunity to consolidate our understanding of vitamin metabolism to better inform the dietary recommendations for optimal health.}, note = {1535-3885 (Electronic) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Biological Availability Humans Intestinal Absorption *Isotope Labeling Isotopes/*analysis Vitamins/*metabolism/pharmacokinetics} } PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent developments in mass spectrometric methodology, in particular the widespread adoption of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, have presented investigators with new opportunities to investigate micronutrient absorption and metabolism. This review focuses on recent reports of the use of stable isotope techniques to facilitate research into vitamin uptake and utilization in humans. RECENT FINDINGS: Stable isotopes are used principally in two ways, as analytical standards in isotope dilution assays and as tracers in studies of physiology. There have been a number of advances in both fields recently for almost all of the vitamins. In particular, the effects of food preparation and meal composition on vitamin bioavailability are being probed more widely than before. SUMMARY: A considerable amount of method development has been reported. We now have the opportunity to consolidate our understanding of vitamin metabolism to better inform the dietary recommendations for optimal health. |
Eckert,; Hooff,; Strandjord,; Igbavboa,; Volmer,; Muller,; Wood, Regulation of the brain isoprenoids farnesyl- and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate is altered in male Alzheimer patients (Article) Neurobiol Dis, 35, Page(s): 251-257, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Acyl Coenzyme A/antagonists & inhibitors Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism Animals Brain/drug effects/*metabolism Cholesterol/metabolism Farnesyltranstransferase/metabolism Frontal Lobe/drug effects/metabolism Geranyltranstransferase/metabolism Humans Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology Male Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Myelin Sheath/drug effects/metabolism Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/*metabolism Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism Simvastatin/pharmacology) @article{Paper, name = {Regulation of the brain isoprenoids farnesyl- and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate is altered in male Alzheimer patients}, author = {Eckert, G. P. and Hooff, G. P. and Strandjord, D. M. and Igbavboa, U. and Volmer, D. A. and Muller, W. E. and Wood, W. G.}, note = {Originally submitted to Nature Neuroscience doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.005, 21 May}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Neurobiol Dis}, volume = {35}, pages = {251-257}, abstract = {Post-translational modification of small GTPases by farnesyl- (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) has generated much attention due to their potential contribution to cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Prenylated proteins have been identified in numerous cell functions and elevated levels of FPP and GGPP have been previously proposed to occur in Alzheimer disease (AD) but have never been quantified. In the present study, we determined if the mevalonate derived compounds FPP and GGPP are increased in brain grey and white matter of male AD patients as compared with control samples. This study demonstrates for the first time that FPP and GGPP levels are significantly elevated in human AD grey and white matter but not cholesterol, indicating a potentially disease-specific targeting of isoprenoid regulation independent of HMG-CoA-reductase. Further suggesting a selective disruption of FPP and GGPP homeostasis in AD, we show that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase in vivo significantly reduced FPP, GGPP and cholesterol abundance in mice with the largest effect on the isoprenoids. A tentative conclusion is that if indeed regulation of FPP and GGPP is altered in AD brain such changes may stimulate protein prenylation and contribute to AD neuropathophysiology.}, note = {Originally submitted to Nature Neuroscience doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.005, 21 May}, keywords = {Acyl Coenzyme A/antagonists & inhibitors Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism Animals Brain/drug effects/*metabolism Cholesterol/metabolism Farnesyltranstransferase/metabolism Frontal Lobe/drug effects/metabolism Geranyltranstransferase/metabolism Humans Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology Male Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Myelin Sheath/drug effects/metabolism Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/*metabolism Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism Simvastatin/pharmacology} } Post-translational modification of small GTPases by farnesyl- (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) has generated much attention due to their potential contribution to cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Prenylated proteins have been identified in numerous cell functions and elevated levels of FPP and GGPP have been previously proposed to occur in Alzheimer disease (AD) but have never been quantified. In the present study, we determined if the mevalonate derived compounds FPP and GGPP are increased in brain grey and white matter of male AD patients as compared with control samples. This study demonstrates for the first time that FPP and GGPP levels are significantly elevated in human AD grey and white matter but not cholesterol, indicating a potentially disease-specific targeting of isoprenoid regulation independent of HMG-CoA-reductase. Further suggesting a selective disruption of FPP and GGPP homeostasis in AD, we show that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase in vivo significantly reduced FPP, GGPP and cholesterol abundance in mice with the largest effect on the isoprenoids. A tentative conclusion is that if indeed regulation of FPP and GGPP is altered in AD brain such changes may stimulate protein prenylation and contribute to AD neuropathophysiology. |
Koulman,; Cao,; Faville,; Lane,; Mace,; Rasmussen, Semi-quantitative and structural metabolic phenotyping by direct infusion ion trap mass spectrometry and its application in genetical metabolomics (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 23, 15, Page(s): 2253-2263, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Cluster Analysis Ions/chemistry Lolium/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism Metabolomics/*methods *Quantitative Trait Loci Sensitivity and Specificity Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods Time Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Semi-quantitative and structural metabolic phenotyping by direct infusion ion trap mass spectrometry and its application in genetical metabolomics}, author = {Koulman, A. and Cao, M. and Faville, M. and Lane, G. and Mace, W. and Rasmussen, S.}, note = {1097-0231 (Electronic) Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {23}, number = {15}, pages = {2253-2263}, abstract = {The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for plant metabolites requires the quantitation of these metabolites across a large range of progeny. We developed a rapid metabolic profiling method using both untargeted and targeted direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry (DIMSMS) with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer yielding sufficient precision and accuracy for the quantification of a large number of metabolites in a high-throughput environment. The untargeted DIMSMS method uses top-down data-dependent fragmentation yielding MS(2) and MS(3) spectra. We have developed software tools to assess the structural homogeneity of the MS(2) and MS(3) spectra hence their utility for phenotyping and genetical metabolomics. In addition we used a targeted DIMS(MS) method for rapid quantitation of specific compounds. This method was compared with targeted LC/MS/MS methods for these compounds. The DIMSMS methods showed sufficient precision and accuracy for QTL discovery. We phenotyped 200 individual Lolium perenne genotypes from a mapping population harvested in two consecutive years. Computational and statistical analyses identified 246 nominal m/z bins with sufficient precision and homogeneity for QTL discovery. Comparison of the data for specific metabolites obtained by DIMSMS with the results from targeted LC/MS/MS analysis showed that quantitation by this metabolic profiling method is reasonably accurate. Of the top 100 MS(1) bins, 22 ions gave one or more reproducible QTL across the 2 years.}, note = {1097-0231 (Electronic) Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Cluster Analysis Ions/chemistry Lolium/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism Metabolomics/*methods *Quantitative Trait Loci Sensitivity and Specificity Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods Time Factors} } The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for plant metabolites requires the quantitation of these metabolites across a large range of progeny. We developed a rapid metabolic profiling method using both untargeted and targeted direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry (DIMSMS) with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer yielding sufficient precision and accuracy for the quantification of a large number of metabolites in a high-throughput environment. The untargeted DIMSMS method uses top-down data-dependent fragmentation yielding MS(2) and MS(3) spectra. We have developed software tools to assess the structural homogeneity of the MS(2) and MS(3) spectra hence their utility for phenotyping and genetical metabolomics. In addition we used a targeted DIMS(MS) method for rapid quantitation of specific compounds. This method was compared with targeted LC/MS/MS methods for these compounds. The DIMSMS methods showed sufficient precision and accuracy for QTL discovery. We phenotyped 200 individual Lolium perenne genotypes from a mapping population harvested in two consecutive years. Computational and statistical analyses identified 246 nominal m/z bins with sufficient precision and homogeneity for QTL discovery. Comparison of the data for specific metabolites obtained by DIMSMS with the results from targeted LC/MS/MS analysis showed that quantitation by this metabolic profiling method is reasonably accurate. Of the top 100 MS(1) bins, 22 ions gave one or more reproducible QTL across the 2 years. |
Moore,; Gitau,; Goff,; Lewis,; Griffin,; Chatfield,; Jebb,; Frost,; Sanders,; Griffin,; Lovegrove,; on behalf of the Group, RISCK Study Successful manipulation of the quality and quantity of fat and carbohydrate consumed by free-living individuals using a food exchange model (Article) J Nutr, 139, 8, Page(s): 1534-1540, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Analysis of Variance Diet Diet Records *Diet, Fat-Restricted Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Fatty Acids/*administration & dosage/*blood Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/*administration & dosage Female Glycemic Index Humans Male Metabolic Syndrome X/drug therapy/prevention & control Phospholipids/blood/chemistry) @article{Paper, name = {Successful manipulation of the quality and quantity of fat and carbohydrate consumed by free-living individuals using a food exchange model}, author = {Moore, C. S. and Gitau, R. and Goff, L. and Lewis, F. J. and Griffin, M. D. and Chatfield, M. D. and Jebb, S. A. and Frost, G. S. and Sanders, T. A. B. and Griffin, B. A. and Lovegrove, J. A. and on behalf of the RISCK Study Group}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {139}, number = {8}, pages = {1534-1540}, abstract = {Our objective in this study was to develop and implement an effective intervention strategy to manipulate the amount and composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate (CHO) in free-living individuals in the RISCK study. The study was a randomized, controlled dietary intervention study that was conducted in 720 participants identified as higher risk for or with metabolic syndrome. All followed a 4-wk run-in reference diet [high saturated fatty acids (SF)/high glycemic index (GI)]. Volunteers were randomized to continue this diet for a further 24 wk or to 1 of 4 isoenergetic prescriptions [high monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/high GI; high MUFA/low GI; low fat (LF)/high GI; and LF/low GI]. We developed a food exchange model to implement each diet. Dietary records and plasma phospholipid fatty acids were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention strategy. Reported fat intake from the LF diets was significantly reduced to 28% of energy (%E) compared with 38%E from the HM and LF diets. SF intake was successfully decreased in the HM and LF diets to < or =10%E compared with 17%E in the reference diet (P = 0.001). Dietary MUFA in the HM diets was approximately 17%E, significantly higher than in the reference (12%E) and LF diets (10%E) (P = 0.001). Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acids provided further evidence for the successful manipulation of fat intake. The GI of the HGI and LGI arms differed by approximately 9 points (P = 0.001). The food exchange model provided an effective dietary strategy for the design and implementation across multiple sites of 5 experimental diets with specific targets for the proportion of fat and CHO.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance Diet Diet Records *Diet, Fat-Restricted Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Fatty Acids/*administration & dosage/*blood Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/*administration & dosage Female Glycemic Index Humans Male Metabolic Syndrome X/drug therapy/prevention & control Phospholipids/blood/chemistry} } Our objective in this study was to develop and implement an effective intervention strategy to manipulate the amount and composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate (CHO) in free-living individuals in the RISCK study. The study was a randomized, controlled dietary intervention study that was conducted in 720 participants identified as higher risk for or with metabolic syndrome. All followed a 4-wk run-in reference diet [high saturated fatty acids (SF)/high glycemic index (GI)]. Volunteers were randomized to continue this diet for a further 24 wk or to 1 of 4 isoenergetic prescriptions [high monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/high GI; high MUFA/low GI; low fat (LF)/high GI; and LF/low GI]. We developed a food exchange model to implement each diet. Dietary records and plasma phospholipid fatty acids were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention strategy. Reported fat intake from the LF diets was significantly reduced to 28% of energy (%E) compared with 38%E from the HM and LF diets. SF intake was successfully decreased in the HM and LF diets to < or =10%E compared with 17%E in the reference diet (P = 0.001). Dietary MUFA in the HM diets was approximately 17%E, significantly higher than in the reference (12%E) and LF diets (10%E) (P = 0.001). Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acids provided further evidence for the successful manipulation of fat intake. The GI of the HGI and LGI arms differed by approximately 9 points (P = 0.001). The food exchange model provided an effective dietary strategy for the design and implementation across multiple sites of 5 experimental diets with specific targets for the proportion of fat and CHO. |
Sripanyakorn,; Jugdaohsingh,; Dissayabutr,; Anderson,; Thompson,; Powell, The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, Page(s): 825-834, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Antacids/chemistry Beer/analysis Biological Availability Dietary Supplements/*analysis Fabaceae/chemistry Female Food Analysis/methods Humans Intestinal Absorption Male Musa/chemistry Silicon/blood/*pharmacokinetics/urine Solubility Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements}, author = {Sripanyakorn, S. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Dissayabutr, W. and Anderson, S. H. C. and Thompson, R. P.H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114509311757, 9 April}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {102}, pages = {825-834}, abstract = {Dietary Si (orthosilicic acid; OSA) appears important in connective tissue health, and although the sources and intakes of Si are well established, its absorption is not. Si absorption was measured from eight high-Si-containing sources: alcohol-free beer; OSA solution (positive control); bananas; green beans; supplemental choline-stabilised OSA (ChOSA); supplemental monomethyl silanetriol (MMST); supplemental colloidal silica (CS); magnesium trisilicate British Pharmacopoeia antacid (MTBP). Two of the supplements and the antacid were pre-selected following an in vitro dissolution assay. Fasting, healthy subjects (CS, n 3; others, n > or = 5) each ingested two of the sources separated by a 1-week wash-out period. Blood and urine were collected and measured for total Si concentrations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Absorption, based on urinary Si excretion, was highest for MMST and alcohol-free beer (64% of dose), followed by green beans (44%), OSA (43%), ChOSA (17%), bananas and MTBP (4%) and CS (1%). Peak serum concentrations occurred by 0.5 h for MMST and green beans, 1.5 h for OSA and alcohol-free beer, 2 h for ChOSA and CS, and 4 h for MTBP. Area under the serum curves correlated positively with urinary Si output (r 0.82; P < 0.0001). Absorption of Si from supplements and antacids was consistent with their known chemical speciation and kinetics of dissolution under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Monomeric silicates were readily absorbed, while particulate silicates were decreasingly well absorbed with increasing polymerisation. The present results highlight the need to allow for relative absorption of Si from different foods or supplements in subsequent epidemiological and intervention studies.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114509311757, 9 April}, keywords = {Adult Antacids/chemistry Beer/analysis Biological Availability Dietary Supplements/*analysis Fabaceae/chemistry Female Food Analysis/methods Humans Intestinal Absorption Male Musa/chemistry Silicon/blood/*pharmacokinetics/urine Solubility Young Adult} } Dietary Si (orthosilicic acid; OSA) appears important in connective tissue health, and although the sources and intakes of Si are well established, its absorption is not. Si absorption was measured from eight high-Si-containing sources: alcohol-free beer; OSA solution (positive control); bananas; green beans; supplemental choline-stabilised OSA (ChOSA); supplemental monomethyl silanetriol (MMST); supplemental colloidal silica (CS); magnesium trisilicate British Pharmacopoeia antacid (MTBP). Two of the supplements and the antacid were pre-selected following an in vitro dissolution assay. Fasting, healthy subjects (CS, n 3; others, n > or = 5) each ingested two of the sources separated by a 1-week wash-out period. Blood and urine were collected and measured for total Si concentrations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Absorption, based on urinary Si excretion, was highest for MMST and alcohol-free beer (64% of dose), followed by green beans (44%), OSA (43%), ChOSA (17%), bananas and MTBP (4%) and CS (1%). Peak serum concentrations occurred by 0.5 h for MMST and green beans, 1.5 h for OSA and alcohol-free beer, 2 h for ChOSA and CS, and 4 h for MTBP. Area under the serum curves correlated positively with urinary Si output (r 0.82; P < 0.0001). Absorption of Si from supplements and antacids was consistent with their known chemical speciation and kinetics of dissolution under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Monomeric silicates were readily absorbed, while particulate silicates were decreasingly well absorbed with increasing polymerisation. The present results highlight the need to allow for relative absorption of Si from different foods or supplements in subsequent epidemiological and intervention studies. |
Jones,; Bluck,; Wang,; Stephen,; Prynne,; Coward, The effect of different meals on the absorption of stable isotope labelled phylloquinone (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, Page(s): 1195-1202, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Biological Availability Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Cross-Over Studies Diet Female Food Analysis/methods Humans Male Middle Aged Vitamin K 1/analysis/*blood Vitamins/analysis/*blood Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {The effect of different meals on the absorption of stable isotope labelled phylloquinone}, author = {Jones, K. S. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Wang, L. Y. and Stephen, A. M. and Prynne, C. J. and Coward, W. A.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {102}, pages = {1195-1202}, abstract = {{Few studies have investigated the absorption of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). We recruited twelve healthy, non-obese adults. On each study day, fasted subjects took a capsule containing 20 microg of 13C-labelled phylloquinone with one of three meals, defined as convenience, cosmopolitan and animal-oriented, in a three-way crossover design. The meals were formulated from the characteristics of clusters identified in dietary pattern analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2000-1. Plasma phylloquinone concentration and isotopic enrichment were measured over 8 h. Significantly more phylloquinone tracer was absorbed when consumed with the cosmopolitan and animal-oriented meals than with the convenience meal (P = 0.001 and 0.035, respectively). Estimates of the relative availability of phylloquinone from the meals were: convenience meal = 1.00; cosmopolitan meal = 0.31; animal-oriented meal = 0.23. Combining the tracer data with availability estimates for phylloquinone from the meals provides overall relative bioavailability values of convenience = 1.00}, keywords = {Adult Biological Availability Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Cross-Over Studies Diet Female Food Analysis/methods Humans Male Middle Aged Vitamin K 1/analysis/*blood Vitamins/analysis/*blood Young Adult} } {Few studies have investigated the absorption of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). We recruited twelve healthy, non-obese adults. On each study day, fasted subjects took a capsule containing 20 microg of 13C-labelled phylloquinone with one of three meals, defined as convenience, cosmopolitan and animal-oriented, in a three-way crossover design. The meals were formulated from the characteristics of clusters identified in dietary pattern analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2000-1. Plasma phylloquinone concentration and isotopic enrichment were measured over 8 h. Significantly more phylloquinone tracer was absorbed when consumed with the cosmopolitan and animal-oriented meals than with the convenience meal (P = 0.001 and 0.035, respectively). Estimates of the relative availability of phylloquinone from the meals were: convenience meal = 1.00; cosmopolitan meal = 0.31; animal-oriented meal = 0.23. Combining the tracer data with availability estimates for phylloquinone from the meals provides overall relative bioavailability values of convenience = 1.00 |
Morgan,; Lubans,; Collins,; Warren,; Callister, The SHED-IT randomised controlled trial: evaluation of an internet-based weight-loss program for men (Article) Obesity, 17, 11, Page(s): 2025-2032, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Blood Pressure Body Mass Index Diet Records Diet, Reducing/*methods Energy Intake Feasibility Studies Humans Internet Male Middle Aged Motor Activity Obesity/*diet therapy Overweight/*diet therapy Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data Time Factors Treatment Outcome Waist Circumference Young Adult) @article{Paper, name = {The SHED-IT randomised controlled trial: evaluation of an internet-based weight-loss program for men}, author = {Morgan, P. J. and Lubans, D. R. and Collins, C. E. and Warren, J. M. and Callister, R.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Obesity}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {2025-2032}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an Internet-based weight-loss program for men in an assessor blinded randomized controlled trial. In total, 65 overweight/obese male staff and students at the University of Newcastle (mean (s.d.) age = 35.9 (11.1) years; BMI = 30.6 (2.8)) were randomly assigned to either (i) Internet group (n = 34) or (ii) control group (information only) (n = 31). Both groups received one face-to-face information session and a program booklet. Internet group participants used the study website to self-monitor diet and activity with feedback provided based on participants' online entries on seven occasions over 3 months. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3-, and 6-month follow-up for weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, resting heart rate, objectively measured physical activity, and self-reported total daily kilojoules. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed significant weight loss of 5.3 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): -7.3, -3.3) at 6 months for the Internet group and 3.5 kg (95% CI: -5.5, -1.4) for the control group. A significant time effect was found for all outcomes but no between-group differences. Per-protocol analysis revealed a significant group-by-time interaction (P < 0.001), with compliers losing more weight at 6 months (-9.1 kg; 95% CI -11.8, -6.5) than noncompliers (-2.7 kg; 95% CI -5.3, -0.01) and the control group (-4.2 kg; 95% CI -6.2, -2.2). Simple weight-loss interventions can be effective in achieving statistically and clinically significant weight loss in men. The Internet is a feasible and effective medium for weight loss in men but strategies need to be explored to improve engagement in online programs.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Blood Pressure Body Mass Index Diet Records Diet, Reducing/*methods Energy Intake Feasibility Studies Humans Internet Male Middle Aged Motor Activity Obesity/*diet therapy Overweight/*diet therapy Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data Time Factors Treatment Outcome Waist Circumference Young Adult} } The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an Internet-based weight-loss program for men in an assessor blinded randomized controlled trial. In total, 65 overweight/obese male staff and students at the University of Newcastle (mean (s.d.) age = 35.9 (11.1) years; BMI = 30.6 (2.8)) were randomly assigned to either (i) Internet group (n = 34) or (ii) control group (information only) (n = 31). Both groups received one face-to-face information session and a program booklet. Internet group participants used the study website to self-monitor diet and activity with feedback provided based on participants' online entries on seven occasions over 3 months. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3-, and 6-month follow-up for weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, resting heart rate, objectively measured physical activity, and self-reported total daily kilojoules. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed significant weight loss of 5.3 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): -7.3, -3.3) at 6 months for the Internet group and 3.5 kg (95% CI: -5.5, -1.4) for the control group. A significant time effect was found for all outcomes but no between-group differences. Per-protocol analysis revealed a significant group-by-time interaction (P < 0.001), with compliers losing more weight at 6 months (-9.1 kg; 95% CI -11.8, -6.5) than noncompliers (-2.7 kg; 95% CI -5.3, -0.01) and the control group (-4.2 kg; 95% CI -6.2, -2.2). Simple weight-loss interventions can be effective in achieving statistically and clinically significant weight loss in men. The Internet is a feasible and effective medium for weight loss in men but strategies need to be explored to improve engagement in online programs. |
Burrows,; Warren,; Colvas,; Garg,; Collins, Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids (Article) Obesity, 17, 1, Page(s): 162-168, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Mass Index Carotenoids/*blood Child Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Eating *Food Habits *Fruit Humans Lutein/blood Obesity/*physiopathology/psychology Overweight/*physiopathology/psychology Reproducibility of Results *Vegetables beta Carotene/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids}, author = {Burrows, T. L. and Warren, J. M. and Colvas, K. and Garg, M. C. and Collins, C. E.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Obesity}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {162-168}, abstract = {Assessing dietary intake in children is difficult and limited validated tools exist. Plasma carotenoids are nutritional biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore suitable to validate reported dietary intakes. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), completed by parents reporting child fruit and vegetable intake compared to plasma carotenoid concentrations. A sample of children aged 5-12 years (n = 93) from a range of weight categories were assessed. Dietary intake was measured using a 137-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Plasma carotenoids were measured using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlation coefficients between reported dietary intake of carotenoids and plasma carotenoid concentrations were strongest after adjustment for BMI (beta-carotene (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), alpha-carotene (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), cryptoxanthin (r = 0.32, P < 0.001)). Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of all plasma carotenoids, except lutein, were found among overweight and obese children when compared to healthy weight children. Parental report of children's carotenoid intakes, using a FFQ can be used to provide a relative validation of fruit and vegetable intake. The lower plasma carotenoid concentrations found in overweight and obese children requires further investigation.}, keywords = {Body Mass Index Carotenoids/*blood Child Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Eating *Food Habits *Fruit Humans Lutein/blood Obesity/*physiopathology/psychology Overweight/*physiopathology/psychology Reproducibility of Results *Vegetables beta Carotene/blood} } Assessing dietary intake in children is difficult and limited validated tools exist. Plasma carotenoids are nutritional biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore suitable to validate reported dietary intakes. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), completed by parents reporting child fruit and vegetable intake compared to plasma carotenoid concentrations. A sample of children aged 5-12 years (n = 93) from a range of weight categories were assessed. Dietary intake was measured using a 137-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Plasma carotenoids were measured using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlation coefficients between reported dietary intake of carotenoids and plasma carotenoid concentrations were strongest after adjustment for BMI (beta-carotene (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), alpha-carotene (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), cryptoxanthin (r = 0.32, P < 0.001)). Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of all plasma carotenoids, except lutein, were found among overweight and obese children when compared to healthy weight children. Parental report of children's carotenoid intakes, using a FFQ can be used to provide a relative validation of fruit and vegetable intake. The lower plasma carotenoid concentrations found in overweight and obese children requires further investigation. |
Prentice,; Schoenmakers,; Jones,; Jarjou,; Goldberg, Vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences in Africa (Article) Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab, 7, 1, Page(s): 94-106, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Rickets Osteomalacia Vitamin D status 25-hydroxyvitamin D Vitamin D turnover Calcium intake Sunlight Children) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences in Africa}, author = {Prentice, A. and Schoenmakers, I. and Jones, K. S. and Jarjou, L. M. A. and Goldberg, G. R.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {94-106}, abstract = {Africa is heterogeneous in latitude, geography, climate, food availability, religious and cultural practices, and skin pigmentation. It is expected, therefore, that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies widely, in line with influences on skin exposure to UVB sunshine. Furthermore, low calcium intakes and heavy burden of infectious disease common in many countries may increase vitamin D utilization and turnover. Studies of plasma 25OHD concentration indicate a spectrum from clinical deficiency to values at the high end of the physiological range; however, data are limited. Representative studies of status in different countries, using comparable analytical techniques, and of relationships between vitamin D status and risk of infectious and chronic diseases relevant to the African context are needed. Public health measures to secure vitamin D adequacy cannot encompass the whole continent and need to be developed locally.}, keywords = {Rickets Osteomalacia Vitamin D status 25-hydroxyvitamin D Vitamin D turnover Calcium intake Sunlight Children} } Africa is heterogeneous in latitude, geography, climate, food availability, religious and cultural practices, and skin pigmentation. It is expected, therefore, that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies widely, in line with influences on skin exposure to UVB sunshine. Furthermore, low calcium intakes and heavy burden of infectious disease common in many countries may increase vitamin D utilization and turnover. Studies of plasma 25OHD concentration indicate a spectrum from clinical deficiency to values at the high end of the physiological range; however, data are limited. Representative studies of status in different countries, using comparable analytical techniques, and of relationships between vitamin D status and risk of infectious and chronic diseases relevant to the African context are needed. Public health measures to secure vitamin D adequacy cannot encompass the whole continent and need to be developed locally. |
Winter,; Boushey, Workshop 1: Use of technology in dietary assessment (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S75-S77, 2009. (BibTeX | Tags: *Computers, Handheld Data Collection/*instrumentation/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Humans Software Technology) @article{Paper, name = {Workshop 1: Use of technology in dietary assessment}, author = {Winter, J. and Boushey, C. J.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {63}, pages = {S75-S77}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, keywords = {*Computers, Handheld Data Collection/*instrumentation/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Humans Software Technology} } |
Wrieden,; Momen, Workshop 3: Novel approaches for estimating portion sizes (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S80-S81, 2009. (BibTeX | Tags: Data Collection/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Energy Intake Humans *Size Perception) @article{Paper, name = {Workshop 3: Novel approaches for estimating portion sizes}, author = {Wrieden, W. L. and Momen, N. C.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {63}, pages = {S80-S81}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.016.00021.01 Project no.: 6169 Meeting - Assessing the diet at the end of life's spectrum, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 13 December, 2007}, keywords = {Data Collection/methods Diet *Diet Records *Diet Surveys Energy Intake Humans *Size Perception} } |
Kashiwazaki,; Uenishi,; Kobayashi,; Rivera,; Coward,; Wright, Year-round high physical activity levels in agropastoralists of Bolivian Andes: results from repeated measurements of DLW method in peak and slack seasons of agricultural activities (Article) Am J Hum Biol, 21, 3, Page(s): 337-345, 2009. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over *Agriculture Bolivia Cohort Studies Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Motor Activity/*physiology Oxygen Radioisotopes/diagnostic use Rural Population *Seasons) @article{Paper, name = {Year-round high physical activity levels in agropastoralists of Bolivian Andes: results from repeated measurements of DLW method in peak and slack seasons of agricultural activities}, author = {Kashiwazaki, H. and Uenishi, K. and Kobayashi, T. and Rivera, J. O. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A.}, note = {doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20864, 6 Jan}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Am J Hum Biol}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {337-345}, abstract = {{By the repeated use of the doubly labeled water method (DLW), this study aimed to investigate (1) the extent of changes in energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) in response to increased agricultural work demands, and (2) whether the seasonal work demands induce the changes in the fairly equitable division of work and similarity of energy needs between men and women observed in our previous study (Phase 1 study; Kashiwazaki et al., 1995: Am J Clin Nutr 62: 901-910). In a rural small agropastoral community of the Bolivian Andes, we made the follow-up study (Phase 2, 14 adults; a time of high agricultural activity) of the Phase 1 study (12 adults; a time of low agricultural activity). In the Phase 2 study, both men and women showed very high PAL (mean+/-SD), but there was no significant difference by sex (men; 2.18 +/- 0.23 (age; 64 +/- 11 years}, note = {doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20864, 6 Jan}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over *Agriculture Bolivia Cohort Studies Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged Motor Activity/*physiology Oxygen Radioisotopes/diagnostic use Rural Population *Seasons} } {By the repeated use of the doubly labeled water method (DLW), this study aimed to investigate (1) the extent of changes in energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) in response to increased agricultural work demands, and (2) whether the seasonal work demands induce the changes in the fairly equitable division of work and similarity of energy needs between men and women observed in our previous study (Phase 1 study; Kashiwazaki et al., 1995: Am J Clin Nutr 62: 901-910). In a rural small agropastoral community of the Bolivian Andes, we made the follow-up study (Phase 2, 14 adults; a time of high agricultural activity) of the Phase 1 study (12 adults; a time of low agricultural activity). In the Phase 2 study, both men and women showed very high PAL (mean+/-SD), but there was no significant difference by sex (men; 2.18 +/- 0.23 (age; 64 +/- 11 years |
2008 |
Hsu,; Ali,; McGillivray,; Tseng,; Mariathasan,; Humke,; Eckmann,; Powell,; Nizet,; Dixit,; Karin, A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1 dependent IL-1b secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection and muramyl dipeptide (Article) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 22, Page(s): 7803-7808, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/immunology Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism Animals Anthrax/*immunology Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/*metabolism Bacillus anthracis/*immunology Caspase 1/genetics/*metabolism Cell Line Chromatography, Gel Humans Inflammation/immunology/microbiology Interleukin-1beta/*metabolism Macrophages/immunology Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Mutation Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/*metabolism Protein Interaction Mapping Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1 dependent IL-1b secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection and muramyl dipeptide}, author = {Hsu, L. C. and Ali, S. R. and McGillivray, S. and Tseng, P. H. and Mariathasan, S. and Humke, E. W. and Eckmann, L. and Powell, J. J. and Nizet, V. and Dixit, V. M. and Karin, M.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, volume = {105}, number = {22}, pages = {7803-7808}, abstract = {NOD2, a NOD-like receptor (NLR), is an intracellular sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that was suggested to promote secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Yet, the molecular mechanism by which NOD2 can stimulate IL-1beta secretion, and its biological significance were heretofore unknown. We found that NOD2 through its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain directly binds and activates caspase-1 to trigger IL-1beta processing and secretion in MDP-stimulated macrophages, whereas the C-terminal leucine-rich repeats of NOD2 prevent caspase-1 activation in nonstimulated cells. MDP challenge induces the association of NOD2 with another NLR protein, NALP1, and gel filtration analysis revealed the formation of a complex consisting of NOD2, NALP1, and caspase-1. Importantly, Bacillus anthracis infection induces IL-1beta secretion in a manner that depended on caspase-1 and NOD2. In vitro, Anthrax lethal toxin strongly potentiated IL-1beta secretion, and that response was NOD2 and caspase-1-dependent. Thus, NOD2 plays a key role in the B. anthracis-induced inflammatory response by being a critical mediator of IL-1beta secretion.}, keywords = {Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/immunology Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism Animals Anthrax/*immunology Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/*metabolism Bacillus anthracis/*immunology Caspase 1/genetics/*metabolism Cell Line Chromatography, Gel Humans Inflammation/immunology/microbiology Interleukin-1beta/*metabolism Macrophages/immunology Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Mutation Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/*metabolism Protein Interaction Mapping Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism} } NOD2, a NOD-like receptor (NLR), is an intracellular sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that was suggested to promote secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Yet, the molecular mechanism by which NOD2 can stimulate IL-1beta secretion, and its biological significance were heretofore unknown. We found that NOD2 through its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain directly binds and activates caspase-1 to trigger IL-1beta processing and secretion in MDP-stimulated macrophages, whereas the C-terminal leucine-rich repeats of NOD2 prevent caspase-1 activation in nonstimulated cells. MDP challenge induces the association of NOD2 with another NLR protein, NALP1, and gel filtration analysis revealed the formation of a complex consisting of NOD2, NALP1, and caspase-1. Importantly, Bacillus anthracis infection induces IL-1beta secretion in a manner that depended on caspase-1 and NOD2. In vitro, Anthrax lethal toxin strongly potentiated IL-1beta secretion, and that response was NOD2 and caspase-1-dependent. Thus, NOD2 plays a key role in the B. anthracis-induced inflammatory response by being a critical mediator of IL-1beta secretion. |
Jackson,; Siervo,; Persson,; McKenna,; Bluck, A novel derivative for the assessment of urinary and salivary nitrate using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 22, Page(s): 4158-4164, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Benzene Derivatives/chemistry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Humans Nitrates/*urine Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis Reproducibility of Results Saliva/*chemistry Trifluoroacetic Acid/analogs & derivatives/chemistry Urinalysis) @article{Paper, name = {A novel derivative for the assessment of urinary and salivary nitrate using gas chromatography mass spectrometry}, author = {Jackson, S. J. and Siervo, M. and Persson, E. and McKenna, L. M. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {Project No: 6239}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {22}, pages = {4158-4164}, abstract = {Previous gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods for determining nitrate in biological samples involve either hazardous chemicals or produce multiple isomers that can be difficult to quantitate. Modification of these methods, by the nitration of mesitylene instead of benzene and in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride rather than sulphuric acid, should enable simple isotopic quantitation for use in tracer studies, for example, in the measurement of nitric oxide production. Desiccated urine and saliva samples, in addition to aqueous labelled and unlabelled nitrate standards, were treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and mesitylene at 70 degrees C for 1 h, cooled, then sequentially washed with deionised water and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The solution of nitromesitylene in mesitylene was separated, dried and analysed by GC/MS. The full mass spectra exhibited abundant ions at m/z 165 and 166 corresponding to the unlabelled and labelled molecular species of nitromesitylene, respectively. Selected ion monitoring of these masses for a series of gravimetrically prepared standards indicated good agreement with isotopic enrichments in the range 0.0625-5 mole % excess, and at nitrate concentrations within the physiological range of 0.078-2 mmol/L. Derivatised samples were stable with respect to isotopic enrichments and nitrate concentrations at -20 degrees C for up to 21 days and exhibited excellent repeatability. Nitration of mesitylene proved to be a simple and rapid method for the measurement of isotope ratios in aqueous nitrates by GC/MS, which has applications in tracer studies and in concentration determinations by isotope dilution techniques for nitric oxide production.}, note = {Project No: 6239}, keywords = {Benzene Derivatives/chemistry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Humans Nitrates/*urine Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis Reproducibility of Results Saliva/*chemistry Trifluoroacetic Acid/analogs & derivatives/chemistry Urinalysis} } Previous gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods for determining nitrate in biological samples involve either hazardous chemicals or produce multiple isomers that can be difficult to quantitate. Modification of these methods, by the nitration of mesitylene instead of benzene and in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride rather than sulphuric acid, should enable simple isotopic quantitation for use in tracer studies, for example, in the measurement of nitric oxide production. Desiccated urine and saliva samples, in addition to aqueous labelled and unlabelled nitrate standards, were treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and mesitylene at 70 degrees C for 1 h, cooled, then sequentially washed with deionised water and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The solution of nitromesitylene in mesitylene was separated, dried and analysed by GC/MS. The full mass spectra exhibited abundant ions at m/z 165 and 166 corresponding to the unlabelled and labelled molecular species of nitromesitylene, respectively. Selected ion monitoring of these masses for a series of gravimetrically prepared standards indicated good agreement with isotopic enrichments in the range 0.0625-5 mole % excess, and at nitrate concentrations within the physiological range of 0.078-2 mmol/L. Derivatised samples were stable with respect to isotopic enrichments and nitrate concentrations at -20 degrees C for up to 21 days and exhibited excellent repeatability. Nitration of mesitylene proved to be a simple and rapid method for the measurement of isotope ratios in aqueous nitrates by GC/MS, which has applications in tracer studies and in concentration determinations by isotope dilution techniques for nitric oxide production. |
Schoenmakers,; Goldberg,; Prentice, Abundant sunshine and vitamin D deficiency (Article) Br J Nutr, 99, 6, Page(s): 1171-1173, 2008. (BibTeX | Tags: Preschool Diet Environmental Exposure Female Health Status Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Life Style Male Pregnancy Prevalence Skin/metabolism Sunlight Vitamin D/metabolism Vitamin D Deficiency/*epidemiology/metabolism Vitamins/metabolism *World Health, Adolescent Adult Child Child) @article{Invitedcommentary, name = {Abundant sunshine and vitamin D deficiency}, author = {Schoenmakers, I. and Goldberg, G. R. and Prentice, A.}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114508898662}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {1171-1173}, note = {doi: 10.1017/S0007114508898662}, keywords = {Preschool Diet Environmental Exposure Female Health Status Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Life Style Male Pregnancy Prevalence Skin/metabolism Sunlight Vitamin D/metabolism Vitamin D Deficiency/*epidemiology/metabolism Vitamins/metabolism *World Health, Adolescent Adult Child Child} } |
Carter,; Wilkinson,; Blacker,; Rayson,; Bilzon,; Izard,; Coward,; Wright,; Nevill,; Rennie,; McCaffrey,; Livingstone, An investigation of a novel three-dimensional activity monitor to predict free-living energy expenditure (Article) J Sports Sci, 26, 6, Page(s): 553-561, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Biological Markers/urine Body Composition/physiology Cohort Studies Deuterium/*diagnostic use/metabolism/urine Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exercise/physiology Female Humans Male Monitoring, Ambulatory/*instrumentation/*methods Oxygen Consumption) @article{Paper, name = {An investigation of a novel three-dimensional activity monitor to predict free-living energy expenditure}, author = {Carter, J. M. and Wilkinson, D. M. and Blacker, S. and Rayson, M. P. and Bilzon, J. and Izard, R. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A. and Nevill, A. and Rennie, K. L. and McCaffrey, T. and Livingstone, M. B. E.}, note = {0264-0414 (Print) Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {J Sports Sci}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {553-561}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the capability of the 3dNX accelerometer to predict energy expenditure in two separate, free-living cohorts. Twenty-three adolescents and 14 young adults took a single dose of doubly labelled water and wore a 3dNX activity monitor during waking hours for a 10-day period while carrying out their normal routines. Multiple linear regression with backward elimination was used to establish the strength of the associations between various indices of energy expenditure, physical activity counts, and anthropometric variables. 3dNX output accounted for 27% and 35% of the variance in the total energy expenditure of the adolescent and young adult cohort, respectively. The explained variance increased to 78%, with a standard error of estimate of 7%, when 3dNX output was combined with body composition variables. The 3dNX accelerometer can be used to predict free-living daily energy expenditure with a standard error of estimate of 1.65 MJ in adolescents and 1.52 MJ in young adults. The inclusion of anthropometric variables reduces the error to approximately 1 MJ. Although it remains to cross-validate these models in other populations, early indications suggest that the 3dNX provides a useful method of predicting energy expenditure in free-living individuals.}, note = {0264-0414 (Print) Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Biological Markers/urine Body Composition/physiology Cohort Studies Deuterium/*diagnostic use/metabolism/urine Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exercise/physiology Female Humans Male Monitoring, Ambulatory/*instrumentation/*methods Oxygen Consumption} } The aim of this study was to assess the capability of the 3dNX accelerometer to predict energy expenditure in two separate, free-living cohorts. Twenty-three adolescents and 14 young adults took a single dose of doubly labelled water and wore a 3dNX activity monitor during waking hours for a 10-day period while carrying out their normal routines. Multiple linear regression with backward elimination was used to establish the strength of the associations between various indices of energy expenditure, physical activity counts, and anthropometric variables. 3dNX output accounted for 27% and 35% of the variance in the total energy expenditure of the adolescent and young adult cohort, respectively. The explained variance increased to 78%, with a standard error of estimate of 7%, when 3dNX output was combined with body composition variables. The 3dNX accelerometer can be used to predict free-living daily energy expenditure with a standard error of estimate of 1.65 MJ in adolescents and 1.52 MJ in young adults. The inclusion of anthropometric variables reduces the error to approximately 1 MJ. Although it remains to cross-validate these models in other populations, early indications suggest that the 3dNX provides a useful method of predicting energy expenditure in free-living individuals. |
Vagstrand,; Lindroos,; Birkhed,; Linne, Associations between salivary bacteria and reported sugar intake and their relationship with body mass index in women and their adolescent children (Article) Public Health Nutr, 11, 4, Page(s): 341-348, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged *Body Mass Index Colony Count) @article{Paper, name = {Associations between salivary bacteria and reported sugar intake and their relationship with body mass index in women and their adolescent children}, author = {Vagstrand, K. and Lindroos, A. K. and Birkhed, D. and Linne, Y.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {341-348}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To study associations between reported sugar intake and salivary bacteria (mutans streptococci, MS and lactobacilli, LB), and sugar intake in relation to body mass index (BMI), in women and adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Habitual dietary intake was reported in a questionnaire and whole saliva samples were collected and cultivated. SETTING: Stockholm, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and fourteen mothers and their 16-year-old children (57% girls). RESULTS: Reported total sugar intake was significantly associated with LB in mothers (P = 0.001), but not in daughters and sons (P = 0.03 for mother-son interaction). When excluding lactose, the associations with LB and MS were significant in daughters (P = 0.032 and 0.005, respectively). High BMI and sugar intake from milk were independently associated with MS counts in mothers in a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.053). In daughters, sugar from beverages, candies/chocolates and fruits were all independently associated with MS counts (R2 = 0.074), whereas in sons, only mothers' MS counts were associated (R2 = 0.084). High BMI, low intake from cooked meals and high intake of candies/chocolates were all independently associated with LB in mothers (R2 = 0.076), while, except for candies/chocolates in daughters, no significant associations were found in children. BMI was significantly associated with bacteria counts in both mothers and children, whereas reported sugar intake was not. CONCLUSION: The associations between reported sugar intake and bacteria were generally weak. In mothers and daughters, some significant associations were found, but not in sons. Bacteria counts, but not reported sugar intake, were positively associated with BMI.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged *Body Mass Index Colony Count} } OBJECTIVE: To study associations between reported sugar intake and salivary bacteria (mutans streptococci, MS and lactobacilli, LB), and sugar intake in relation to body mass index (BMI), in women and adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Habitual dietary intake was reported in a questionnaire and whole saliva samples were collected and cultivated. SETTING: Stockholm, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and fourteen mothers and their 16-year-old children (57% girls). RESULTS: Reported total sugar intake was significantly associated with LB in mothers (P = 0.001), but not in daughters and sons (P = 0.03 for mother-son interaction). When excluding lactose, the associations with LB and MS were significant in daughters (P = 0.032 and 0.005, respectively). High BMI and sugar intake from milk were independently associated with MS counts in mothers in a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.053). In daughters, sugar from beverages, candies/chocolates and fruits were all independently associated with MS counts (R2 = 0.074), whereas in sons, only mothers' MS counts were associated (R2 = 0.084). High BMI, low intake from cooked meals and high intake of candies/chocolates were all independently associated with LB in mothers (R2 = 0.076), while, except for candies/chocolates in daughters, no significant associations were found in children. BMI was significantly associated with bacteria counts in both mothers and children, whereas reported sugar intake was not. CONCLUSION: The associations between reported sugar intake and bacteria were generally weak. In mothers and daughters, some significant associations were found, but not in sons. Bacteria counts, but not reported sugar intake, were positively associated with BMI. |
White,; Ejim,; Walton,; Brown,; Jugdaohsingh,; Powell,; McCrohan, Avoidance of aluminum toxicity in freshwater snails involves intracellular silicon-aluminum biointeraction (Article) Environ Sci Technol, 42, 6, Page(s): 2189-2194, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aluminum/*toxicity Animals Digestive System/metabolism/ultrastructure Lymnaea/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure Lysosomes/metabolism/ultrastructure Microscopy, Transmission Silicic Acid/*metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity, Electron) @article{Paper, name = {Avoidance of aluminum toxicity in freshwater snails involves intracellular silicon-aluminum biointeraction}, author = {White, K. N. and Ejim, A. I. and Walton, R. C. and Brown, A. P. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Powell, J. J. and McCrohan, C. R.}, note = {0013-936X (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {2189-2194}, abstract = {Silicon (Si) ameliorates aluminum (Al) toxicity to a range of organisms, but in almost all cases this is due to ex vivo Si-Al interactions forming inert hydroxyaluminosilicates (HAS). We hypothesized a Si-specific intracellular mechanism for Al detoxification in aquatic snails, involving regulation of orthosilicic acid [Si(OH)4]. However, the possibility of ex vivo formation and uptake of soluble HAS could not be ruled out Here we provide unequivocal evidence for Si-Al interaction in vivo, including their intracellular colocalization. In snails preloaded with Si(0H)4, behavioral toxicity in response to subsequent exposure to Al was abolished. Similarly, recovery from Al-induced toxicity was faster when Si(OH)4 was provided, together with rapid loss of Al from the major detoxificatory organ (digestive gland). Temporal separation of Al and Si exposure excluded the possibility of their interaction ex vivo. Elemental mapping using analytical transmission electron microscopy revealed nanometre-scale colocalization of Si and Al within excretory granules in the digestive gland, consistent with recruitment of Si(OH)4, followed by high-affinity Al binding to form particles similarto allophane, an amorphous HAS. Given the environmental abundance of both elements, we anticipate this to be a widespread phenomenon, providing a cellular defense against the profoundly toxic Al(III) ion.}, note = {0013-936X (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Aluminum/*toxicity Animals Digestive System/metabolism/ultrastructure Lymnaea/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure Lysosomes/metabolism/ultrastructure Microscopy, Transmission Silicic Acid/*metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity, Electron} } Silicon (Si) ameliorates aluminum (Al) toxicity to a range of organisms, but in almost all cases this is due to ex vivo Si-Al interactions forming inert hydroxyaluminosilicates (HAS). We hypothesized a Si-specific intracellular mechanism for Al detoxification in aquatic snails, involving regulation of orthosilicic acid [Si(OH)4]. However, the possibility of ex vivo formation and uptake of soluble HAS could not be ruled out Here we provide unequivocal evidence for Si-Al interaction in vivo, including their intracellular colocalization. In snails preloaded with Si(0H)4, behavioral toxicity in response to subsequent exposure to Al was abolished. Similarly, recovery from Al-induced toxicity was faster when Si(OH)4 was provided, together with rapid loss of Al from the major detoxificatory organ (digestive gland). Temporal separation of Al and Si exposure excluded the possibility of their interaction ex vivo. Elemental mapping using analytical transmission electron microscopy revealed nanometre-scale colocalization of Si and Al within excretory granules in the digestive gland, consistent with recruitment of Si(OH)4, followed by high-affinity Al binding to form particles similarto allophane, an amorphous HAS. Given the environmental abundance of both elements, we anticipate this to be a widespread phenomenon, providing a cellular defense against the profoundly toxic Al(III) ion. |
Olausson,; Laskey,; Goldberg,; Prentice, Changes in bone mineral status and bone size during pregnancy and the influences of body weight and calcium intake (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 4, Page(s): 1032-1039, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adult Body Weight/*physiology Bone Density/*physiology Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage/metabolism Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Case-Control Studies Female Great Britain Hip Joint/anatomy & histology/metabolism Humans Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Status Pregnancy/*metabolism Spine/anatomy & histology/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Changes in bone mineral status and bone size during pregnancy and the influences of body weight and calcium intake}, author = {Olausson, H. and Laskey, M. A. and Goldberg, G. R. and Prentice, A.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {1032-1039}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Calcium may be mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy, which may be influenced by several factors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate changes in bone mineral status and size during pregnancy and to consider the influences of body weight and calcium intake. DESIGN: Thirty-four British women were studied before pregnancy and 2 wk postpartum (Preg). Eighty-four nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women were studied over a corresponding time. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and BA-adjusted BMC of the whole-body, lumbar spine, radius, and hip were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The Preg group experienced significant decreases in BMC, aBMD, and BA-adjusted BMC at the whole-body, spine, and total hip of between 1% and 4%. Whole-body BMC increased in the NPNL group, and aBMD and BA-adjusted BMC decreased at the spine and hip by 0.5% to 1%. Whole-body BMC decreased in the Preg group by -2.16 +/- 0.46%, equivalent to -2.71 +/- 0.43% relative to the NPNL group (P < or = 0.001). Weight change was a positive predictor of skeletal change at the spine, hip, and radius in both groups. Differences between the Preg and NPNL groups in change in BA-adjusted BMC, after correction for weight change and other influences, were as follows (P < or = 0.01): whole-body, -1.70 +/- 0.25%; spine, -3.03 +/- 0.72%; and total hip, -1.87 +/- 0.60%. Calcium intake was not a significant predictor of skeletal change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is associated with decreases in whole-body and regional bone mineral status sufficient to make a sizeable contribution to maternal and fetal calcium economy. Calcium intake is not a significant predictor of the skeletal response to pregnancy in well-nourished women.}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adult Body Weight/*physiology Bone Density/*physiology Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage/metabolism Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Case-Control Studies Female Great Britain Hip Joint/anatomy & histology/metabolism Humans Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Status Pregnancy/*metabolism Spine/anatomy & histology/metabolism} } BACKGROUND: Calcium may be mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy, which may be influenced by several factors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate changes in bone mineral status and size during pregnancy and to consider the influences of body weight and calcium intake. DESIGN: Thirty-four British women were studied before pregnancy and 2 wk postpartum (Preg). Eighty-four nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women were studied over a corresponding time. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and BA-adjusted BMC of the whole-body, lumbar spine, radius, and hip were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The Preg group experienced significant decreases in BMC, aBMD, and BA-adjusted BMC at the whole-body, spine, and total hip of between 1% and 4%. Whole-body BMC increased in the NPNL group, and aBMD and BA-adjusted BMC decreased at the spine and hip by 0.5% to 1%. Whole-body BMC decreased in the Preg group by -2.16 +/- 0.46%, equivalent to -2.71 +/- 0.43% relative to the NPNL group (P < or = 0.001). Weight change was a positive predictor of skeletal change at the spine, hip, and radius in both groups. Differences between the Preg and NPNL groups in change in BA-adjusted BMC, after correction for weight change and other influences, were as follows (P < or = 0.01): whole-body, -1.70 +/- 0.25%; spine, -3.03 +/- 0.72%; and total hip, -1.87 +/- 0.60%. Calcium intake was not a significant predictor of skeletal change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is associated with decreases in whole-body and regional bone mineral status sufficient to make a sizeable contribution to maternal and fetal calcium economy. Calcium intake is not a significant predictor of the skeletal response to pregnancy in well-nourished women. |
Spector,; Calomme,; Anderson,; Clement,; Bevan,; Demeester,; Swaminathan,; Jugdaohsingh,; Berghe,; Powell, Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Article) BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 9, Page(s): 85, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Biological Markers/metabolism Bone Density/drug effects Bone Density Conservation Agents/*administration & dosage Bone Diseases, Metabolic/*drug therapy/metabolism Calcium/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Cholecalciferol/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Choline/administration & dosage/adverse effects Collagen/metabolism Drug Therapy, Combination Female Humans Middle Aged Placebos Postmenopause Silicic Acid/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Treatment Outcome) @article{Paper, name = {Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial}, author = {Spector, T. D. and Calomme, M. R. and Anderson, S. H. C. and Clement, G. and Bevan, L. and Demeester, N. and Swaminathan, R. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Berghe, D. A. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {doi:10-1186/1471-2474-9-85 1471-2474 (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {BMC Musculoskelet Disord}, volume = {9}, pages = {85}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence supports a physiological role for silicon (Si) as orthosilicic acid (OSA, Si(OH)4) in bone formation. The effect of oral choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Over 12-months, 136 women out of 184 randomized (T-score spine < -1.5) completed the study and received, daily, 1000 mg Ca and 20 microg cholecalciferol (Vit D3) and three different ch-OSA doses (3, 6 and 12 mg Si) or placebo. Bone formation markers in serum and urinary resorption markers were measured at baseline, and after 6 and 12 months. Femoral and lumbar BMD were measured at baseline and after 12 months by DEXA. RESULTS: Overall, there was a trend for ch-OSA to confer some additional benefit to Ca and Vit D3 treatment, especially for markers of bone formation, but only the marker for type I collagen formation (PINP) was significant at 12 months for the 6 and 12 mg Si dose (vs. placebo) without a clear dose response effect. A trend for a dose-corresponding increase was observed in the bone resorption marker, collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-I).Lumbar spine BMD did not change significantly. Post-hoc subgroup analysis (baseline T-score femur < -1) however was significant for the 6 mg dose at the femoral neck (T-test). There were no ch-OSA related adverse events observed and biochemical safety parameters remained within the normal range. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy of ch-OSA and Ca/Vit D3 had a potential beneficial effect on bone collagen compared to Ca/Vit D3 alone which suggests that this treatment is of potential use in osteoporosis. NTR 1029.}, note = {doi:10-1186/1471-2474-9-85 1471-2474 (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Aged Biological Markers/metabolism Bone Density/drug effects Bone Density Conservation Agents/*administration & dosage Bone Diseases, Metabolic/*drug therapy/metabolism Calcium/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Cholecalciferol/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Choline/administration & dosage/adverse effects Collagen/metabolism Drug Therapy, Combination Female Humans Middle Aged Placebos Postmenopause Silicic Acid/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Treatment Outcome} } BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence supports a physiological role for silicon (Si) as orthosilicic acid (OSA, Si(OH)4) in bone formation. The effect of oral choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Over 12-months, 136 women out of 184 randomized (T-score spine < -1.5) completed the study and received, daily, 1000 mg Ca and 20 microg cholecalciferol (Vit D3) and three different ch-OSA doses (3, 6 and 12 mg Si) or placebo. Bone formation markers in serum and urinary resorption markers were measured at baseline, and after 6 and 12 months. Femoral and lumbar BMD were measured at baseline and after 12 months by DEXA. RESULTS: Overall, there was a trend for ch-OSA to confer some additional benefit to Ca and Vit D3 treatment, especially for markers of bone formation, but only the marker for type I collagen formation (PINP) was significant at 12 months for the 6 and 12 mg Si dose (vs. placebo) without a clear dose response effect. A trend for a dose-corresponding increase was observed in the bone resorption marker, collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-I).Lumbar spine BMD did not change significantly. Post-hoc subgroup analysis (baseline T-score femur < -1) however was significant for the 6 mg dose at the femoral neck (T-test). There were no ch-OSA related adverse events observed and biochemical safety parameters remained within the normal range. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy of ch-OSA and Ca/Vit D3 had a potential beneficial effect on bone collagen compared to Ca/Vit D3 alone which suggests that this treatment is of potential use in osteoporosis. NTR 1029. |
Browning,; Krebs,; Magee,; Fruhbeck,; Jebb, Circulating markers of inflammation and their link to indices of adiposity (Article) Obes Facts, 1, 5, Page(s): 259-265, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Obesity Inflammation Adipokines Metabolism Cytokines Metabolic syndrome) @article{Paper, name = {Circulating markers of inflammation and their link to indices of adiposity}, author = {Browning, L. M. and Krebs, J. D. and Magee, E. C. and Fruhbeck, G. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.013.00001.01}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Obes Facts}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, pages = {259-265}, abstract = {Background: Adipose tissue produces a number of inflammatory mediators. Circulating concentrations of these inflammatory markers are increasingly used as markers of local or systemic inflammation. This study compares results for 3 inflammatory adipokines measured using 2 techniques, (multiplex and ELISA), and determines the relationships with C-reactive protein (CRP), obesity, and the impact of moderate weight loss. Subjects and Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after a 24-week weight loss intervention. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were measured using a standard ELISA technique or a new multiplex technique. A total of 54 women with complete data were included in this analysis. Results: Multiplex showed poor correlation with ELISA results, and were not significantly correlated with CRP. Using ELISA data, IL-6 and CRP were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.42 and r = 0.55), but MCP-1 and TNF-were not (r = - 0.07 and r = 0.06). Changes in MCP-1, TNF-, and IL-6 were not significantly different between control and weight loss groups. CRP was significantly reduced in weight loss vs. control group (p < 0.05), and change in CRP correlated with change in BMI (r = 0.31). Conclusion: Circulating IL-6 and CRP, but not MCP-1 and TNF-, are significantly associated with indices of adiposity in obese women. This study suggests that circulating IL-6 and CRP, but not MCP-1 and TNF-, are useful markers of obesity-related inflammation.}, note = {WBS: U.1059.00.013.00001.01}, keywords = {Obesity Inflammation Adipokines Metabolism Cytokines Metabolic syndrome} } Background: Adipose tissue produces a number of inflammatory mediators. Circulating concentrations of these inflammatory markers are increasingly used as markers of local or systemic inflammation. This study compares results for 3 inflammatory adipokines measured using 2 techniques, (multiplex and ELISA), and determines the relationships with C-reactive protein (CRP), obesity, and the impact of moderate weight loss. Subjects and Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after a 24-week weight loss intervention. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were measured using a standard ELISA technique or a new multiplex technique. A total of 54 women with complete data were included in this analysis. Results: Multiplex showed poor correlation with ELISA results, and were not significantly correlated with CRP. Using ELISA data, IL-6 and CRP were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.42 and r = 0.55), but MCP-1 and TNF-were not (r = - 0.07 and r = 0.06). Changes in MCP-1, TNF-, and IL-6 were not significantly different between control and weight loss groups. CRP was significantly reduced in weight loss vs. control group (p < 0.05), and change in CRP correlated with change in BMI (r = 0.31). Conclusion: Circulating IL-6 and CRP, but not MCP-1 and TNF-, are significantly associated with indices of adiposity in obese women. This study suggests that circulating IL-6 and CRP, but not MCP-1 and TNF-, are useful markers of obesity-related inflammation. |
Basta,; Matthews,; Chatfield,; Brayne, Community-level socio-economic status and cognitive and functional impairment in the older population (Article) Eur J Public Health, 18, 1, Page(s): 48-54, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Activities of Daily Living Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/*physiology/*psychology Cognition Disorders/economics/*epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies England/epidemiology Female Geriatric Assessment Humans Male Poverty Areas Social Class) @article{Paper, name = {Community-level socio-economic status and cognitive and functional impairment in the older population}, author = {Basta, N. E. and Matthews, F. E. and Chatfield, M. and Brayne, C.}, note = {MRC-Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. 1101-1262 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Public Health}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {48-54}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine if people living in communities with higher socio-economic deprivation are at an increased risk of cognitive and functional impairment even after controlling for the effects of individual socio-economic status. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study which consists of a community-based sample of Cambridgeshire, Gwynedd, Newcastle, Nottingham and Oxford. The study included 13 004 men and women aged 65 years and over who were randomly selected from Family Health Services Authority computerized records after being stratified to ensure equal numbers of those aged 75 years and over and those under 75 years. The outcome measures were cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Exam 0-21) and functional impairment (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and/or Activities of Daily Living disability). RESULTS: Individuals living in more deprived areas, as measured by the Townsend deprivation score, were found to have a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment [odds ratio (OR) (most deprived versus least deprived quintile) = 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI)1.8-3.0; P < 0.001] and functional impairment [OR (most deprived versus least) = 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9; P < 0.001] after controlling for age, sex, centre effects, education and social class. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significantly higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and functional impairment in elderly individuals living in socio-economically deprived areas regardless of their own socio-economic status. This evidence is of relevance for informing public health policy and those allocating resources for the long-term care of the elderly.}, note = {MRC-Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. 1101-1262 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/*physiology/*psychology Cognition Disorders/economics/*epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies England/epidemiology Female Geriatric Assessment Humans Male Poverty Areas Social Class} } BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine if people living in communities with higher socio-economic deprivation are at an increased risk of cognitive and functional impairment even after controlling for the effects of individual socio-economic status. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study which consists of a community-based sample of Cambridgeshire, Gwynedd, Newcastle, Nottingham and Oxford. The study included 13 004 men and women aged 65 years and over who were randomly selected from Family Health Services Authority computerized records after being stratified to ensure equal numbers of those aged 75 years and over and those under 75 years. The outcome measures were cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Exam 0-21) and functional impairment (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and/or Activities of Daily Living disability). RESULTS: Individuals living in more deprived areas, as measured by the Townsend deprivation score, were found to have a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment [odds ratio (OR) (most deprived versus least deprived quintile) = 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI)1.8-3.0; P < 0.001] and functional impairment [OR (most deprived versus least) = 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9; P < 0.001] after controlling for age, sex, centre effects, education and social class. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significantly higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and functional impairment in elderly individuals living in socio-economically deprived areas regardless of their own socio-economic status. This evidence is of relevance for informing public health policy and those allocating resources for the long-term care of the elderly. |
Hart,; Buddhdev,; Winship,; Faria,; Powell,; Skinner, Cup inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees increases whole blood concentrations of cobalt and chromium ions after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (Article) Hip Int, 18, 3, Page(s): 212-219, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Acetabulum/physiopathology/radiography/*surgery Adult Aged Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/*instrumentation/methods Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Equipment Failure Analysis Female Health Status Indicators Hip Joint/physiopathology/surgery Hip Prosthesis/*adverse effects Humans Male Middle Aged Prosthesis Design *Prosthesis Failure Surface Properties) @article{Paper, name = {Cup inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees increases whole blood concentrations of cobalt and chromium ions after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing}, author = {Hart, A. J. and Buddhdev, P. and Winship, P. D. and Faria, N. J. R. and Powell, J. J. and Skinner, J. A.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Hip Int}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {212-219}, abstract = {A cup inclination angle greater than 45 degrees is associated with increased wear rates of metal on polyethylene (MOP) hip replacements. The same maybe true for metal on metal (MOM) hips yet this has not been clearly shown. We measured the acetabular inclination angle from plain radiographs, and whole blood metal ion levels using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry of 26 patients (mean Harris Hip Score 94 and mean time post op of 22 months) with Birmingham Hip Resurfacings. We identified a threshold level of 50 degrees cup inclination. Below this threshold, the mean whole blood cobalt and chromium were 1.6 ppb and 1.88 ppb respectively; above this threshold, the mean blood cobalt and chromium were 4.45 ppb and 4.3 ppb respectively. These differences were significant cobalt (p<0.01) and chromium (p=0.01). All patients above the threshold had metal levels greater than any of the patients below the threshold. For 14 patients, who returned one year later for a repeat blood metal level measurement, cobalt and chromium levels were very similar. The effect of an acetabular inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees on wear rates of MOM hips, as measured through blood metal ion levels, appears to be similar to that seen with MOP hips. Additionally, our new analytical methods may allow blood metal levels to be used as a realistic biomarker of in vivo wear rate of MOM hips. The implication is that metal levels can be minimised with optimal orientation of the acetabular component.}, keywords = {Acetabulum/physiopathology/radiography/*surgery Adult Aged Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/*instrumentation/methods Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Equipment Failure Analysis Female Health Status Indicators Hip Joint/physiopathology/surgery Hip Prosthesis/*adverse effects Humans Male Middle Aged Prosthesis Design *Prosthesis Failure Surface Properties} } A cup inclination angle greater than 45 degrees is associated with increased wear rates of metal on polyethylene (MOP) hip replacements. The same maybe true for metal on metal (MOM) hips yet this has not been clearly shown. We measured the acetabular inclination angle from plain radiographs, and whole blood metal ion levels using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry of 26 patients (mean Harris Hip Score 94 and mean time post op of 22 months) with Birmingham Hip Resurfacings. We identified a threshold level of 50 degrees cup inclination. Below this threshold, the mean whole blood cobalt and chromium were 1.6 ppb and 1.88 ppb respectively; above this threshold, the mean blood cobalt and chromium were 4.45 ppb and 4.3 ppb respectively. These differences were significant cobalt (p<0.01) and chromium (p=0.01). All patients above the threshold had metal levels greater than any of the patients below the threshold. For 14 patients, who returned one year later for a repeat blood metal level measurement, cobalt and chromium levels were very similar. The effect of an acetabular inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees on wear rates of MOM hips, as measured through blood metal ion levels, appears to be similar to that seen with MOP hips. Additionally, our new analytical methods may allow blood metal levels to be used as a realistic biomarker of in vivo wear rate of MOM hips. The implication is that metal levels can be minimised with optimal orientation of the acetabular component. |
Mishra,; McCormack,; Kuh,; Hardy,; Stephen,; dos Santos Silva, Dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in childhood and throughout adulthood and mammographic density in a British birth cohort (Article) Br J Cancer, 99, 9, Page(s): 1539-1543, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Female Humans *Mammography Middle Aged Vitamin D/*administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in childhood and throughout adulthood and mammographic density in a British birth cohort}, author = {Mishra, G. D. and McCormack, V. and Kuh, D. and Hardy, R. and Stephen, A. M. and dos Santos Silva, I.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Br J Cancer}, volume = {99}, number = {9}, pages = {1539-1543}, abstract = {We examined the role of dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in childhood and throughout adulthood in relation to mammographic density using data from a nationally representative cohort of 1161 women followed up since their birth in 1946. Dietary intakes at the age of 4 years were determined by 24-h recalls and at the ages of 36, 43 and 53 years by 5-day food records. After adjusting for known risk factors and confounders, no evidence of a relationship between dietary calcium or vitamin D intakes and mammographic density approximately at the age of 50 years was found, except for a cross-sectional relationship between dietary calcium intake at the age of 53 years and breast density in women who were post-menopausal at the time of mammography, with those in the top fifth of the distribution of calcium intake having a 0.53 s.d. lower percent breast density than those in the lowest fifth (P-value <0.01 for linear trend).}, keywords = {Adult Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Female Humans *Mammography Middle Aged Vitamin D/*administration & dosage} } We examined the role of dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in childhood and throughout adulthood in relation to mammographic density using data from a nationally representative cohort of 1161 women followed up since their birth in 1946. Dietary intakes at the age of 4 years were determined by 24-h recalls and at the ages of 36, 43 and 53 years by 5-day food records. After adjusting for known risk factors and confounders, no evidence of a relationship between dietary calcium or vitamin D intakes and mammographic density approximately at the age of 50 years was found, except for a cross-sectional relationship between dietary calcium intake at the age of 53 years and breast density in women who were post-menopausal at the time of mammography, with those in the top fifth of the distribution of calcium intake having a 0.53 s.d. lower percent breast density than those in the lowest fifth (P-value <0.01 for linear trend). |
Bluck, Doubly labelled water for the measurement of total energy expenditure in man - progress and applications in the last decade (Article) Nutr Bull, 33, 2, Page(s): 80-90, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: doubly labelled water energy expenditure isotope methodology physical activity) @article{Review, name = {Doubly labelled water for the measurement of total energy expenditure in man - progress and applications in the last decade}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Bull}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {80-90}, abstract = {The doubly labelled water method for the measurement of total energy expenditure is a methodology that is still maturing. Over the last 10 years, the number of publications describing its exploitation in man has remained roughly constant, at a rate of about 50 per annum. During this time, the laboratory techniques used have become more refined, particularly in the measurement of deuterium enrichment. This article details the methodological advances which have been made and presents a brief review of some recent applications.}, keywords = {doubly labelled water energy expenditure isotope methodology physical activity} } The doubly labelled water method for the measurement of total energy expenditure is a methodology that is still maturing. Over the last 10 years, the number of publications describing its exploitation in man has remained roughly constant, at a rate of about 50 per annum. During this time, the laboratory techniques used have become more refined, particularly in the measurement of deuterium enrichment. This article details the methodological advances which have been made and presents a brief review of some recent applications. |
Siervo,; Fruhbeck,; Dixon,; Goldberg,; Coward,; Murgatroyd,; Prentice,; Jebb, Efficiency of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to imposed caloric excess in lean men (Article) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 294, 2, Page(s): E416-E424, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/physiology Adult Appetite/physiology Body Composition/physiology Body Water/physiology Body Weight/physiology Calorimetry, Indirect Diet Energy Intake/*physiology Homeostasis/*physiology Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Models, Statistical Oxidation-Reduction Plethysmography Weight Gain/physiology) @article{Paper, name = {Efficiency of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to imposed caloric excess in lean men}, author = {Siervo, M. and Fruhbeck, G. and Dixon, A. and Goldberg, G. R. and Coward, W. A. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2007. Epub 2007, Nov 27. (Erratum in: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr; 294(4): E808). 0193-1849 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {294}, number = {2}, pages = {E416-E424}, abstract = {{Obesity implies a failure of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to caloric excess. We studied the mechanisms, effectiveness, and limits of such responses in six lean (21.9 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2)), healthy men based in a metabolic suite for 17 wk of progressive intermittent overfeeding (OF) (3 wk, baseline; 3 wk, 20% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 40% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 60% OF; 3 wk, ad libitum). Body composition was assessed by a four-compartment model using dual X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, and plethysmography. Magnetic resonance imaging assessed subcutaneous/visceral fat at abdominal level at baseline and at the end of 60% OF. Energy intake was assessed throughout, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation rates were measured repeatedly by whole body calorimetry (calEE), and free-living EE (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water at baseline and after 60% OF. At the end of 60% OF, calEE and TEE had increased by just 11.4% (P = 0.001) and 16.2% (P = 0.001), respectively. Weight and body fat (fat mass) had increased by 5.98 kg (8.8%}, note = {doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2007. Epub 2007, Nov 27. (Erratum in: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr; 294(4): E808). 0193-1849 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/physiology Adult Appetite/physiology Body Composition/physiology Body Water/physiology Body Weight/physiology Calorimetry, Indirect Diet Energy Intake/*physiology Homeostasis/*physiology Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Models, Statistical Oxidation-Reduction Plethysmography Weight Gain/physiology} } {Obesity implies a failure of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to caloric excess. We studied the mechanisms, effectiveness, and limits of such responses in six lean (21.9 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2)), healthy men based in a metabolic suite for 17 wk of progressive intermittent overfeeding (OF) (3 wk, baseline; 3 wk, 20% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 40% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 60% OF; 3 wk, ad libitum). Body composition was assessed by a four-compartment model using dual X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, and plethysmography. Magnetic resonance imaging assessed subcutaneous/visceral fat at abdominal level at baseline and at the end of 60% OF. Energy intake was assessed throughout, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation rates were measured repeatedly by whole body calorimetry (calEE), and free-living EE (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water at baseline and after 60% OF. At the end of 60% OF, calEE and TEE had increased by just 11.4% (P = 0.001) and 16.2% (P = 0.001), respectively. Weight and body fat (fat mass) had increased by 5.98 kg (8.8% |
Johnson,; Mander,; Jones,; Emmett,; Jebb, Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 4, Page(s): 846-854, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/growth & development/radiography Adiposity/*drug effects/physiology Analysis of Variance Body Composition/*drug effects Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage *Energy Intake Female Humans Linear Models Longitudinal Studies Male Obesity/epidemiology/etiology Risk Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood}, author = {Johnson, L. and Mander, A. P. and Jones, L. R. and Emmett, P. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {87}, number = {4}, pages = {846-854}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Evidence for the dietary determinants of obesity in children is limited. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify a dietary pattern that explained dietary energy density (DED), fiber density (FD), and percentage of energy intake from fat and analyze its relation to fatness in children. DESIGN: The subjects were 521 (at ages 5 and 9 y) and 682 (at ages 7 and 9 y) children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Diet was assessed with the use of 3-d diet diaries at ages 5 and 7 y. Reduced rank regression derived a dietary pattern with the use of DED, fiber, and fat intake as intermediate variables. Fat mass was measured at age 9 y with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated, and excess adiposity was defined (as the top quintile of logFMI). RESULTS: Pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y was correlated with DED (r = 0.8), FD (r = -0.7), and percentage of energy intake from fat (r = 0.5). An increase of 1 SD of pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y, respectively, was associated with a 0.15-kg (95% CI: -0.1, 0.45 kg) and a 0.28-kg (95% CI: 0.05, 0.53 kg) higher fat mass at age 9 y, after controlling for confounders. The adjusted odds of excess adiposity at age 9 y for children in quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 of dietary pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y, respectively, were 2.52 (95% CI: 1.13, 6.08) and 4.18 (95% CI: 2.07, 9.38). CONCLUSION: An energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat diet is associated with higher fat mass and greater odds of excess adiposity in childhood.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adipose Tissue/growth & development/radiography Adiposity/*drug effects/physiology Analysis of Variance Body Composition/*drug effects Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage *Energy Intake Female Humans Linear Models Longitudinal Studies Male Obesity/epidemiology/etiology Risk Factors} } BACKGROUND: Evidence for the dietary determinants of obesity in children is limited. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify a dietary pattern that explained dietary energy density (DED), fiber density (FD), and percentage of energy intake from fat and analyze its relation to fatness in children. DESIGN: The subjects were 521 (at ages 5 and 9 y) and 682 (at ages 7 and 9 y) children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Diet was assessed with the use of 3-d diet diaries at ages 5 and 7 y. Reduced rank regression derived a dietary pattern with the use of DED, fiber, and fat intake as intermediate variables. Fat mass was measured at age 9 y with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated, and excess adiposity was defined (as the top quintile of logFMI). RESULTS: Pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y was correlated with DED (r = 0.8), FD (r = -0.7), and percentage of energy intake from fat (r = 0.5). An increase of 1 SD of pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y, respectively, was associated with a 0.15-kg (95% CI: -0.1, 0.45 kg) and a 0.28-kg (95% CI: 0.05, 0.53 kg) higher fat mass at age 9 y, after controlling for confounders. The adjusted odds of excess adiposity at age 9 y for children in quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 of dietary pattern score at ages 5 and 7 y, respectively, were 2.52 (95% CI: 1.13, 6.08) and 4.18 (95% CI: 2.07, 9.38). CONCLUSION: An energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat diet is associated with higher fat mass and greater odds of excess adiposity in childhood. |
Yuen,; Sander,; Flugel,; Patsalos,; Browning,; Bell,; Koepp, Erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid profiles in patients with epilepsy: does carbamazepine affect omega-3 fatty acid concentrations? (Article) Epilepsy Behav, 12, 2, Page(s): 317-323, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Omega-3/administration & dosage/*metabolism Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood Humans Statistics, Nonparametric) @article{Paper, name = {Erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid profiles in patients with epilepsy: does carbamazepine affect omega-3 fatty acid concentrations?}, author = {Yuen, A. W. C. and Sander, J. W. and Flugel, D. and Patsalos, P. N. and Browning, L. M. and Bell, G. S. and Koepp, M. M.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.10.015. 1525-5050 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Epilepsy Behav}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {317-323}, abstract = {Fatty acids (FAs) determine membrane properties and may affect cardiac and neuronal function. In this study, FA profiles were determined in 56 patients with epilepsy who participated in a 12-week double-blind randomized trial of omega-3 FA supplementation (1 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.7 g docosahexaenoic acid daily). At baseline, subjects on carbamazepine (CBZ) had lower docosahexaenoic acid levels, lower levels of long-chain omega-3 FAs, and a lower Omega-3 Index (a risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality), whereas those on oxcarbazepine had higher total polyunsaturated FAs and a higher Omega-3 Index. Following omega-3 FA supplementation, the Omega-3 Index, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations significantly increased. Patients on CBZ exhibited a less favorable FA profile, associated with a greater risk of coronary heart disease mortality. As arrhythmias are thought to be an important mechanism in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP), the effect of CBZ effect in reducing omega-3 FAs might potentially explain some cases of SUDEP among patients prescribed CBZ.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.10.015. 1525-5050 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Omega-3/administration & dosage/*metabolism Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood Humans Statistics, Nonparametric} } Fatty acids (FAs) determine membrane properties and may affect cardiac and neuronal function. In this study, FA profiles were determined in 56 patients with epilepsy who participated in a 12-week double-blind randomized trial of omega-3 FA supplementation (1 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.7 g docosahexaenoic acid daily). At baseline, subjects on carbamazepine (CBZ) had lower docosahexaenoic acid levels, lower levels of long-chain omega-3 FAs, and a lower Omega-3 Index (a risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality), whereas those on oxcarbazepine had higher total polyunsaturated FAs and a higher Omega-3 Index. Following omega-3 FA supplementation, the Omega-3 Index, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations significantly increased. Patients on CBZ exhibited a less favorable FA profile, associated with a greater risk of coronary heart disease mortality. As arrhythmias are thought to be an important mechanism in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP), the effect of CBZ effect in reducing omega-3 FAs might potentially explain some cases of SUDEP among patients prescribed CBZ. |
Prentice,; Ceesay,; Nigdikar,; Allen,; Pettifor, FGF23 is elevated in Gambian children with rickets (Article) Bone, 42, 4, Page(s): 788-797, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Preschool Female Fibroblast Growth Factors/*blood Follow-Up Studies Gambia/epidemiology Humans Male Rickets/*blood/epidemiology Time Factors, Child Child) @article{Paper, name = {FGF23 is elevated in Gambian children with rickets}, author = {Prentice, A. and Ceesay, M. and Nigdikar, S. and Allen, S. J. and Pettifor, J. M.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.014. In Press, Corrected Proof, available online 8 December 2007. 8756-3282 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {788-797}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic factor that is elevated in several diseases associated with hypophosphatemia and rickets. Rickets in the absence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported in African and Asian populations with a low calcium intake but the definition of risk factors has proved elusive. The aim of the study was to characterize the biochemical profile and measure FGF23 in a series of Gambian children who had presented with rickets of unknown etiology and a plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) above the range typical of vitamin D-deficiency rickets. METHODS: The 46 patients (30 males, 16 females) had bone deformities typical of rickets and were 1.1-16.4 years old (geometric mean, 3.4 years). Active rickets (on radiographs and/or elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase) was present in 28%. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was above 20 nmol/l in all patients. Concentrations of plasma FGF23, phosphate and other relevant biochemical analytes were measured in stored samples of fasting, early morning plasma and compared with those measured in samples collected from local children and stored under similar conditions. RESULTS: The rickets patients had lower plasma phosphate, lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D, higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and elevated total alkaline phosphatase than local children. Those with active rickets had raised parathyroid hormone concentration. The patients had significantly higher FGF23 concentration than local children (geometric mean (-1SD, +1SD, range) RU/ml: 367 (87, 1552, 46-7052}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.014. In Press, Corrected Proof, available online 8 December 2007. 8756-3282 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Preschool Female Fibroblast Growth Factors/*blood Follow-Up Studies Gambia/epidemiology Humans Male Rickets/*blood/epidemiology Time Factors, Child Child} } {OBJECTIVES: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic factor that is elevated in several diseases associated with hypophosphatemia and rickets. Rickets in the absence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported in African and Asian populations with a low calcium intake but the definition of risk factors has proved elusive. The aim of the study was to characterize the biochemical profile and measure FGF23 in a series of Gambian children who had presented with rickets of unknown etiology and a plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) above the range typical of vitamin D-deficiency rickets. METHODS: The 46 patients (30 males, 16 females) had bone deformities typical of rickets and were 1.1-16.4 years old (geometric mean, 3.4 years). Active rickets (on radiographs and/or elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase) was present in 28%. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was above 20 nmol/l in all patients. Concentrations of plasma FGF23, phosphate and other relevant biochemical analytes were measured in stored samples of fasting, early morning plasma and compared with those measured in samples collected from local children and stored under similar conditions. RESULTS: The rickets patients had lower plasma phosphate, lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D, higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and elevated total alkaline phosphatase than local children. Those with active rickets had raised parathyroid hormone concentration. The patients had significantly higher FGF23 concentration than local children (geometric mean (-1SD, +1SD, range) RU/ml: 367 (87, 1552, 46-7052 |
Hooff,; Volmer,; Wood,; Muller,; Eckert, Isoprenoid quantitation in human brain tissue: a validated HPLC-fluorescence detection method for endogenous farnesyl- (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) (Article) Anal Bioanal Chem, 392, 4, Page(s): 673-680, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Brain/metabolism *Brain Chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods Fluorescent Dyes/*analysis/*chemistry Humans Molecular Structure Terpenes/*analysis/*chemistry/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Isoprenoid quantitation in human brain tissue: a validated HPLC-fluorescence detection method for endogenous farnesyl- (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP)}, author = {Hooff, G. P. and Volmer, D. A. and Wood, W. G. and Muller, W. E. and Eckert, G. P.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Anal Bioanal Chem}, volume = {392}, number = {4}, pages = {673-680}, abstract = {Farnesyl- and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (FPP and GGPP) are isoprenoid intermediates in the mevalonate pathway. They play a crucial role in cell survival, growth and differentiation due to their attachment (isoprenylation) to small GTPases (Ras, Rho, etc.). Isoprenoid formation seems to be tightly regulated within the mevalonate pathway and its perturbation has been linked to certain diseases (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer's disease), but tissue levels are unknown. It is therefore of the utmost importance to quantify these isoprenoids in diseased tissue or in tissue after drug administration. The current work describes an isolation procedure utilizing a combination of Extrelut(R) liquid/liquid and reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) for homogenized human frontal cortex tissue. In addition, after a careful validation of an HPLC-fluorescence method, this assay allowed the determination of nanomolar concentrations of endogenous FPP and GGPP levels (4.5 and 10.6 ng/mg protein, respectively) in human brain tissue. The method is selective, precise (<15% RSD), accurate (<15% relative error) and sensitive over a linear range of 10-400 ng/mL for FPP and 50-1000 ng/mL for GGPP according to the current FDA criteria for bioanalytical method validation. Overall, this new method introduces the ability to simultaneously quantify FPP and GGPP in human brain tissue, and is potentially applicable to several other tissues and species.}, keywords = {Brain/metabolism *Brain Chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods Fluorescent Dyes/*analysis/*chemistry Humans Molecular Structure Terpenes/*analysis/*chemistry/metabolism} } Farnesyl- and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (FPP and GGPP) are isoprenoid intermediates in the mevalonate pathway. They play a crucial role in cell survival, growth and differentiation due to their attachment (isoprenylation) to small GTPases (Ras, Rho, etc.). Isoprenoid formation seems to be tightly regulated within the mevalonate pathway and its perturbation has been linked to certain diseases (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer's disease), but tissue levels are unknown. It is therefore of the utmost importance to quantify these isoprenoids in diseased tissue or in tissue after drug administration. The current work describes an isolation procedure utilizing a combination of Extrelut(R) liquid/liquid and reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) for homogenized human frontal cortex tissue. In addition, after a careful validation of an HPLC-fluorescence method, this assay allowed the determination of nanomolar concentrations of endogenous FPP and GGPP levels (4.5 and 10.6 ng/mg protein, respectively) in human brain tissue. The method is selective, precise (<15% RSD), accurate (<15% relative error) and sensitive over a linear range of 10-400 ng/mL for FPP and 50-1000 ng/mL for GGPP according to the current FDA criteria for bioanalytical method validation. Overall, this new method introduces the ability to simultaneously quantify FPP and GGPP in human brain tissue, and is potentially applicable to several other tissues and species. |
Cole,; Fewtrell,; Prentice, Letter to the Editor: The fallacy of using percentage body fat as a measure of adiposity (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 1959, 2008. (BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology *Adiposity *Body Weight *Bone Density Humans Reproducibility of Results) @article{Letter, name = {Letter to the Editor: The fallacy of using percentage body fat as a measure of adiposity}, author = {Cole, T. J. and Fewtrell, M. S. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Comment Letter}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {1959}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Comment Letter}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology *Adiposity *Body Weight *Bone Density Humans Reproducibility of Results} } |
Nickkho-Amiry,; Prentice,; Ledi,; Laskey,; Das,; Berry,; Mughal, Letter: Maternal vitamin D status and breast milk concentrations of calcium and phosphorus (Article) Arch Dis Child, 93, 2, Page(s): 179, 2008. (BibTeX | Tags: Adult Calcium/*analysis Female Humans Milk, Human/*chemistry Phosphorus/*analysis Pilot Projects Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/blood Vitamin D Deficiency/*metabolism) @article{Letter, name = {Letter: Maternal vitamin D status and breast milk concentrations of calcium and phosphorus}, author = {Nickkho-Amiry, M. and Prentice, A. and Ledi, F. and Laskey, M. A. and Das, G. and Berry, J. L. and Mughal, M. Z.}, note = {1468-2044 (Electronic) Letter}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {179}, note = {1468-2044 (Electronic) Letter}, keywords = {Adult Calcium/*analysis Female Humans Milk, Human/*chemistry Phosphorus/*analysis Pilot Projects Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/blood Vitamin D Deficiency/*metabolism} } |
Koulman,; Volmer, Perspectives for metabolomics in human nutrition: an overview (Article) Nutr Bull, 33, 4, Page(s): 324-330, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: biomarkers; data mining; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; nutrigenomics; systems biology) @article{Paper, name = {Perspectives for metabolomics in human nutrition: an overview}, author = {Koulman, A. and Volmer, D. A.}, note = {Made available on UKPMC Oct 2011}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Bull}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {324-330}, abstract = {Metabolomics describes the measurement of the full complement of the products of metabolism in a single biological sample and correlating these metabolomic profiles with known physiological or pathological states. The metabolome offers the possibility of finding unique fingerprints responsible for different phenotypes. Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry measure thousands of compounds within the metabolome simultaneously, and appropriate data mining and database tools allow the finding of significant correlations among the measured metabolomes. The first direct outcome of nutritional metabolomics will be the discovery of biomarkers, which can reveal changes in health and disease, but also indicate short-term and long-term dietary intake. The concerted actions of nutrigenomics and metabolomics will play a crucial role in understanding how specific interactions of single nucleotide polymorphisms influence a person's response to a diet. Finally, systems biology approaches to human nutrition combine transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, with the aim of understanding how diets interact within the human being.}, note = {Made available on UKPMC Oct 2011}, keywords = {biomarkers; data mining; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; nutrigenomics; systems biology} } Metabolomics describes the measurement of the full complement of the products of metabolism in a single biological sample and correlating these metabolomic profiles with known physiological or pathological states. The metabolome offers the possibility of finding unique fingerprints responsible for different phenotypes. Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry measure thousands of compounds within the metabolome simultaneously, and appropriate data mining and database tools allow the finding of significant correlations among the measured metabolomes. The first direct outcome of nutritional metabolomics will be the discovery of biomarkers, which can reveal changes in health and disease, but also indicate short-term and long-term dietary intake. The concerted actions of nutrigenomics and metabolomics will play a crucial role in understanding how specific interactions of single nucleotide polymorphisms influence a person's response to a diet. Finally, systems biology approaches to human nutrition combine transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, with the aim of understanding how diets interact within the human being. |
Hutchinson,; Conway,; Bomford,; Hider,; Powell,; Geissler, Post-prandial iron absorption in humans: comparison between HFE genotypes and iron deficiency anaemia (Article) Clin Nutr, 27, 2, Page(s): 258-263, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood/*metabolism Area Under Curve Female Ferritins/blood Genotype Hemochromatosis/blood/*genetics/*metabolism Hemoglobins/metabolism Heterozygote Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics Humans Intestinal Absorption Iron/*blood Iron Isotopes Iron, Dietary/*pharmacokinetics Male Membrane Proteins/genetics Middle Aged Mutation Postprandial Period) @article{Paper, name = {Post-prandial iron absorption in humans: comparison between HFE genotypes and iron deficiency anaemia}, author = {Hutchinson, C. and Conway, R. E. and Bomford, A. and Hider, R. C. and Powell, J. J. and Geissler, C. A.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j.cinu.2007.12.007. In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 13 February 2008. 1532-1983 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Clin Nutr}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {258-263}, abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Measurement of serum iron increase after ingestion of a meal could be an efficient method of comparing post-prandial iron absorption between groups of individuals. We determined whether the rise in post-prandial serum iron is increased in fully treated patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE C282Y+/+; HH) compared to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), iron-replete heterozygous subjects (HFE C282Y+/-) and iron-replete controls (HFE C282Y-/-). METHODS: Serum iron increase was measured over 4h after a meal containing 13.1 mg non-haem iron. RESULTS: Post-prandial increase in serum iron was similar in treated HH versus IDA (P=0.54), but greater than control subjects (P<0.0001). In five HH patients, using (58)Fe as a tracer, the rate of iron absorption was increased (P<0.05) and serum non-transferrin bound iron showed a tendency to increase (P=0.06). Serum iron curves did not differ for heterozygous subjects and controls (P=0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Using the serum iron method we found a comparable increase in post-prandial iron absorption in treated HH and IDA compared with controls. While post-prandial iron absorption in the group heterozygous for the C282Y mutation was modestly increased relative to controls, this difference was not statistically significant.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j.cinu.2007.12.007. In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 13 February 2008. 1532-1983 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood/*metabolism Area Under Curve Female Ferritins/blood Genotype Hemochromatosis/blood/*genetics/*metabolism Hemoglobins/metabolism Heterozygote Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics Humans Intestinal Absorption Iron/*blood Iron Isotopes Iron, Dietary/*pharmacokinetics Male Membrane Proteins/genetics Middle Aged Mutation Postprandial Period} } BACKGROUND & AIMS: Measurement of serum iron increase after ingestion of a meal could be an efficient method of comparing post-prandial iron absorption between groups of individuals. We determined whether the rise in post-prandial serum iron is increased in fully treated patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE C282Y+/+; HH) compared to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), iron-replete heterozygous subjects (HFE C282Y+/-) and iron-replete controls (HFE C282Y-/-). METHODS: Serum iron increase was measured over 4h after a meal containing 13.1 mg non-haem iron. RESULTS: Post-prandial increase in serum iron was similar in treated HH versus IDA (P=0.54), but greater than control subjects (P<0.0001). In five HH patients, using (58)Fe as a tracer, the rate of iron absorption was increased (P<0.05) and serum non-transferrin bound iron showed a tendency to increase (P=0.06). Serum iron curves did not differ for heterozygous subjects and controls (P=0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Using the serum iron method we found a comparable increase in post-prandial iron absorption in treated HH and IDA compared with controls. While post-prandial iron absorption in the group heterozygous for the C282Y mutation was modestly increased relative to controls, this difference was not statistically significant. |
Cunnington,; Webb,; Qizilbash,; Blum,; Mander,; Funk,; Weil, Risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events from selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis (Article) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 17, 6, Page(s): 601-608, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*adverse effects/therapeutic use Cohort Studies Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/*adverse effects/therapeutic use Databases) @article{Paper, name = {Risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events from selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis}, author = {Cunnington, M. and Webb, D. and Qizilbash, N. and Blum, D. and Mander, A. P. and Funk, M. J. and Weil, J.}, note = {1099-1557 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {601-608}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Most previous observational studies assessing cardiovascular risk associated with Cox-2 inhibitors (Cox-2is) used a case control approach, limiting the assessment of absolute risk by disease group and effect of duration of exposure. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with osteoarthritis. METHODS: Using the Life-link US claims database, all subjects had at least five years history in the database. Exposure was defined as the first chronic period of Cox-2i (celecoxib, rofecoxib or valdecoxib) or naproxen use. Non-users and non-chronic users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/Cox-2i within the osteoarthritis cohort served as the reference. The primary outcome was myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: A cohort of 16,580 subjects were chronically exposed to celecoxib, 9800 received rofecoxib, 2907 received naproxen and 51,539 were non-chronically exposed controls. With a median follow up of 506 days, there were 2116 ischaemic events for the entire cohort. The strongest predictors of AMI/ ischaemic stroke risk were history of ischaemic stroke (HR 2.34, 2.12-2.59) and age 65+ years (HR 2.28, 2.07-2.52). For rofecoxib, (HR 1.25,1.04-1.50), the attributable risk varied from 3 per 1000 patients years in individuals aged under 65 years with no history of CVD to 19 per 1000 patients years in older individuals with a history of CVD. The hazard ratios did not change over time. Celecoxib and naproxen were not associated with increased risks. CONCLUSIONS: The attributable risk for rofecoxib varied substantially with the underlying cardiovascular risk profile, being lower in clinical trial than in clinical practice populations.}, note = {1099-1557 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*adverse effects/therapeutic use Cohort Studies Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/*adverse effects/therapeutic use Databases} } PURPOSE: Most previous observational studies assessing cardiovascular risk associated with Cox-2 inhibitors (Cox-2is) used a case control approach, limiting the assessment of absolute risk by disease group and effect of duration of exposure. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with osteoarthritis. METHODS: Using the Life-link US claims database, all subjects had at least five years history in the database. Exposure was defined as the first chronic period of Cox-2i (celecoxib, rofecoxib or valdecoxib) or naproxen use. Non-users and non-chronic users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/Cox-2i within the osteoarthritis cohort served as the reference. The primary outcome was myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: A cohort of 16,580 subjects were chronically exposed to celecoxib, 9800 received rofecoxib, 2907 received naproxen and 51,539 were non-chronically exposed controls. With a median follow up of 506 days, there were 2116 ischaemic events for the entire cohort. The strongest predictors of AMI/ ischaemic stroke risk were history of ischaemic stroke (HR 2.34, 2.12-2.59) and age 65+ years (HR 2.28, 2.07-2.52). For rofecoxib, (HR 1.25,1.04-1.50), the attributable risk varied from 3 per 1000 patients years in individuals aged under 65 years with no history of CVD to 19 per 1000 patients years in older individuals with a history of CVD. The hazard ratios did not change over time. Celecoxib and naproxen were not associated with increased risks. CONCLUSIONS: The attributable risk for rofecoxib varied substantially with the underlying cardiovascular risk profile, being lower in clinical trial than in clinical practice populations. |
Teucher,; Dainty,; Spinks,; Majsak-Newman,; Berry,; Hoogewerff,; Foxall,; Jakobsen,; Cashman,; Flynn,; Fairweather-Tait, Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 23, 9, Page(s): 1477-1485, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Biological Markers/metabolism Bone Resorption/metabolism/urine Bone and Bones/drug effects/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism/urine Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology Diet Diet, Sodium-Restricted Feeding Behavior/*drug effects Female *Health Hormones/metabolism Humans Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Kinetics Middle Aged Models, Biological Osteogenesis/drug effects Phosphorus/urine Postmenopause/*drug effects/urine Potassium/urine Sodium/*metabolism/urine Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*pharmacology) @article{Paper, name = {Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women}, author = {Teucher, B. and Dainty, J. R. and Spinks, C. A. and Majsak-Newman, G. and Berry, D. J. and Hoogewerff, J. A. and Foxall, R. J. and Jakobsen, J. and Cashman, K. D. and Flynn, A. and Fairweather-Tait, S. J.}, note = {1523-4681 (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Miner Res}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {1477-1485}, abstract = {High salt intake is a well-recognized risk factor for osteoporosis because it induces calciuria, but the effects of salt on calcium metabolism and the potential impact on bone health in postmenopausal women have not been fully characterized. This study investigated adaptive mechanisms in response to changes in salt and calcium intake in postmenopausal women. Eleven women completed a randomized cross-over trial consisting of four successive 5-wk periods of controlled dietary intervention, each separated by a minimum 4-wk washout. Moderately low and high calcium (518 versus 1284 mg) and salt (3.9 versus 11.2 g) diets, reflecting lower and upper intakes in postmenopausal women consuming a Western-style diet, were provided. Stable isotope labeling techniques were used to measure calcium absorption and excretion, compartmental modeling was undertaken to estimate bone calcium balance, and biomarkers of bone formation and resorption were measured in blood and urine. Moderately high salt intake (11.2 g/d) elicited a significant increase in urinary calcium excretion (p = 0.0008) and significantly affected bone calcium balance with the high calcium diet (p = 0.024). Efficiency of calcium absorption was higher after a period of moderately low calcium intake (p < 0.05) but was unaffected by salt intake. Salt was responsible for a significant change in bone calcium balance, from positive to negative, when consumed as part of a high calcium diet, but with a low calcium intake, the bone calcium balance was negative on both high and low salt diets.}, note = {1523-4681 (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Aged Biological Markers/metabolism Bone Resorption/metabolism/urine Bone and Bones/drug effects/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism/urine Calcium, Dietary/pharmacology Diet Diet, Sodium-Restricted Feeding Behavior/*drug effects Female *Health Hormones/metabolism Humans Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Kinetics Middle Aged Models, Biological Osteogenesis/drug effects Phosphorus/urine Postmenopause/*drug effects/urine Potassium/urine Sodium/*metabolism/urine Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*pharmacology} } High salt intake is a well-recognized risk factor for osteoporosis because it induces calciuria, but the effects of salt on calcium metabolism and the potential impact on bone health in postmenopausal women have not been fully characterized. This study investigated adaptive mechanisms in response to changes in salt and calcium intake in postmenopausal women. Eleven women completed a randomized cross-over trial consisting of four successive 5-wk periods of controlled dietary intervention, each separated by a minimum 4-wk washout. Moderately low and high calcium (518 versus 1284 mg) and salt (3.9 versus 11.2 g) diets, reflecting lower and upper intakes in postmenopausal women consuming a Western-style diet, were provided. Stable isotope labeling techniques were used to measure calcium absorption and excretion, compartmental modeling was undertaken to estimate bone calcium balance, and biomarkers of bone formation and resorption were measured in blood and urine. Moderately high salt intake (11.2 g/d) elicited a significant increase in urinary calcium excretion (p = 0.0008) and significantly affected bone calcium balance with the high calcium diet (p = 0.024). Efficiency of calcium absorption was higher after a period of moderately low calcium intake (p < 0.05) but was unaffected by salt intake. Salt was responsible for a significant change in bone calcium balance, from positive to negative, when consumed as part of a high calcium diet, but with a low calcium intake, the bone calcium balance was negative on both high and low salt diets. |
Hill,; Bluck,; Davies, The hydration ability of three commercially available sports drinks and water (Article) J Sci Med Sport, 11, 2, Page(s): 116-123, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Beverages Body Fluids/*physiology Deuterium/*diagnostic use Exercise/physiology Exercise Test Female Fluid Therapy/*methods Humans Male Models, Biological Rehydration Solutions/*metabolism Rest/physiology Saliva/metabolism Water/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {The hydration ability of three commercially available sports drinks and water}, author = {Hill, R. J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Davies, P. S.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.117 Available online 1 June 2007. 1440-2440 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {J Sci Med Sport}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {116-123}, abstract = {This paper compares the hydration ability of three commercially-available sports drinks with water under conditions of rest and exercise, using a deuterium dilution technique. For the rest group, 0.05g/kg of body weight of deuterium, contained in gelatine capsules, was ingested with one of the test solutions and saliva samples were collected every five minutes for an hour while the subject remained seated. The deuterium was administered as above for the exercise group but sample collection was during one hour of exercise on a treadmill at 55% of the subject's maximum heart rate. The enrichment data for each subject were mathematically modelled to describe the kinetics of hydration and the parameters obtained were compared across drinks using a basic Anova. At rest, significant differences were found for t(1), t(1/2), and the percent of drink absorbed at t(1). The differences between drinks were not significant for t(2) or the maximum absorption rate. For the exercise group, the only significant difference was found between water and the sports drinks at t(1). Therefore, we conclude that labelling with a deuterium tracer is a good measure of the relative rate ingested fluids are absorbed by the body. Because of the lack of differences found at t(2), which is indicative of the 100% absorption time, both at rest and during exercise, it may be speculated that, compared to water, the sports drinks studied in this paper did not hydrate the body at a faster rate.}, note = {doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.117 Available online 1 June 2007. 1440-2440 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adult *Beverages Body Fluids/*physiology Deuterium/*diagnostic use Exercise/physiology Exercise Test Female Fluid Therapy/*methods Humans Male Models, Biological Rehydration Solutions/*metabolism Rest/physiology Saliva/metabolism Water/*metabolism} } This paper compares the hydration ability of three commercially-available sports drinks with water under conditions of rest and exercise, using a deuterium dilution technique. For the rest group, 0.05g/kg of body weight of deuterium, contained in gelatine capsules, was ingested with one of the test solutions and saliva samples were collected every five minutes for an hour while the subject remained seated. The deuterium was administered as above for the exercise group but sample collection was during one hour of exercise on a treadmill at 55% of the subject's maximum heart rate. The enrichment data for each subject were mathematically modelled to describe the kinetics of hydration and the parameters obtained were compared across drinks using a basic Anova. At rest, significant differences were found for t(1), t(1/2), and the percent of drink absorbed at t(1). The differences between drinks were not significant for t(2) or the maximum absorption rate. For the exercise group, the only significant difference was found between water and the sports drinks at t(1). Therefore, we conclude that labelling with a deuterium tracer is a good measure of the relative rate ingested fluids are absorbed by the body. Because of the lack of differences found at t(2), which is indicative of the 100% absorption time, both at rest and during exercise, it may be speculated that, compared to water, the sports drinks studied in this paper did not hydrate the body at a faster rate. |
Napolitano,; Miller,; Murgatroyd,; Coward,; Wright,; Finer,; De Bruin,; Bullmore,; Nunez, Validation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for measuring human body composition (Article) Obesity, 16, 1, Page(s): 191-198, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Adiposity *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Water Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods Male Reproducibility of Results) @article{Paper, name = {Validation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for measuring human body composition}, author = {Napolitano, A. and Miller, S. R. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A. and Finer, N. and De Bruin, T. W. and Bullmore, E. T. and Nunez, D. J.}, note = {1930-7381 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Validation Studies}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Obesity}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {191-198}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a novel quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) methodology (EchoMRI-AH, Echo Medical Systems) for measurement of whole-body fat and lean mass in humans. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We have studied (i) the in vitro accuracy and precision by measuring 18 kg Canola oil with and without 9 kg water (ii) the accuracy and precision of measures of simulated fat mass changes in human subjects (n = 10) and (iii) QMR fat and lean mass measurements compared to those obtained using the established 4-compartment (4-C) model method (n = 30). RESULTS :(i) QMR represented 18 kg of oil at 40 degrees C as 17.1 kg fat and 1 kg lean while at 30 degrees C 15.8 kg fat and 4.7 kg lean were reported. The s.d. of repeated estimates was 0.13 kg for fat and 0.23 kg for lean mass. Adding 9 kg of water reduced the fat estimates, increased misrepresentation of fat as lean, and degraded the precision. (ii) the simulated change in the fat mass of human volunteers was accurately represented, independently of added water. (iii) compared to the 4-C model, QMR underestimated fat and over-estimated lean mass. The extent of difference increased with body mass. The s.d. of repeated measurements increased with adiposity, from 0.25 kg (fat) and 0.51 kg (lean) with BMI <25 kg/m(2) to 0.43 kg and 0.81 kg respectively with BMI >30 kg/m(2). DISCUSSION: EchoMRI-AH prototype showed shortcomings in absolute accuracy and specificity of fat mass measures, but detected simulated body composition change accurately and with precision roughly three times better than current best measures. This methodology should reduce the study duration and cohort number needed to evaluate anti-obesity interventions.}, note = {1930-7381 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Validation Studies}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Adiposity *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Water Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods Male Reproducibility of Results} } OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a novel quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) methodology (EchoMRI-AH, Echo Medical Systems) for measurement of whole-body fat and lean mass in humans. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We have studied (i) the in vitro accuracy and precision by measuring 18 kg Canola oil with and without 9 kg water (ii) the accuracy and precision of measures of simulated fat mass changes in human subjects (n = 10) and (iii) QMR fat and lean mass measurements compared to those obtained using the established 4-compartment (4-C) model method (n = 30). RESULTS :(i) QMR represented 18 kg of oil at 40 degrees C as 17.1 kg fat and 1 kg lean while at 30 degrees C 15.8 kg fat and 4.7 kg lean were reported. The s.d. of repeated estimates was 0.13 kg for fat and 0.23 kg for lean mass. Adding 9 kg of water reduced the fat estimates, increased misrepresentation of fat as lean, and degraded the precision. (ii) the simulated change in the fat mass of human volunteers was accurately represented, independently of added water. (iii) compared to the 4-C model, QMR underestimated fat and over-estimated lean mass. The extent of difference increased with body mass. The s.d. of repeated measurements increased with adiposity, from 0.25 kg (fat) and 0.51 kg (lean) with BMI <25 kg/m(2) to 0.43 kg and 0.81 kg respectively with BMI >30 kg/m(2). DISCUSSION: EchoMRI-AH prototype showed shortcomings in absolute accuracy and specificity of fat mass measures, but detected simulated body composition change accurately and with precision roughly three times better than current best measures. This methodology should reduce the study duration and cohort number needed to evaluate anti-obesity interventions. |
Prentice,; Goldberg,; Schoenmakers, Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 2(S), Page(s): 500S-506S, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Aging/physiology *Biological Markers/blood Bone Density Conservation Agents/blood/physiology Child Child, Preschool Health Status Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Middle Aged Parathyroid Hormone/*blood Rickets/epidemiology/prevention & control Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood/*physiology Vitamin D Deficiency/*epidemiology/prevention & control) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers}, author = {Prentice, A. and Goldberg, G. R. and Schoenmakers, I.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {88}, number = {2(S)}, pages = {500S-506S}, abstract = {The field of vitamin D public health research has a pressing need to define sensitive and specific predictors of vitamin D status that can be used to determine whether an individual or population has a supply of vitamin D that is sufficient to meet requirements. The aim of this review is to highlight the considerations needed when evaluating evidence of the relations between vitamin D biomarkers and functional or health outcomes across the life cycle. It draws attention to the importance of distinguishing between biomarkers of supply, function, and outcome and of considering the many factors that could influence interpretation, such as life stage, ethnicity, body mass index, liver and kidney function, and dietary calcium and phosphorus intake. The vitamin D biomarkers that have shown the most utility to date are the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (supply), the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (function), and the presence or absence of rickets (outcome). However, a single biomarker of vitamin D status or threshold value is unlikely to be valid in all situations. The field therefore needs research to refine existing biomarkers or establish new indicators that take the many factors into account and to identify useful functional biomarkers of vitamin D status for infants, children, women of reproductive age, and specific ethnic groups. However, evidence using the biomarkers currently available shows that frank vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem in many parts of the world that requires urgent attention.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aging/physiology *Biological Markers/blood Bone Density Conservation Agents/blood/physiology Child Child, Preschool Health Status Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Middle Aged Parathyroid Hormone/*blood Rickets/epidemiology/prevention & control Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood/*physiology Vitamin D Deficiency/*epidemiology/prevention & control} } The field of vitamin D public health research has a pressing need to define sensitive and specific predictors of vitamin D status that can be used to determine whether an individual or population has a supply of vitamin D that is sufficient to meet requirements. The aim of this review is to highlight the considerations needed when evaluating evidence of the relations between vitamin D biomarkers and functional or health outcomes across the life cycle. It draws attention to the importance of distinguishing between biomarkers of supply, function, and outcome and of considering the many factors that could influence interpretation, such as life stage, ethnicity, body mass index, liver and kidney function, and dietary calcium and phosphorus intake. The vitamin D biomarkers that have shown the most utility to date are the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (supply), the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (function), and the presence or absence of rickets (outcome). However, a single biomarker of vitamin D status or threshold value is unlikely to be valid in all situations. The field therefore needs research to refine existing biomarkers or establish new indicators that take the many factors into account and to identify useful functional biomarkers of vitamin D status for infants, children, women of reproductive age, and specific ethnic groups. However, evidence using the biomarkers currently available shows that frank vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem in many parts of the world that requires urgent attention. |
Prentice, Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective (Article) Nutr Rev, 66, Suppl 2, Page(s): S153-S164, 2008. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage/*physiology Calcium) @article{Review, name = {Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective}, author = {Prentice, A.}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Rev}, volume = {66}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {S153-S164}, abstract = {The prevalence of clinical vitamin D deficiency (rickets and osteomalacia) is high in many parts of the world, and there is a resurgence of rickets among children of ethnic minority groups in Europe and Australasia. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25OHD) is a useful risk marker of clinical vitamin D deficiency. This review summarizes the factors that contribute to differences in 25OHD among populations and provides an overview of the prevalence of low vitamin D status worldwide. It discusses the controversies that surround the interpretation of 25OHD, other proposed indices of vitamin D adequacy and dietary reference values for vitamin D, and describes the emerging evidence that a very low calcium intake may contribute to the etiology of rickets in Africa and Asia. There is an urgent need for action to address the global burden of rickets and osteomalacia.}, keywords = {Bone Density Conservation Agents/administration & dosage/*physiology Calcium} } The prevalence of clinical vitamin D deficiency (rickets and osteomalacia) is high in many parts of the world, and there is a resurgence of rickets among children of ethnic minority groups in Europe and Australasia. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25OHD) is a useful risk marker of clinical vitamin D deficiency. This review summarizes the factors that contribute to differences in 25OHD among populations and provides an overview of the prevalence of low vitamin D status worldwide. It discusses the controversies that surround the interpretation of 25OHD, other proposed indices of vitamin D adequacy and dietary reference values for vitamin D, and describes the emerging evidence that a very low calcium intake may contribute to the etiology of rickets in Africa and Asia. There is an urgent need for action to address the global burden of rickets and osteomalacia. |
2007 |
Conway,; Powell,; Geissler, A food-group based algorithm to predict non-heme iron absorption (Article) Int J Food Sci Nutr, 58, 1, Page(s): 29-41, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Algorithms Biological Availability *Food Humans Intestinal Absorption/physiology Iron, Dietary/*metabolism Models, Biological *Models, Statistical Nonheme Iron Proteins/metabolism Nutritive Value) @article{Paper, name = {A food-group based algorithm to predict non-heme iron absorption}, author = {Conway, R. E. and Powell, J. J. and Geissler, C. A.}, note = {0963-7486 (Print) Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm to predict the percentage non-heme iron absorption based on the foods contained in a meal (wholemeal cereal, tea, cheese, etc.). Existing algorithms use food constituents (phytate, polyphenols, calcium, etc.), which can be difficult to obtain. DESIGN: A meta-analysis of published studies using erythrocyte incorporation of radio-isotopic iron to measure non-heme iron absorption. METHODS: A database was compiled and foods were categorized into food groups likely to modify non-heme iron absorption. Absorption data were then adjusted to a common iron status and a weighted multiple regression was performed. RESULTS: Data from 53 research papers (3,942 individual meals) were used to produce an algorithm to predict non-heme iron absorption (R(2) =0.22, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage non-heme iron absorption can be predicted from information on the types of foods contained in a meal with similar efficacy to that of food-constituent-based algorithms (R(2) = 0.16}, note = {0963-7486 (Print) Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {*Algorithms Biological Availability *Food Humans Intestinal Absorption/physiology Iron, Dietary/*metabolism Models, Biological *Models, Statistical Nonheme Iron Proteins/metabolism Nutritive Value} } {OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm to predict the percentage non-heme iron absorption based on the foods contained in a meal (wholemeal cereal, tea, cheese, etc.). Existing algorithms use food constituents (phytate, polyphenols, calcium, etc.), which can be difficult to obtain. DESIGN: A meta-analysis of published studies using erythrocyte incorporation of radio-isotopic iron to measure non-heme iron absorption. METHODS: A database was compiled and foods were categorized into food groups likely to modify non-heme iron absorption. Absorption data were then adjusted to a common iron status and a weighted multiple regression was performed. RESULTS: Data from 53 research papers (3,942 individual meals) were used to produce an algorithm to predict non-heme iron absorption (R(2) =0.22, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage non-heme iron absorption can be predicted from information on the types of foods contained in a meal with similar efficacy to that of food-constituent-based algorithms (R(2) = 0.16 |
Jackson,; Waterhouse,; Bluck, A single glucose derivative suitable for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 21, 18, Page(s): 3123-3128, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carbon Radioisotopes/analysis/*chemistry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Glucose/*analysis/*chemistry Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity) @article{Paper, name = {A single glucose derivative suitable for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry}, author = {Jackson, S. J. and Waterhouse, J. S. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {0951-4198 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {21}, number = {18}, pages = {3123-3128}, abstract = {The incorporation of stable isotopes improves the assessment of glucose metabolism and, with some researchers using two tracers, (2)H-glucose assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and (13)C-glucose by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), a common derivative for both is advantageous. The most commonly used derivatives for GC/MS are inappropriate for GC/C/IRMS as additional functional groups dilute the label. We therefore considered the suitability of six derivatives for both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. Glucose alkylboronates were prepared by adding the appropriate alkylboronic acid (butyl- or methylboronic acid) in pyridine to desiccated glucose. The derivatisation was completed by reacting this with either (a) acetic anhydride or trifluoroacetic anhydride (acetate derivatives) or (b) bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide BSTFA (TMS derivatives). All six derivatives were assessed using GC/MS and (13)C GC/C/IRMS.Neither TMS derivative exhibited any signal intensity in the molecular ion, although a M-15 ion showed good agreement between experimental and theoretical data and, whilst still low in intensity, could be suitable for isotope work. Similarly, none of the acetate derivatives showed any intensity at the molecular ion although three key fragmentation series were identified. The most attractive sequence, initiated by the loss of 1,2 cyclic boronate, resulted in the main fragment ion of interest, m/z 240, corresponding to the fluorinated methylboronate derivate. Minimal carbon and hydrogen atoms are added to this derivative making it an excellent choice for stable isotope work, while proving suitable for analysis by both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS.}, note = {0951-4198 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Carbon Radioisotopes/analysis/*chemistry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Glucose/*analysis/*chemistry Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity} } The incorporation of stable isotopes improves the assessment of glucose metabolism and, with some researchers using two tracers, (2)H-glucose assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and (13)C-glucose by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), a common derivative for both is advantageous. The most commonly used derivatives for GC/MS are inappropriate for GC/C/IRMS as additional functional groups dilute the label. We therefore considered the suitability of six derivatives for both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. Glucose alkylboronates were prepared by adding the appropriate alkylboronic acid (butyl- or methylboronic acid) in pyridine to desiccated glucose. The derivatisation was completed by reacting this with either (a) acetic anhydride or trifluoroacetic anhydride (acetate derivatives) or (b) bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide BSTFA (TMS derivatives). All six derivatives were assessed using GC/MS and (13)C GC/C/IRMS.Neither TMS derivative exhibited any signal intensity in the molecular ion, although a M-15 ion showed good agreement between experimental and theoretical data and, whilst still low in intensity, could be suitable for isotope work. Similarly, none of the acetate derivatives showed any intensity at the molecular ion although three key fragmentation series were identified. The most attractive sequence, initiated by the loss of 1,2 cyclic boronate, resulted in the main fragment ion of interest, m/z 240, corresponding to the fluorinated methylboronate derivate. Minimal carbon and hydrogen atoms are added to this derivative making it an excellent choice for stable isotope work, while proving suitable for analysis by both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. |
Nogueira,; da Costa,; Coward, Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and 2H2O measurements of body composition in Brazilian adolescents (Article) Int J Body Comp Res, 5, 1, Page(s): 9-15, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Deuterium oxide, total body water, maturation, body composition) @article{Paper, name = {Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and 2H2O measurements of body composition in Brazilian adolescents}, author = {Nogueira, J. A. D. and da Costa, T. H. M. and Coward, W. A.}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Int J Body Comp Res}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, abstract = {Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are practical techniques to predict body composition but they may lack accuracy in adolescents because of variation in hydration, mineral and protein content of fat-free mass. Predictive equations developed in specific populations may thus produce errors when applied to other populations. Objective: To determine the validity of different body composition measurement techniques and equations in Brazilian adolescents compared to the more reliable reference technique of 2H2O dilution. Design: Body weight, height, maturation status, skinfold thickness, BIA resistance and TBW were measured in 50 boys and 54 girls (aged 11–15 y) after an overnight fast. Predictive equations for anthropometry (Boileau) and BIA (Sun, Kushner, and Lukaski) were compared to 2H2O measurements. Results: Mean (SD) age, height and weight were 13.5 (1.0) and 13.6 (1.1) years, 162.7 (11.2) and 160.6 (8.9) cm, and 53.6 (12.4) and 50.5 (11.3) kg for boys and girls, respectively. Mean BMI was in the normal range for this population. Different techniques and equations produced significant variations in body composition values. Bias (limits of agreement) for TBW between 2H2O and Sun, Kushner, Lukaski, and Boileau equations were: 0.02 (3.11), -0.67 (3.13), 0.60 (4.09), and –1.41 (2.90) in boys and –1.52 (2.95), 0.90 (2.46), -0.46 (2.47), and 1.24 (2.85) in girls, respectively. Conclusions: Some of the prediction equations tested produced valid TBW results on a group but not on an individual basis. Moreover, their validity to predict fatness in a group or individual was poor.}, keywords = {Deuterium oxide, total body water, maturation, body composition} } Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are practical techniques to predict body composition but they may lack accuracy in adolescents because of variation in hydration, mineral and protein content of fat-free mass. Predictive equations developed in specific populations may thus produce errors when applied to other populations. Objective: To determine the validity of different body composition measurement techniques and equations in Brazilian adolescents compared to the more reliable reference technique of 2H2O dilution. Design: Body weight, height, maturation status, skinfold thickness, BIA resistance and TBW were measured in 50 boys and 54 girls (aged 11–15 y) after an overnight fast. Predictive equations for anthropometry (Boileau) and BIA (Sun, Kushner, and Lukaski) were compared to 2H2O measurements. Results: Mean (SD) age, height and weight were 13.5 (1.0) and 13.6 (1.1) years, 162.7 (11.2) and 160.6 (8.9) cm, and 53.6 (12.4) and 50.5 (11.3) kg for boys and girls, respectively. Mean BMI was in the normal range for this population. Different techniques and equations produced significant variations in body composition values. Bias (limits of agreement) for TBW between 2H2O and Sun, Kushner, Lukaski, and Boileau equations were: 0.02 (3.11), -0.67 (3.13), 0.60 (4.09), and –1.41 (2.90) in boys and –1.52 (2.95), 0.90 (2.46), -0.46 (2.47), and 1.24 (2.85) in girls, respectively. Conclusions: Some of the prediction equations tested produced valid TBW results on a group but not on an individual basis. Moreover, their validity to predict fatness in a group or individual was poor. |
Barnes,; Bonham,; Robson,; Strain,; Lowe-Strong,; Eaton-Evans,; Ginty,; Wallace, Assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in male and female multiple sclerosis patients and control volunteers (Article) Mult Scler, 13, 5, Page(s): 670-672, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Calcitriol/*blood Case-Control Studies Female Humans Immune System/metabolism Male Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis/immunology/*metabolism Parathyroid Hormone/blood *Sex Characteristics Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in male and female multiple sclerosis patients and control volunteers}, author = {Barnes, M. S. and Bonham, M. P. and Robson, P. J. and Strain, J. J. and Lowe-Strong, A. S. and Eaton-Evans, J. and Ginty, F. and Wallace, J. M.}, note = {1352-4585 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Mult Scler}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {670-672}, abstract = {{Populations with insufficient ultraviolet exposure and who consume diets low in vitamin D have low vitamin D status (plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations) and a reported higher incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS). The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is an effective anti-inflammatory molecule. No research to date has assessed 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in individuals with MS. In this study, plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in 29 individuals with MS and 22 age- and sex-matched control volunteers. There were no significant differences in plasma PTH, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations between individuals with MS and control volunteers. Women with MS had significantly higher 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations than men with MS (79.1+/-45.4 versus 50.2+/-15.3 nmol/L}, note = {1352-4585 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Calcitriol/*blood Case-Control Studies Female Humans Immune System/metabolism Male Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis/immunology/*metabolism Parathyroid Hormone/blood *Sex Characteristics Vitamin D/*analogs & derivatives/blood} } {Populations with insufficient ultraviolet exposure and who consume diets low in vitamin D have low vitamin D status (plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations) and a reported higher incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS). The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is an effective anti-inflammatory molecule. No research to date has assessed 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in individuals with MS. In this study, plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in 29 individuals with MS and 22 age- and sex-matched control volunteers. There were no significant differences in plasma PTH, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations between individuals with MS and control volunteers. Women with MS had significantly higher 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations than men with MS (79.1+/-45.4 versus 50.2+/-15.3 nmol/L |
Cummings,; Stephen, Carbohydrate terminology and classification (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 61, Suppl 1, Page(s): S5-S18, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carbohydrate Metabolism/*physiology *Chemistry, Physical Dietary Carbohydrates/*classification Glycomics Humans Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology Nutritional Requirements Nutritive Value Oligosaccharides/classification Physicochemical Phenomena Polysaccharides/classification *Public Health Terminology as Topic) @article{Review, name = {Carbohydrate terminology and classification}, author = {Cummings, J. H. and Stephen, A. M.}, note = {FAO/WHO Scientific Update on Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {61}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S5-S18}, abstract = {Dietary carbohydrates are a group of chemically defined substances with a range of physical and physiological properties and health benefits. As with other macronutrients, the primary classification of dietary carbohydrate is based on chemistry, that is character of individual monomers, degree of polymerization (DP) and type of linkage (alpha or beta), as agreed at the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Consultation in 1997. This divides carbohydrates into three main groups, sugars (DP 1-2), oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) (DP 3-9) and polysaccharides (DP> or =10). Within this classification, a number of terms are used such as mono- and disaccharides, polyols, oligosaccharides, starch, modified starch, non-starch polysaccharides, total carbohydrate, sugars, etc. While effects of carbohydrates are ultimately related to their primary chemistry, they are modified by their physical properties. These include water solubility, hydration, gel formation, crystalline state, association with other molecules such as protein, lipid and divalent cations and aggregation into complex structures in cell walls and other specialized plant tissues. A classification based on chemistry is essential for a system of measurement, predication of properties and estimation of intakes, but does not allow a simple translation into nutritional effects since each class of carbohydrate has overlapping physiological properties and effects on health. This dichotomy has led to the use of a number of terms to describe carbohydrate in foods, for example intrinsic and extrinsic sugars, prebiotic, resistant starch, dietary fibre, available and unavailable carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, glycaemic and whole grain. This paper reviews these terms and suggests that some are more useful than others. A clearer understanding of what is meant by any particular word used to describe carbohydrate is essential to progress in translating the growing knowledge of the physiological properties of carbohydrate into public health messages.}, note = {FAO/WHO Scientific Update on Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition}, keywords = {Carbohydrate Metabolism/*physiology *Chemistry, Physical Dietary Carbohydrates/*classification Glycomics Humans Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology Nutritional Requirements Nutritive Value Oligosaccharides/classification Physicochemical Phenomena Polysaccharides/classification *Public Health Terminology as Topic} } Dietary carbohydrates are a group of chemically defined substances with a range of physical and physiological properties and health benefits. As with other macronutrients, the primary classification of dietary carbohydrate is based on chemistry, that is character of individual monomers, degree of polymerization (DP) and type of linkage (alpha or beta), as agreed at the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Consultation in 1997. This divides carbohydrates into three main groups, sugars (DP 1-2), oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) (DP 3-9) and polysaccharides (DP> or =10). Within this classification, a number of terms are used such as mono- and disaccharides, polyols, oligosaccharides, starch, modified starch, non-starch polysaccharides, total carbohydrate, sugars, etc. While effects of carbohydrates are ultimately related to their primary chemistry, they are modified by their physical properties. These include water solubility, hydration, gel formation, crystalline state, association with other molecules such as protein, lipid and divalent cations and aggregation into complex structures in cell walls and other specialized plant tissues. A classification based on chemistry is essential for a system of measurement, predication of properties and estimation of intakes, but does not allow a simple translation into nutritional effects since each class of carbohydrate has overlapping physiological properties and effects on health. This dichotomy has led to the use of a number of terms to describe carbohydrate in foods, for example intrinsic and extrinsic sugars, prebiotic, resistant starch, dietary fibre, available and unavailable carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, glycaemic and whole grain. This paper reviews these terms and suggests that some are more useful than others. A clearer understanding of what is meant by any particular word used to describe carbohydrate is essential to progress in translating the growing knowledge of the physiological properties of carbohydrate into public health messages. |
Pavlovic,; Prentice,; Thorsdottir,; Wolfram,; Branca, Challenges in harmonizing energy and nutrient recommendations in Europe (Article) Ann Nutr Metab, 51, 2, Page(s): 108-114, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Child Child, Preschool Diet/*standards Energy Intake Europe Exercise/*physiology Humans Life Style *Nutrition Policy *Nutritional Requirements *Practice Guidelines as Topic) @article{Paper, name = {Challenges in harmonizing energy and nutrient recommendations in Europe}, author = {Pavlovic, M. and Prentice, A. and Thorsdottir, I. and Wolfram, G. and Branca, F.}, note = {Concensus Guidelines 1421-9697 (Electronic) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Ann Nutr Metab}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {108-114}, abstract = {At the present time, there is considerable diversity in the dietary reference values and recommendations used across Europe, both in terms of terminology and guideline values. Harmonization of dietary reference values would be beneficial in simplifying nutritional policy, trade, and public understanding of diet and health issues. However, this is not a simple task because of the differences in methodological approaches adopted and the assumptions made. In addition, there are genuine differences in diet, lifestyle and geography that may necessitate retaining variation in some dietary reference values between European nations. The complexities of harmonization were discussed at a recent symposium held under the auspices of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies (FENS). This provided overviews of the different terminologies currently in use, of the variations in reference values for children and adolescents, and of the disparities between different groups of countries in Europe. The symposium hosted by FENS provided a forum to exchange views and to consider the steps that will be needed if harmonization is to be realized in the future. A summary of the presentations and conclusions is presented here.}, note = {Concensus Guidelines 1421-9697 (Electronic) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Child Child, Preschool Diet/*standards Energy Intake Europe Exercise/*physiology Humans Life Style *Nutrition Policy *Nutritional Requirements *Practice Guidelines as Topic} } At the present time, there is considerable diversity in the dietary reference values and recommendations used across Europe, both in terms of terminology and guideline values. Harmonization of dietary reference values would be beneficial in simplifying nutritional policy, trade, and public understanding of diet and health issues. However, this is not a simple task because of the differences in methodological approaches adopted and the assumptions made. In addition, there are genuine differences in diet, lifestyle and geography that may necessitate retaining variation in some dietary reference values between European nations. The complexities of harmonization were discussed at a recent symposium held under the auspices of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies (FENS). This provided overviews of the different terminologies currently in use, of the variations in reference values for children and adolescents, and of the disparities between different groups of countries in Europe. The symposium hosted by FENS provided a forum to exchange views and to consider the steps that will be needed if harmonization is to be realized in the future. A summary of the presentations and conclusions is presented here. |
Thane,; Jones,; Stephen,; Seal,; Jebb, Comparative whole-grain intake of British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1 (Article) Br J Nutr, 97, 5, Page(s): 987-992, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Bread *Cereals Diet Surveys Eating Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Scotland/epidemiology Seasons Sex Distribution Smoking/epidemiology Social Class Socioeconomic Factors Wales/epidemiology) @article{Paper, name = {Comparative whole-grain intake of British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Jones, A. R. and Stephen, A. M. and Seal, C. J. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {987-992}, abstract = {Epidemiological evidence suggests that higher consumption of whole-grain foods can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. The present study compares whole-grain intake of 2086 adults aged 16-64 years from the 1986-7 Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults with that of 1692 adults aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. For each survey, whole-grain intake was estimated from consumption of all foods containing > or = 10% whole-grain content (as DM/fresh weight of food) from 7d weighed dietary records. In 1986-7, median whole-grain intake was 16 (interquartile range 0-45) g/d v. 14 (interquartile range 0-36) g/d in 2000-1 (P< 0.001). In 1986-7, 77% of adults had less than three 16 g amounts of whole-grain intake/d; 25 % reported no whole-grain intake. In 2000-1, corresponding percentages were 84 and 29%, respectively. Foods with <51% whole-grain content provided 18% of whole-grain intake in 1986-7 v. 27% in 2000-1 (P<0.001). In both surveys, whole-grain intake was significantly lower among adults with a manual v. non-manual occupation (indicative of lower socio-economic status) and among smokers v. non-smokers, independent of occupational social class. In 1986-7, whole-grain breakfast cereals and wholemeal bread contributed 28 and 48% of whole-grain intake, respectively, v. 45 and 31% in 2000-1. At each time, one-third of adults consumed neither of these two largest contributors to whole-grain intake. Findings from the present study suggest that whole-grain intake of British adults was low in 1986-7 and became even lower over the subsequent decade.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Bread *Cereals Diet Surveys Eating Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Scotland/epidemiology Seasons Sex Distribution Smoking/epidemiology Social Class Socioeconomic Factors Wales/epidemiology} } Epidemiological evidence suggests that higher consumption of whole-grain foods can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. The present study compares whole-grain intake of 2086 adults aged 16-64 years from the 1986-7 Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults with that of 1692 adults aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. For each survey, whole-grain intake was estimated from consumption of all foods containing > or = 10% whole-grain content (as DM/fresh weight of food) from 7d weighed dietary records. In 1986-7, median whole-grain intake was 16 (interquartile range 0-45) g/d v. 14 (interquartile range 0-36) g/d in 2000-1 (P< 0.001). In 1986-7, 77% of adults had less than three 16 g amounts of whole-grain intake/d; 25 % reported no whole-grain intake. In 2000-1, corresponding percentages were 84 and 29%, respectively. Foods with <51% whole-grain content provided 18% of whole-grain intake in 1986-7 v. 27% in 2000-1 (P<0.001). In both surveys, whole-grain intake was significantly lower among adults with a manual v. non-manual occupation (indicative of lower socio-economic status) and among smokers v. non-smokers, independent of occupational social class. In 1986-7, whole-grain breakfast cereals and wholemeal bread contributed 28 and 48% of whole-grain intake, respectively, v. 45 and 31% in 2000-1. At each time, one-third of adults consumed neither of these two largest contributors to whole-grain intake. Findings from the present study suggest that whole-grain intake of British adults was low in 1986-7 and became even lower over the subsequent decade. |
Volmer,; Sleno,; Bateman,; Sturino,; Oballa,; Mauriala,; Corr, Comparison of MALDI to ESI on a triple quadrupole platform for pharmacokinetic analyses (Article) Anal Chem, 79, 23, Page(s): 9000-9006, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animals *Pharmacokinetics Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Spectrometry, Electrospray Ionization/*methods Spectrometry, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/*methods, Mass) @article{Paper, name = {Comparison of MALDI to ESI on a triple quadrupole platform for pharmacokinetic analyses}, author = {Volmer, D. A. and Sleno, L. and Bateman, K. and Sturino, C. and Oballa, R. and Mauriala, T. and Corr, J.}, note = {0003-2700 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Anal Chem}, volume = {79}, number = {23}, pages = {9000-9006}, abstract = {This present work describes the systematic experimental comparison of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of two drug candidates from rat plasma using single reaction monitoring (SRM) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The electrospray assay is an established method using a fast liquid chromatography (LC) separation of the sample extracts prior to mass spectrometry analysis. The novel MALDI assays measured the concentration levels of the drug candidates directly from the spotted sample extracts. Importantly, for both LC-ESI and MALDI the same solid-phase sample extraction protocol, internal standards, triple quadrupole mass analyzer platform, and SRM conditions were used, thus effectively standardizing all experimental parameters of the two assays. Initially, analytical figures of merit such as linearity, limit of quantitation, precision, and accuracy were determined from the calibration curves, indicating very similar performance for both LC-ESI and MALDI. Moreover, the LC-ESI rat plasma concentration time profiles of the drug candidates after orally dosing the animals were accurately reproduced by the MALDI assay, giving virtually identical PK results. The direct MALDI assay, however, was able to generate the data at least 50 x faster than the LC-ESI assay. It is shown in this study that analyzing the entire PK curve for one animal took less than 2 min using MALDI (with five replicate analyses per sample), whereas the corresponding LC-ESI assay required 80 min, however, allowing only two replicate measurements in that time frame.}, note = {0003-2700 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Animals *Pharmacokinetics Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Spectrometry, Electrospray Ionization/*methods Spectrometry, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/*methods, Mass} } This present work describes the systematic experimental comparison of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of two drug candidates from rat plasma using single reaction monitoring (SRM) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The electrospray assay is an established method using a fast liquid chromatography (LC) separation of the sample extracts prior to mass spectrometry analysis. The novel MALDI assays measured the concentration levels of the drug candidates directly from the spotted sample extracts. Importantly, for both LC-ESI and MALDI the same solid-phase sample extraction protocol, internal standards, triple quadrupole mass analyzer platform, and SRM conditions were used, thus effectively standardizing all experimental parameters of the two assays. Initially, analytical figures of merit such as linearity, limit of quantitation, precision, and accuracy were determined from the calibration curves, indicating very similar performance for both LC-ESI and MALDI. Moreover, the LC-ESI rat plasma concentration time profiles of the drug candidates after orally dosing the animals were accurately reproduced by the MALDI assay, giving virtually identical PK results. The direct MALDI assay, however, was able to generate the data at least 50 x faster than the LC-ESI assay. It is shown in this study that analyzing the entire PK curve for one animal took less than 2 min using MALDI (with five replicate analyses per sample), whereas the corresponding LC-ESI assay required 80 min, however, allowing only two replicate measurements in that time frame. |
Fahey,; Thane,; Bramwell,; Coward, Conditional Gaussian mixture modelling for dietary pattern analysis (Article) J R Statist Soc A, 170, 1, Page(s): 149-166, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cluster analysis • Dietary patterns • Finite mixture model • Latent variable • Multivariate methods • Nutritional epidemiology) @article{Paper, name = {Conditional Gaussian mixture modelling for dietary pattern analysis}, author = {Fahey, M. T. and Thane, C. W. and Bramwell, G. D. and Coward, W. A.}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J R Statist Soc A}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {149-166}, abstract = {Summary. Free-living individuals have multifaceted diets and consume foods in numerous combinations. In epidemiological studies it is desirable to characterize individual diets not only in terms of the quantity of individual dietary components but also in terms of dietary patterns. We describe the conditional Gaussian mixture model for dietary pattern analysis and show how it can be adapted to take account of important characteristics of self-reported dietary data. We illustrate this approach with an analysis of the 2000–2001 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of adults. The results strongly favoured a mixture model solution allowing clusters to vary in shape and size, over the standard approach that has been used previously to find dietary patterns.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis • Dietary patterns • Finite mixture model • Latent variable • Multivariate methods • Nutritional epidemiology} } Summary. Free-living individuals have multifaceted diets and consume foods in numerous combinations. In epidemiological studies it is desirable to characterize individual diets not only in terms of the quantity of individual dietary components but also in terms of dietary patterns. We describe the conditional Gaussian mixture model for dietary pattern analysis and show how it can be adapted to take account of important characteristics of self-reported dietary data. We illustrate this approach with an analysis of the 2000–2001 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of adults. The results strongly favoured a mixture model solution allowing clusters to vary in shape and size, over the standard approach that has been used previously to find dietary patterns. |
Bates,; Prentice,; Birch,; Delves, Dependence of blood indices of selenium and mercury on estimated fish intake in a national survey of British adults (Article) Public Health Nutr, 10, 5, Page(s): 508-517, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aging/metabolism Animals Antioxidants/analysis/*metabolism Biological Markers/blood Environmental Pollutants/blood Erythrocytes/chemistry Female *Fishes Food Contamination/analysis Great Britain Humans Male Mercury/analysis/*blood Middle Aged Nutrition Surveys *Seafood Selenium/analysis/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Dependence of blood indices of selenium and mercury on estimated fish intake in a national survey of British adults}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Birch, M. C. and Delves, H. T.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {508-517}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: Contributions of fish and other foods to variance of selenium and mercury status were studied in British adults. SETTING AND DESIGN: Plasma and red-cell selenium and whole-blood mercury concentrations were measured during the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults aged 19-64 years in mainland Britain, 2000-2001 (n = 1216). Food intake was weighed for seven consecutive days, and foods were combined in groups for data analysis. Four subsidiary groups characterised fish intakes: fried white fish, 'other' white fish, shellfish and oily fish. RESULTS: Geometric means and 5-95% ranges were: for whole-blood mercury, 5.61 (1.30-22.2) nmol l(-1); for plasma selenium, 1.09 (0.83-1.43) micromol l(-1); for red-cell selenium, 1.64 (1.14-2.40) micromol l(-1). Twenty-eight per cent had no fish intake recorded during 7 days; the remaining 72% had a median intake of 237 g over the 7-day period, 5-95% range 45-780 g. Total fish intake was strongly and directly correlated with blood mercury, and moderately with red-cell and plasma selenium. Thus, sqrt(total fish intake) was correlated with: loge(blood Hg)}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aging/metabolism Animals Antioxidants/analysis/*metabolism Biological Markers/blood Environmental Pollutants/blood Erythrocytes/chemistry Female *Fishes Food Contamination/analysis Great Britain Humans Male Mercury/analysis/*blood Middle Aged Nutrition Surveys *Seafood Selenium/analysis/*blood} } {OBJECTIVE: Contributions of fish and other foods to variance of selenium and mercury status were studied in British adults. SETTING AND DESIGN: Plasma and red-cell selenium and whole-blood mercury concentrations were measured during the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults aged 19-64 years in mainland Britain, 2000-2001 (n = 1216). Food intake was weighed for seven consecutive days, and foods were combined in groups for data analysis. Four subsidiary groups characterised fish intakes: fried white fish, 'other' white fish, shellfish and oily fish. RESULTS: Geometric means and 5-95% ranges were: for whole-blood mercury, 5.61 (1.30-22.2) nmol l(-1); for plasma selenium, 1.09 (0.83-1.43) micromol l(-1); for red-cell selenium, 1.64 (1.14-2.40) micromol l(-1). Twenty-eight per cent had no fish intake recorded during 7 days; the remaining 72% had a median intake of 237 g over the 7-day period, 5-95% range 45-780 g. Total fish intake was strongly and directly correlated with blood mercury, and moderately with red-cell and plasma selenium. Thus, sqrt(total fish intake) was correlated with: loge(blood Hg) |
Powell,; Thoree,; Pele, Dietary microparticles and their impact on tolerance and immune responsiveness of the gastrointestinal tract (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, Suppl 1, Page(s): S59-S63, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Calcium Phosphates/metabolism Crohn Disease/diet therapy *Diet Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology Humans Immune Tolerance/*physiology *Microspheres) @article{Conferencepaper, name = {Dietary microparticles and their impact on tolerance and immune responsiveness of the gastrointestinal tract}, author = {Powell, J. J. and Thoree, V. and Pele, L. C.}, note = {Proceedings of the First International Immunonutrition Workshop held in Valencia, Spain, 3-5 October, 2007. 0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Review}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {98}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S59-S63}, abstract = {Dietary microparticles are non-biological bacterial-sized particles of the gastrointestinal lumen that occur due to endogenous formation (calcium phosphate) or following oral exposure (exogenous microparticle). In the UK, about 40 mg (10(12)) of exogenous microparticles are ingested per person per day, through exposure to food additives, pharmaceutical/supplement excipients or toothpaste constituents. Once ingested, exogenous microparticles are unlikely to pass through the gastrointestinal tract without adsorbing to their surfaces some ions and molecules of the intestinal lumen. Both entropy and ionic attraction drive such interactions. Calcium ions are especially well adsorbed by dietary microparticles which then provide a positively charged surface for the attraction (adsorption) of other organic molecules such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans or protein antigen from the diet or commensal flora. The major (but not only) sites of microparticle entry into intestinal tissue are the M-cell rich lymphoid aggregates (termed Peyer's patches in the small bowel). Indeed, it is well established that this is an efficient transport route for non-biological microparticles although it is unclear why. We hypothesise that this pathway exists for "endogenous microparticles" of calcium phosphate, with immunological and physiological benefit, and that "exogenous dietary microparticles", such as titanium dioxide and the silicates, hijack this route. This overview focuses on what is known of these microparticles and outlines their potential role in immune tolerance of the gut (endogenous microparticles) or immune activation (exogenous microparticles) and inflammation of the gut.}, note = {Proceedings of the First International Immunonutrition Workshop held in Valencia, Spain, 3-5 October, 2007. 0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Calcium Phosphates/metabolism Crohn Disease/diet therapy *Diet Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology Humans Immune Tolerance/*physiology *Microspheres} } Dietary microparticles are non-biological bacterial-sized particles of the gastrointestinal lumen that occur due to endogenous formation (calcium phosphate) or following oral exposure (exogenous microparticle). In the UK, about 40 mg (10(12)) of exogenous microparticles are ingested per person per day, through exposure to food additives, pharmaceutical/supplement excipients or toothpaste constituents. Once ingested, exogenous microparticles are unlikely to pass through the gastrointestinal tract without adsorbing to their surfaces some ions and molecules of the intestinal lumen. Both entropy and ionic attraction drive such interactions. Calcium ions are especially well adsorbed by dietary microparticles which then provide a positively charged surface for the attraction (adsorption) of other organic molecules such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans or protein antigen from the diet or commensal flora. The major (but not only) sites of microparticle entry into intestinal tissue are the M-cell rich lymphoid aggregates (termed Peyer's patches in the small bowel). Indeed, it is well established that this is an efficient transport route for non-biological microparticles although it is unclear why. We hypothesise that this pathway exists for "endogenous microparticles" of calcium phosphate, with immunological and physiological benefit, and that "exogenous dietary microparticles", such as titanium dioxide and the silicates, hijack this route. This overview focuses on what is known of these microparticles and outlines their potential role in immune tolerance of the gut (endogenous microparticles) or immune activation (exogenous microparticles) and inflammation of the gut. |
Butler,; Boyle,; Powell,; Playford,; Ghosh, Dietary microparticles implicated in Crohn's disease can impair macrophage phagocytic activity and act as adjuvants in the presence of bacterial stimuli (Article) Inflamm Res, 56, 9, Page(s): 353-361, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Crohn Disease/etiology/*immunology Cytokines/biosynthesis *Diet Food Additives Humans Lipopolysaccharides/*toxicity Macrophages/*immunology Particle Size *Phagocytosis) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary microparticles implicated in Crohn's disease can impair macrophage phagocytic activity and act as adjuvants in the presence of bacterial stimuli}, author = {Butler, M. and Boyle, J. J. and Powell, J. J. and Playford, R. J. and Ghosh, S.}, note = {1023-3830 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Inflamm Res}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, pages = {353-361}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Western diets regularly expose the gastrointestinal tract (GI) to large quantities ( > 10(12)/day) of man-made, submicron-sized, particles derived from food additives and excipients. These are taken up by M cells, accumulate in gut macrophages, and may influence the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). MATERIALS: We investigated the effects of common dietary microparticles on the function of macrophages from healthy donors or active Crohn's disease (CD) patients. METHODS: Macrophages were incubated for 24 h with microparticles before being assayed for cytokine production and phagocytic activity. RESULTS: Microparticles alone were non-stimulatory but, in the presence of bacterial antigens such as LPS, they could act as adjuvants to induce potent cytokine responses. Uptake of high concentrations of microparticles also impaired macrophage phagocytic capacity - but not their ability - to take up 2microM fluorescent beads. CONCLUSIONS: While dietary microparticles alone have limited effects on basic macrophage functions, their ability to act as adjuvants could aggravate ongoing inflammatory responses towards bacterial antigens in the GI tract.}, note = {1023-3830 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Crohn Disease/etiology/*immunology Cytokines/biosynthesis *Diet Food Additives Humans Lipopolysaccharides/*toxicity Macrophages/*immunology Particle Size *Phagocytosis} } OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Western diets regularly expose the gastrointestinal tract (GI) to large quantities ( > 10(12)/day) of man-made, submicron-sized, particles derived from food additives and excipients. These are taken up by M cells, accumulate in gut macrophages, and may influence the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). MATERIALS: We investigated the effects of common dietary microparticles on the function of macrophages from healthy donors or active Crohn's disease (CD) patients. METHODS: Macrophages were incubated for 24 h with microparticles before being assayed for cytokine production and phagocytic activity. RESULTS: Microparticles alone were non-stimulatory but, in the presence of bacterial antigens such as LPS, they could act as adjuvants to induce potent cytokine responses. Uptake of high concentrations of microparticles also impaired macrophage phagocytic capacity - but not their ability - to take up 2microM fluorescent beads. CONCLUSIONS: While dietary microparticles alone have limited effects on basic macrophage functions, their ability to act as adjuvants could aggravate ongoing inflammatory responses towards bacterial antigens in the GI tract. |
McNaughton,; Mishra,; Stephen,; Wadsworth, Dietary patterns throughout adult life are associated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and red cell folate (Article) J Nutr, 137, 1, Page(s): 99-105, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Animals Blood Pressure *Body Mass Index *Body Size Chronic Disease Dairy Products *Diet *Energy Intake Erythrocytes/*metabolism Folic Acid/*blood Fruit Great Britain Humans Life Style Meat Middle Aged Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Vegetables) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary patterns throughout adult life are associated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and red cell folate}, author = {McNaughton, S. A. and Mishra, G. D. and Stephen, A. M. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {99-105}, abstract = {Dietary patterns are important in the prevention of chronic disease; however, there are few studies that include repeat measures of dietary patterns. The objective of this study was to assess the relations between dietary patterns during adult life (at ages 36, 43, and 53 y) and risk factors for chronic disease at age 53 y. Participants of a longitudinal study of health completed a 5-d food diary at 3 occasions during adult life (n = 1265). Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and a pattern score was calculated from the consumption of the food items in each dietary pattern. Means and 95% CI for dietary pattern scores were calculated for each risk factor category using random effects models adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related behaviors. In women, the fruit, vegetables, and dairy pattern was inversely associated with BMI (P < 0.004), waist circumference (P = 0.0007), blood pressure (P = 0.02), and was positively associated with red cell folate (P < 0.03). The ethnic foods and alcohol pattern was also inversely associated with blood pressure (P = 0.008), whereas the meat, potatoes and sweet foods pattern was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.01). In men, a mixed pattern was inversely associated with waist circumference (P = 0.02) and blood pressure (P = 0.01), whereas there were no significant associations with the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern. Specific dietary patterns throughout adult life were associated with chronic disease risk factors.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Animals Blood Pressure *Body Mass Index *Body Size Chronic Disease Dairy Products *Diet *Energy Intake Erythrocytes/*metabolism Folic Acid/*blood Fruit Great Britain Humans Life Style Meat Middle Aged Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Vegetables} } Dietary patterns are important in the prevention of chronic disease; however, there are few studies that include repeat measures of dietary patterns. The objective of this study was to assess the relations between dietary patterns during adult life (at ages 36, 43, and 53 y) and risk factors for chronic disease at age 53 y. Participants of a longitudinal study of health completed a 5-d food diary at 3 occasions during adult life (n = 1265). Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and a pattern score was calculated from the consumption of the food items in each dietary pattern. Means and 95% CI for dietary pattern scores were calculated for each risk factor category using random effects models adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related behaviors. In women, the fruit, vegetables, and dairy pattern was inversely associated with BMI (P < 0.004), waist circumference (P = 0.0007), blood pressure (P = 0.02), and was positively associated with red cell folate (P < 0.03). The ethnic foods and alcohol pattern was also inversely associated with blood pressure (P = 0.008), whereas the meat, potatoes and sweet foods pattern was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.01). In men, a mixed pattern was inversely associated with waist circumference (P = 0.02) and blood pressure (P = 0.01), whereas there were no significant associations with the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern. Specific dietary patterns throughout adult life were associated with chronic disease risk factors. |
Vagstrand,; Barkeling,; Forslund,; Elfhag,; Linne,; Rossner,; Lindroos, Eating habits in relation to body fatness and gender in adolescents - results from the 'SWEDES' study (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 61, 4, Page(s): 517-525, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Physiology Body Composition/*physiology Choice Behavior Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Energy Intake/physiology Female *Food Habits Humans Male Obesity/*epidemiology Questionnaires Sex Factors Sweden/epidemiology) @article{Paper, name = {Eating habits in relation to body fatness and gender in adolescents - results from the 'SWEDES' study}, author = {Vagstrand, K. and Barkeling, B. and Forslund, H. B. and Elfhag, K. and Linne, Y. and Rossner, S. and Lindroos, A. K.}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {517-525}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: To investigate if eating habits among adolescents are related to body fatness and gender. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Obesity Unit, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden, 2001-2002. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy-five girls and 199 boys, aged 16-17 years. METHOD: Questionnaires were used for dietary intake and meal frequency, BodPod for measuring body fatness (BF%). In all, 169 girls and 128 boys were classified as adequate reporters (AR) of energy intake, and were used in the dietary analyses. The whole sample was used in the meal frequency analyses. RESULTS: The correlation between reported energy intake and weight in the AR group was 0.23 (P<0.01) for girls and 0.36 for boys (P<0.001). The correlations were inverse or not significant in the whole sample. The following variables correlated significantly with a high BF% (r (s)=+/-0.2): a low intake of milk in both girls and boys, a high intake of fibre and alcohol and a low intake of sugar in girls and a low intake of breakfast cereals in boys. Those with regular breakfast habits had healthier food choices than others, but this was not related to BF%. Boys had more meals per day (4.9 vs 4.6}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Physiology Body Composition/*physiology Choice Behavior Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Energy Intake/physiology Female *Food Habits Humans Male Obesity/*epidemiology Questionnaires Sex Factors Sweden/epidemiology} } {OBJECTIVE: To investigate if eating habits among adolescents are related to body fatness and gender. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Obesity Unit, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden, 2001-2002. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy-five girls and 199 boys, aged 16-17 years. METHOD: Questionnaires were used for dietary intake and meal frequency, BodPod for measuring body fatness (BF%). In all, 169 girls and 128 boys were classified as adequate reporters (AR) of energy intake, and were used in the dietary analyses. The whole sample was used in the meal frequency analyses. RESULTS: The correlation between reported energy intake and weight in the AR group was 0.23 (P<0.01) for girls and 0.36 for boys (P<0.001). The correlations were inverse or not significant in the whole sample. The following variables correlated significantly with a high BF% (r (s)=+/-0.2): a low intake of milk in both girls and boys, a high intake of fibre and alcohol and a low intake of sugar in girls and a low intake of breakfast cereals in boys. Those with regular breakfast habits had healthier food choices than others, but this was not related to BF%. Boys had more meals per day (4.9 vs 4.6 |
Darboe,; Thurnham,; Morgan,; Adegbola,; Secka,; Solon,; Jackson,; Northrop-Clewes,; Fulford,; Doherty,; Prentice, Effectiveness of an early supplementation scheme of high-dose vitamin A versus standard WHO protocol in Gambian mothers and infants: a randomised controlled trial (Article) Lancet, 369, 9579, Page(s): 2088-2096, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Milk, Human/chemistry Vitamin A/administration & dosage/blood/*therapeutic use Vitamin A Deficiency/blood/*drug therapy) @article{Paper, name = {Effectiveness of an early supplementation scheme of high-dose vitamin A versus standard WHO protocol in Gambian mothers and infants: a randomised controlled trial}, author = {Darboe, M. K. and Thurnham, D. I. and Morgan, G. and Adegbola, R. A. and Secka, O. and Solon, J. A. and Jackson, S. J. and Northrop-Clewes, C. A. and Fulford, T. J. and Doherty, C. P. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {1474-547X (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {369}, number = {9579}, pages = {2088-2096}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Most developing countries have adopted a standard WHO dosing schedule for vitamin A supplementation. However, in 2002 the International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) Annecy Accord recommended a new high-dose regimen for mothers and infants. Our aim was to test whether the new high-dose regimen of vitamin A supplementation would increase maternal and infant plasma vitamin A, reduce infant Helicobacter pylori infection and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage, and improve infant gut epithelial integrity. METHODS: In an area of moderate vitamin A deficiency in rural Gambia, 220 mother-infant pairs were enrolled in a randomised double-blind trial between September, 2001, and October, 2004, that compared the IVACG high dose with the WHO dose. The primary endpoints were levels of maternal and infant plasma vitamin A, H pylori infection, pneumococcal carriage, and gut epithelial integrity. The trial is registered as ISRCTN 98554309. FINDINGS: 197 infants completed follow-up to 12 months (99 high dose and 98 WHO dose). There were no adverse events at dosing. No differences were found in the primary outcomes for high-dose versus WHO schedule: maternal vitamin A concentration at 2 months +0.02 micromol/L (95% CI -0.10 to 0.15); infant vitamin A at 5 months +0.01 micromol/L (-0.06 to 0.08); H pylori infection at 12 months -0.3% (-14.7 to 14.2); maternal pneumococcal carriage at 12 months -2.0% (-13.7 to 9.7); infant pneumococcal carriage at 12 months -4.1% (-15.8 to 7.6); infant gut mucosal damage at 12 months 5.2% (-8.7 to 19.2). There were more clinic attendances by the high-dose group in the first 6 months of life (p=0.018). INTERPRETATION: Our results do not lend support to the proposal to increase the existing WHO standard dosing schedule for vitamin A in areas of moderate vitamin A deficiency. Caution is urged for future studies because trials have shown possible adverse effects of higher doses of vitamin A, and potential negative interactions with the expanded programme on immunisation (EPI) vaccines.}, note = {1474-547X (Electronic) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Milk, Human/chemistry Vitamin A/administration & dosage/blood/*therapeutic use Vitamin A Deficiency/blood/*drug therapy} } BACKGROUND: Most developing countries have adopted a standard WHO dosing schedule for vitamin A supplementation. However, in 2002 the International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) Annecy Accord recommended a new high-dose regimen for mothers and infants. Our aim was to test whether the new high-dose regimen of vitamin A supplementation would increase maternal and infant plasma vitamin A, reduce infant Helicobacter pylori infection and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage, and improve infant gut epithelial integrity. METHODS: In an area of moderate vitamin A deficiency in rural Gambia, 220 mother-infant pairs were enrolled in a randomised double-blind trial between September, 2001, and October, 2004, that compared the IVACG high dose with the WHO dose. The primary endpoints were levels of maternal and infant plasma vitamin A, H pylori infection, pneumococcal carriage, and gut epithelial integrity. The trial is registered as ISRCTN 98554309. FINDINGS: 197 infants completed follow-up to 12 months (99 high dose and 98 WHO dose). There were no adverse events at dosing. No differences were found in the primary outcomes for high-dose versus WHO schedule: maternal vitamin A concentration at 2 months +0.02 micromol/L (95% CI -0.10 to 0.15); infant vitamin A at 5 months +0.01 micromol/L (-0.06 to 0.08); H pylori infection at 12 months -0.3% (-14.7 to 14.2); maternal pneumococcal carriage at 12 months -2.0% (-13.7 to 9.7); infant pneumococcal carriage at 12 months -4.1% (-15.8 to 7.6); infant gut mucosal damage at 12 months 5.2% (-8.7 to 19.2). There were more clinic attendances by the high-dose group in the first 6 months of life (p=0.018). INTERPRETATION: Our results do not lend support to the proposal to increase the existing WHO standard dosing schedule for vitamin A in areas of moderate vitamin A deficiency. Caution is urged for future studies because trials have shown possible adverse effects of higher doses of vitamin A, and potential negative interactions with the expanded programme on immunisation (EPI) vaccines. |
Sjostrom,; Narbro,; Sjostrom,; Karason,; Larsson,; Wedel,; Lystig,; Sullivan,; Bouchard,; Carlsson,; Bengtsson,; Dahlgren,; Gummesson,; Jacobson,; Karlsson,; Lindroos,; Lonroth,; Naslund,; Olbers,; Stenlof,; Torgerson,; Agren,; Carlsson, Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects (Article) N Engl J Med, 357, 8, Page(s): 741-752, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bariatric Surgery Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/*mortality Case-Control Studies Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Obesity/*mortality/*surgery Risk Factors Sweden/epidemiology *Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects}, author = {Sjostrom, L. and Narbro, K. and Sjostrom, C. D. and Karason, K. and Larsson, B. and Wedel, H. and Lystig, T. and Sullivan, M. and Bouchard, C. and Carlsson, B. and Bengtsson, C. and Dahlgren, S. and Gummesson, A. and Jacobson, P. and Karlsson, J. and Lindroos, A.K. and Lonroth, H. and Naslund, I. and Olbers, T. and Stenlof, K. and Torgerson, J. and Agren, G. and Carlsson, L. M.}, note = {Swedish Obese Subjects Study. 1533-4406 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {357}, number = {8}, pages = {741-752}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased mortality. Weight loss improves cardiovascular risk factors, but no prospective interventional studies have reported whether weight loss decreases overall mortality. In fact, many observational studies suggest that weight reduction is associated with increased mortality. METHODS: The prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study involved 4047 obese subjects. Of these subjects, 2010 underwent bariatric surgery (surgery group) and 2037 received conventional treatment (matched control group). We report on overall mortality during an average of 10.9 years of follow-up. At the time of the analysis (November 1, 2005), vital status was known for all but three subjects (follow-up rate, 99.9%). RESULTS: The average weight change in control subjects was less than +/-2% during the period of up to 15 years during which weights were recorded. Maximum weight losses in the surgical subgroups were observed after 1 to 2 years: gastric bypass, 32%; vertical-banded gastroplasty, 25%; and banding, 20%. After 10 years, the weight losses from baseline were stabilized at 25%, 16%, and 14%, respectively. There were 129 deaths in the control group and 101 deaths in the surgery group. The unadjusted overall hazard ratio was 0.76 in the surgery group (P=0.04), as compared with the control group, and the hazard ratio adjusted for sex, age, and risk factors was 0.71 (P=0.01). The most common causes of death were myocardial infarction (control group, 25 subjects; surgery group, 13 subjects) and cancer (control group, 47; surgery group, 29). CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality.}, note = {Swedish Obese Subjects Study. 1533-4406 (Electronic) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {*Bariatric Surgery Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/*mortality Case-Control Studies Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Obesity/*mortality/*surgery Risk Factors Sweden/epidemiology *Weight Loss} } BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased mortality. Weight loss improves cardiovascular risk factors, but no prospective interventional studies have reported whether weight loss decreases overall mortality. In fact, many observational studies suggest that weight reduction is associated with increased mortality. METHODS: The prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study involved 4047 obese subjects. Of these subjects, 2010 underwent bariatric surgery (surgery group) and 2037 received conventional treatment (matched control group). We report on overall mortality during an average of 10.9 years of follow-up. At the time of the analysis (November 1, 2005), vital status was known for all but three subjects (follow-up rate, 99.9%). RESULTS: The average weight change in control subjects was less than +/-2% during the period of up to 15 years during which weights were recorded. Maximum weight losses in the surgical subgroups were observed after 1 to 2 years: gastric bypass, 32%; vertical-banded gastroplasty, 25%; and banding, 20%. After 10 years, the weight losses from baseline were stabilized at 25%, 16%, and 14%, respectively. There were 129 deaths in the control group and 101 deaths in the surgery group. The unadjusted overall hazard ratio was 0.76 in the surgery group (P=0.04), as compared with the control group, and the hazard ratio adjusted for sex, age, and risk factors was 0.71 (P=0.01). The most common causes of death were myocardial infarction (control group, 25 subjects; surgery group, 13 subjects) and cancer (control group, 47; surgery group, 29). CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality. |
McDermid,; Jaye,; Schim van der Loeff,; Todd,; Bates,; Austin,; Jeffries,; Awasana,; Whittle,; Prentice, Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection (Article) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 46, 4, Page(s): 498-507, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Cohort Studies Demography Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data Female Gambia/epidemiology HIV Infections/*blood/mortality Humans Iron/*blood Male Questionnaires Survival Analysis) @article{Paper, name = {Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection}, author = {McDermid, J. M. and Jaye, A. and Schim van der Loeff, M. F. and Todd, J. and Bates, C. J. and Austin, S. and Jeffries, D. and Awasana, A. A. and Whittle, H. C. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {1525-4135 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {498-507}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively assess iron status and determine whether elevated iron status, like anemia, predicts mortality. METHODS: We followed 1362 Gambian adults (53% female) in an HIV-seroprevalent clinic-based cohort over 11.5 years to ascertain all-cause mortality. Baseline iron status (iron, soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR], transferrin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, log [transferrin receptor: ferritin]), age, gender, ethnicity, hemoglobin, body mass index, HIV type, absolute CD4 count, malaria status, and [alpha]-(1)-antichymotrypsin were measured. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 25.9/100 person-years. Elevated iron universally predicted greater mortality compared to normal iron status for all iron status indices, with the exception of sTfR in unadjusted models. In fully adjusted models, transferrin (elevated vs. normal, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 to 2.42; P < 0.001), ferritin (elevated vs. normal, HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.83; P = 0.014), and the combined iron status index (highly elevated vs. normal, HR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.16 to 4.18; P = 0.016) remained significant predictors. As expected, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and absolute CD4 counts were each inversely associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated iron status predicts mortality in HIV infection, even after adjustment for immunosuppression and other confounders. This finding has implications in the clinical monitoring of disease progression and for iron-supplementation practices in areas of high HIV prevalence.}, note = {1525-4135 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Cohort Studies Demography Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data Female Gambia/epidemiology HIV Infections/*blood/mortality Humans Iron/*blood Male Questionnaires Survival Analysis} } OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively assess iron status and determine whether elevated iron status, like anemia, predicts mortality. METHODS: We followed 1362 Gambian adults (53% female) in an HIV-seroprevalent clinic-based cohort over 11.5 years to ascertain all-cause mortality. Baseline iron status (iron, soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR], transferrin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, log [transferrin receptor: ferritin]), age, gender, ethnicity, hemoglobin, body mass index, HIV type, absolute CD4 count, malaria status, and [alpha]-(1)-antichymotrypsin were measured. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 25.9/100 person-years. Elevated iron universally predicted greater mortality compared to normal iron status for all iron status indices, with the exception of sTfR in unadjusted models. In fully adjusted models, transferrin (elevated vs. normal, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 to 2.42; P < 0.001), ferritin (elevated vs. normal, HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.83; P = 0.014), and the combined iron status index (highly elevated vs. normal, HR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.16 to 4.18; P = 0.016) remained significant predictors. As expected, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and absolute CD4 counts were each inversely associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated iron status predicts mortality in HIV infection, even after adjustment for immunosuppression and other confounders. This finding has implications in the clinical monitoring of disease progression and for iron-supplementation practices in areas of high HIV prevalence. |
Prentice, Elsie Widdowson Lecture 2006, Mining the depths: new metabolic insights into mineral nutrition (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 66, 4, Page(s): 512-521, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cell Physiological Phenomena/drug effects Food Analysis Genetic Variation Humans Minerals/*administration & dosage/*metabolism *Nutrition Policy Nutritional Physiological Phenomena *Nutritional Requirements *Public Health) @article{Review, name = {Elsie Widdowson Lecture 2006, Mining the depths: new metabolic insights into mineral nutrition}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {Elsie Widdowson Lecture 2006, Churchill College, Cambridge. Symposium on 'Nutrition in early life: new horizons in a new century'.}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {512-521}, abstract = {2006 marked the centenary of the birth of Dr Elsie Widdowson, a pioneer of nutrition science. One of the hallmarks of Elsie Widdowson's research was an integrative approach that recognised the importance of investigating the mechanisms underpinning a public health or clinical issue at all levels, looking into the physiology, comparative biology, intermediate metabolism and basic science. The theme of the present lecture, given in celebration of the work of Dr Widdowson, is mineral nutrition, with a particular focus on Ca, P and vitamin D. The contributions of Dr Widdowson to the early understanding of mineral nutrition are reviewed and the latest scientific findings in this rapidly-expanding field of research are presented.}, note = {Elsie Widdowson Lecture 2006, Churchill College, Cambridge. Symposium on 'Nutrition in early life: new horizons in a new century'.}, keywords = {Cell Physiological Phenomena/drug effects Food Analysis Genetic Variation Humans Minerals/*administration & dosage/*metabolism *Nutrition Policy Nutritional Physiological Phenomena *Nutritional Requirements *Public Health} } 2006 marked the centenary of the birth of Dr Elsie Widdowson, a pioneer of nutrition science. One of the hallmarks of Elsie Widdowson's research was an integrative approach that recognised the importance of investigating the mechanisms underpinning a public health or clinical issue at all levels, looking into the physiology, comparative biology, intermediate metabolism and basic science. The theme of the present lecture, given in celebration of the work of Dr Widdowson, is mineral nutrition, with a particular focus on Ca, P and vitamin D. The contributions of Dr Widdowson to the early understanding of mineral nutrition are reviewed and the latest scientific findings in this rapidly-expanding field of research are presented. |
Rennie,; Coward,; Jebb, Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method (Article) Br J Nutr, 97, 6, Page(s): 1169-1176, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Age Factors *Diet Records *Diet Surveys *Energy Intake Feasibility Studies Female Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Motor Activity Obesity/*psychology Overweight *Self Disclosure Sex Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Coward, W. A. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {1169-1176}, abstract = {Under-reporting (UR) of energy intake (EI) by self-reported dietary methods is well-documented but the methods used to estimate UR in population-based studies commonly assume a sedentary lifestyle. We compared estimated UR using individualised estimates of energy requirements with a population cut-off based on minimum energy needs. UR was estimated for 1551 adults aged 19-64 years enrolled in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Physical activity diaries and 7 d weighed dietary records were completed concurrently. Mean daily EI (kJ/d) was calculated from the dietary records. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level, and then to calculate estimated energy requirements (EER) from published equations. UR was calculated both as EER - EI with an adjustment for daily EER and EI variation, and also by a population method. By the individual method UR was approximately 27 % of energy needs in men and 29 % in women, with 75 % of men and 77 % of women classified as under-reporters; by the population method 80 and 88 % were classified as under-reporters respectively. When subjects who reported their eating being affected by dieting or illness during dietary recording were excluded, UR was 25 % of energy needs in both sexes. UR was higher in overweight and obese men and women compared with their lean counterparts (P < 0.001). UR of EI must be considered in dietary surveys. The EER method allows UR to be quantified and takes into account an individual's activity level. Measures of physical activity and questions to identify under-eating during dietary recording may help to evaluate secular trends in UR.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors *Diet Records *Diet Surveys *Energy Intake Feasibility Studies Female Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Motor Activity Obesity/*psychology Overweight *Self Disclosure Sex Factors} } Under-reporting (UR) of energy intake (EI) by self-reported dietary methods is well-documented but the methods used to estimate UR in population-based studies commonly assume a sedentary lifestyle. We compared estimated UR using individualised estimates of energy requirements with a population cut-off based on minimum energy needs. UR was estimated for 1551 adults aged 19-64 years enrolled in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Physical activity diaries and 7 d weighed dietary records were completed concurrently. Mean daily EI (kJ/d) was calculated from the dietary records. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level, and then to calculate estimated energy requirements (EER) from published equations. UR was calculated both as EER - EI with an adjustment for daily EER and EI variation, and also by a population method. By the individual method UR was approximately 27 % of energy needs in men and 29 % in women, with 75 % of men and 77 % of women classified as under-reporters; by the population method 80 and 88 % were classified as under-reporters respectively. When subjects who reported their eating being affected by dieting or illness during dietary recording were excluded, UR was 25 % of energy needs in both sexes. UR was higher in overweight and obese men and women compared with their lean counterparts (P < 0.001). UR of EI must be considered in dietary surveys. The EER method allows UR to be quantified and takes into account an individual's activity level. Measures of physical activity and questions to identify under-eating during dietary recording may help to evaluate secular trends in UR. |
Kopelman,; Jebb,; Butland, Executive Summary: FORESIGHT 'Tackling Obesities: Future Choices' project (Article) Obes Rev, 8, Suppl 1, Page(s): vi-ix, 2007. (BibTeX | Tags: Great Britain Health Behavior Health Policy Humans Obesity/*physiopathology/prevention & control/therapy) @article{Executivesummary, name = {Executive Summary: FORESIGHT 'Tackling Obesities: Future Choices' project}, author = {Kopelman, P. and Jebb, S.A. and Butland, B.}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Obes Rev}, volume = {8}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {vi-ix}, keywords = {Great Britain Health Behavior Health Policy Humans Obesity/*physiopathology/prevention & control/therapy} } |
Owino,; Kasonka,; Sinkala,; Wells,; Eaton,; Darch,; Coward,; Tomkins,; Filteau, Fortified complementary foods with or without alpha-amylase treatment increase hemoglobin but do not reduce breast milk intake of 9-mo-old Zambian infants (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 4, Page(s): 1094-1103, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/metabolism Body Composition Body Height/drug effects/physiology Body Weight/drug effects/physiology Cross-Sectional Studies Deuterium Eating/drug effects/physiology Energy Intake/physiology Female *Food, Fortified Hemoglobins/*metabolism Humans Infant Infant Food/*standards Infant Nutrition Physiology/drug effects/*physiology Male Micronutrients/*administration & dosage/metabolism Milk, Human/chemistry Nutritional Status Nutritive Value *Weaning Zambia alpha-Amylase/*administration & dosage/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Fortified complementary foods with or without alpha-amylase treatment increase hemoglobin but do not reduce breast milk intake of 9-mo-old Zambian infants}, author = {Owino, V. O. and Kasonka, L. M. and Sinkala, M. M. and Wells, J. C. K. and Eaton, S. and Darch, T. and Coward, W. A. and Tomkins, A. M. and Filteau, S. M.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {1094-1103}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malnutrition in late infancy in developing countries may result from poor-quality complementary foods that displace breast milk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the effects of fortified complementary blends of different energy densities on growth, hemoglobin concentrations, and breast milk intake of 9-mo-old Zambian infants. DESIGN: Infants were randomly assigned at 6 mo of age to receive for 3 mo a fortified blend of maize, beans, bambaranuts, and groundnuts [Chilenje Baby Mix (CBM); energy density: 68 kcal/100 g; n = 37] or a similar blend with alpha-amylase (CBMA; energy density: 106 kcal/100 g; n = 44). Cross-sectional data were obtained at 9 mo for a control group of infants (n = 69) not given the diets. Breast milk intake was measured by using the dose-to-the-mother deuterium dilution technique. RESULTS: No differences in weight or length z scores, all of which were within normal ranges, were seen between groups at 9 mo. Percentage fat mass was significantly (P = 0.01) greater in the infants in both the CBM (23.2 +/- 2.7%) and CBMA (23.4 +/- 2.5%) groups than in the control group (21.6 +/- 2.6%). Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly (P = 0.03) greater in both intervention groups (CBM group: 104 +/- 12 g/L: CBMA group: 103 +/- 12 g/L) than in the control group (98 +/- 14 g/L). Breast milk intake was not significantly (P = 0.87) different between groups (CBM group: 614 +/- 271 g/d; CBMA group: 635 +/- 193 g/d; control group: 653 +/- 221 g/d). CONCLUSIONS: The study foods improved hemoglobin concentrations without reducing breast milk intake and may be used to improve the nutritional status of infants in developing countries.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/metabolism Body Composition Body Height/drug effects/physiology Body Weight/drug effects/physiology Cross-Sectional Studies Deuterium Eating/drug effects/physiology Energy Intake/physiology Female *Food, Fortified Hemoglobins/*metabolism Humans Infant Infant Food/*standards Infant Nutrition Physiology/drug effects/*physiology Male Micronutrients/*administration & dosage/metabolism Milk, Human/chemistry Nutritional Status Nutritive Value *Weaning Zambia alpha-Amylase/*administration & dosage/metabolism} } BACKGROUND: Malnutrition in late infancy in developing countries may result from poor-quality complementary foods that displace breast milk. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the effects of fortified complementary blends of different energy densities on growth, hemoglobin concentrations, and breast milk intake of 9-mo-old Zambian infants. DESIGN: Infants were randomly assigned at 6 mo of age to receive for 3 mo a fortified blend of maize, beans, bambaranuts, and groundnuts [Chilenje Baby Mix (CBM); energy density: 68 kcal/100 g; n = 37] or a similar blend with alpha-amylase (CBMA; energy density: 106 kcal/100 g; n = 44). Cross-sectional data were obtained at 9 mo for a control group of infants (n = 69) not given the diets. Breast milk intake was measured by using the dose-to-the-mother deuterium dilution technique. RESULTS: No differences in weight or length z scores, all of which were within normal ranges, were seen between groups at 9 mo. Percentage fat mass was significantly (P = 0.01) greater in the infants in both the CBM (23.2 +/- 2.7%) and CBMA (23.4 +/- 2.5%) groups than in the control group (21.6 +/- 2.6%). Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly (P = 0.03) greater in both intervention groups (CBM group: 104 +/- 12 g/L: CBMA group: 103 +/- 12 g/L) than in the control group (98 +/- 14 g/L). Breast milk intake was not significantly (P = 0.87) different between groups (CBM group: 614 +/- 271 g/d; CBMA group: 635 +/- 193 g/d; control group: 653 +/- 221 g/d). CONCLUSIONS: The study foods improved hemoglobin concentrations without reducing breast milk intake and may be used to improve the nutritional status of infants in developing countries. |
Jackson,; Leahy,; Jebb,; Prentice,; Coward,; Bluck, Frequent feeding delays the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal (Article) Appetite, 48, 2, Page(s): 199-205, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Appetite/*physiology Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Cross-Over Studies *Eating Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Male Middle Aged Octanoic Acids/diagnostic use Time Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Frequent feeding delays the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal}, author = {Jackson, S. J. and Leahy, F. E. and Jebb, S. A. and Prentice, A. M. and Coward, W. A. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j/appet.2006.09.003. 0195-6663 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Appetite}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {199-205}, abstract = {To assess the suitability of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for measuring gastric emptying in circumstances other than the post-absorptive state, a preliminary study was performed where 6 hourly spaced isoenergetic meals preceded the determination of gastric emptying of a subsequent 2 MJ meal. Emptying was measured in three individuals on four separate occasions, with a reproducibility of 8%. A crossover study was then conducted to test the hypothesis that meal frequency can modulate the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal, with the potential to influence appetite regulation. Sixteen subjects were fed to energy balance, receiving food either as 2 isoenergetic meals 3 h apart or 6 isoenergetic meals fed hourly. Gastric emptying of a subsequent 2 MJ meal was investigated. Visual analogue scales were used throughout to assess appetite. The maximum rate of gastric emptying was unchanged but the onset of emptying was delayed by the more frequent feeding pattern. There was no significant difference in subjective appetite before or after the test meal. In conclusion, short-term increases in feeding frequency delayed the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal, but significant effects on post-meal appetite could not be demonstrated.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j/appet.2006.09.003. 0195-6663 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adult Appetite/*physiology Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Cross-Over Studies *Eating Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Male Middle Aged Octanoic Acids/diagnostic use Time Factors} } To assess the suitability of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for measuring gastric emptying in circumstances other than the post-absorptive state, a preliminary study was performed where 6 hourly spaced isoenergetic meals preceded the determination of gastric emptying of a subsequent 2 MJ meal. Emptying was measured in three individuals on four separate occasions, with a reproducibility of 8%. A crossover study was then conducted to test the hypothesis that meal frequency can modulate the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal, with the potential to influence appetite regulation. Sixteen subjects were fed to energy balance, receiving food either as 2 isoenergetic meals 3 h apart or 6 isoenergetic meals fed hourly. Gastric emptying of a subsequent 2 MJ meal was investigated. Visual analogue scales were used throughout to assess appetite. The maximum rate of gastric emptying was unchanged but the onset of emptying was delayed by the more frequent feeding pattern. There was no significant difference in subjective appetite before or after the test meal. In conclusion, short-term increases in feeding frequency delayed the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal, but significant effects on post-meal appetite could not be demonstrated. |
Johnston,; Prynne,; Stephen,; Wadsworth, Haem and non-haem iron intake through 17 years of adult life of a British birth cohort (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, 5, Page(s): 1021-1028, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Cereals/chemistry Diet/*trends Diet Records Eating Epidemiologic Methods Female Great Britain Heme/*administration & dosage Humans Iron, Dietary/*administration & dosage Male Meat/analysis Meat Products/analysis Sex Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Haem and non-haem iron intake through 17 years of adult life of a British birth cohort}, author = {Johnston, J. and Prynne, C. J. and Stephen, A. M. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1021-1028}, abstract = {An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of haem and non-haem Fe of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5-d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total Fe, haem and non-haem Fe, by year, gender and food source. There were significant changes in total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe intake over the three time points. Total Fe intake was significantly higher in 1989 than in 1982 or 1999 for both men and women but haem Fe was significantly lower in 1999 mainly due to a 40% fall in haem Fe from beef during this period. Haem Fe from processed meats fell by more than 50% between 1989 and 1999 but that from poultry rose by more than 50%. Cereal foods remained the most important source of non-haem Fe and the contribution from breakfast cereals rose relative to that of bread over the 17 years. Several factors could be responsible for these changes, particularly the importance of the epidemic of BSE from 1990. The possible advantages of a lower haem Fe intake in older subjects are discussed.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Cereals/chemistry Diet/*trends Diet Records Eating Epidemiologic Methods Female Great Britain Heme/*administration & dosage Humans Iron, Dietary/*administration & dosage Male Meat/analysis Meat Products/analysis Sex Factors} } An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of haem and non-haem Fe of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5-d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total Fe, haem and non-haem Fe, by year, gender and food source. There were significant changes in total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe intake over the three time points. Total Fe intake was significantly higher in 1989 than in 1982 or 1999 for both men and women but haem Fe was significantly lower in 1999 mainly due to a 40% fall in haem Fe from beef during this period. Haem Fe from processed meats fell by more than 50% between 1989 and 1999 but that from poultry rose by more than 50%. Cereal foods remained the most important source of non-haem Fe and the contribution from breakfast cereals rose relative to that of bread over the 17 years. Several factors could be responsible for these changes, particularly the importance of the epidemic of BSE from 1990. The possible advantages of a lower haem Fe intake in older subjects are discussed. |
Johnson,; Mander,; Jones,; Emmett,; Jebb, Is sugar-sweetened beverage consumption associated with increased fatness in children? (Article) Nutrition, 23, 7-8, Page(s): 557-563, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon/methods Adipose Tissue/growth & development/radiography Adiposity/*drug effects *Beverages Body Composition/*drug effects Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child Nutrition Physiology Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Dietary Sucrose/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Female Great Britain Humans Linear Models Male Nutrition Surveys Obesity/*etiology) @article{Paper, name = {Is sugar-sweetened beverage consumption associated with increased fatness in children?}, author = {Johnson, L. and Mander, A. P. and Jones, L. R. and Emmett, P. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0899-9007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Nutrition}, volume = {23}, number = {7-8}, pages = {557-563}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption increases fatness in British children. METHODS: Data from a subsample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were analyzed. Diet was assessed at ages 5 y (n = 521) and 7 y (n = 682) using 3-d diet diaries. Beverages were categorized into SSB, low energy, fruit juice, milk, and water. Fat mass was measured at age 9 y using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The association between consumption of SSB at each age and fatness was examined using linear regression adjusted for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: SSB accounted for 15% of all drinks consumed and 3% of total energy intake at both ages. There was no evidence of an association between SSB consumption at 5 or 7 y of age and fatness at age 9 y. There was a small positive correlation between low-energy drinks at age 5 and 7 y and fatness at 9 y (age 5 y}, note = {0899-9007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon/methods Adipose Tissue/growth & development/radiography Adiposity/*drug effects *Beverages Body Composition/*drug effects Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child Nutrition Physiology Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Dietary Sucrose/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Female Great Britain Humans Linear Models Male Nutrition Surveys Obesity/*etiology} } {OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption increases fatness in British children. METHODS: Data from a subsample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were analyzed. Diet was assessed at ages 5 y (n = 521) and 7 y (n = 682) using 3-d diet diaries. Beverages were categorized into SSB, low energy, fruit juice, milk, and water. Fat mass was measured at age 9 y using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The association between consumption of SSB at each age and fatness was examined using linear regression adjusted for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: SSB accounted for 15% of all drinks consumed and 3% of total energy intake at both ages. There was no evidence of an association between SSB consumption at 5 or 7 y of age and fatness at age 9 y. There was a small positive correlation between low-energy drinks at age 5 and 7 y and fatness at 9 y (age 5 y |
Pele,; Thoree,; Mustafa,; He,; Tsaprouni,; Punchard,; Thompson,; Evans,; Powell, Low dietary calcium levels modulate mucosal caspase expression and increase disease activity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis (Article) J Nutr, 137, 11, Page(s): 2475-2480, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animals Calcium/*deficiency Calcium, Dietary/*pharmacology Caspases/*metabolism Colitis/chemically induced/*complications/enzymology/physiopathology Dextran Sulfate Disease Models, Animal Female Inflammation Intestinal Mucosa/*enzymology Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C) @article{Paper, name = {Low dietary calcium levels modulate mucosal caspase expression and increase disease activity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis}, author = {Pele, L. C. and Thoree, V. and Mustafa, F. and He, S. and Tsaprouni, L. and Punchard, N. A. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Evans, S. M. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {137}, number = {11}, pages = {2475-2480}, abstract = {{Dietary calcium (Ca) positively modulates the susceptibility to colon cancer, but its effects on related or earlier colonic pathologies, such as inflammation and mucosal dysregulation, are poorly understood. We tested the effects of differing dietary Ca levels on acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. BALB/c mice received a normal Ca (NCa) diet (0.5% Ca), a high Ca (HCa) diet (1.5% Ca), a low Ca (LCa) diet (0.05% Ca), or a very low Ca (VLCa) diet (0.009% Ca) for 3 wk. Mucosal caspases 1, 3, and 9 were assessed by Western blotting, and the histological crypt score was assessed by microscopy. Half of the mice in each group received DSS (1.5%) for 20 d in their drinking water, and disease activity was assessed. Increasing or lowering dietary Ca increased mucosal caspases (P < 0.0001 vs. NCa). Crypt scores increased with decreasing dietary Ca levels (P < 0.0001}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Animals Calcium/*deficiency Calcium, Dietary/*pharmacology Caspases/*metabolism Colitis/chemically induced/*complications/enzymology/physiopathology Dextran Sulfate Disease Models, Animal Female Inflammation Intestinal Mucosa/*enzymology Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C} } {Dietary calcium (Ca) positively modulates the susceptibility to colon cancer, but its effects on related or earlier colonic pathologies, such as inflammation and mucosal dysregulation, are poorly understood. We tested the effects of differing dietary Ca levels on acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. BALB/c mice received a normal Ca (NCa) diet (0.5% Ca), a high Ca (HCa) diet (1.5% Ca), a low Ca (LCa) diet (0.05% Ca), or a very low Ca (VLCa) diet (0.009% Ca) for 3 wk. Mucosal caspases 1, 3, and 9 were assessed by Western blotting, and the histological crypt score was assessed by microscopy. Half of the mice in each group received DSS (1.5%) for 20 d in their drinking water, and disease activity was assessed. Increasing or lowering dietary Ca increased mucosal caspases (P < 0.0001 vs. NCa). Crypt scores increased with decreasing dietary Ca levels (P < 0.0001 |
Pele,; Thompson,; Kirkham,; Thompson,; Powell, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to soluble and particulate heat shock protein 65 in health and inflammatory bowel disease (Article) Inflamm Res, 56, 4, Page(s): 143-148, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Antigens/immunology Case-Control Studies *Cell Proliferation Female Heat-Shock Proteins/*immunology Humans Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/pathology Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology Male Middle Aged Particle Size Time Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to soluble and particulate heat shock protein 65 in health and inflammatory bowel disease}, author = {Pele, L. C. and Thompson, S. J. and Kirkham, B. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {1023-3830 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Inflamm Res}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {143-148}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whether particulate antigen triggers (i) an amplified cell proliferative response compared to soluble antigen and (ii) a dysfunctional response in cells derived from patients with chronic inflammation and specifically in those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SUBJECTS: Healthy volunteers (n = 17), inflammatory controls (n = 8) and patients with IBD (n = 17) were recruited from St Thomas' and Guys' Hospital, London, UK. METHODS: Following optimisation of experimental conditions (0.1-10.0 mug/ml antigen), PBMC were stimulated with (i) 10.0 mug/ml recombinant soluble heat shock protein 65 (hsp 65) and (ii) 1.0 and 10.0 mug/ml hsp 65 conjugated to microparticles (0.5 mum diameter). PBMC proliferative responses were measured by (3)H-Thymidine incorporation at day 5 and results compared between groups using unpaired t-test. RESULTS: Conjugation to microparticles of low dose hsp 65 significantly increased overall proliferative responses by 2-11 fold compared to soluble antigen alone (p < 0.05). However, no specific PBMC proliferative dysregulation was noted in cells from subjects with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: Low dose antigen, in microparticulate form, leads to amplified cell proliferation in primary human cells, as showed previously in cell lines and animal studies. However there is no abnormal proliferative response in cells from subjects with IBD.}, note = {1023-3830 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Antigens/immunology Case-Control Studies *Cell Proliferation Female Heat-Shock Proteins/*immunology Humans Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/pathology Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology Male Middle Aged Particle Size Time Factors} } OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whether particulate antigen triggers (i) an amplified cell proliferative response compared to soluble antigen and (ii) a dysfunctional response in cells derived from patients with chronic inflammation and specifically in those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SUBJECTS: Healthy volunteers (n = 17), inflammatory controls (n = 8) and patients with IBD (n = 17) were recruited from St Thomas' and Guys' Hospital, London, UK. METHODS: Following optimisation of experimental conditions (0.1-10.0 mug/ml antigen), PBMC were stimulated with (i) 10.0 mug/ml recombinant soluble heat shock protein 65 (hsp 65) and (ii) 1.0 and 10.0 mug/ml hsp 65 conjugated to microparticles (0.5 mum diameter). PBMC proliferative responses were measured by (3)H-Thymidine incorporation at day 5 and results compared between groups using unpaired t-test. RESULTS: Conjugation to microparticles of low dose hsp 65 significantly increased overall proliferative responses by 2-11 fold compared to soluble antigen alone (p < 0.05). However, no specific PBMC proliferative dysregulation was noted in cells from subjects with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: Low dose antigen, in microparticulate form, leads to amplified cell proliferation in primary human cells, as showed previously in cell lines and animal studies. However there is no abnormal proliferative response in cells from subjects with IBD. |
Hutchinson,; Geissler,; Powell,; Bomford, Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis (Article) Gut, 56, 9, Page(s): 1291-1295, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles/therapeutic use Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use Ferritins/blood Gastric Acid/metabolism Hemochromatosis/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism Humans Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Iron, Dietary/blood/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged Omeprazole/therapeutic use Phlebotomy Postprandial Period Proton Pumps/*antagonists & inhibitors) @article{Paper, name = {Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis}, author = {Hutchinson, C. and Geissler, C. A. and Powell, J. J. and Bomford, A.}, note = {0017-5749 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Gut}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, pages = {1291-1295}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During the long-term treatment of patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) the authors observed that proton pump inhibitors (PPI) reduced the requirement for maintenance phlebotomy. Gastric acid plays a crucial role in non-haem iron absorption and the authors performed a case review and intervention study to investigate if PPI-induced suppression of gastric acid would reduce dietary iron absorption in C282Y homozygous patients. METHODS: Phlebotomy requirements to keep serum ferritin approximately 50 microg/l before (mean 6.1 (SE 0.6) years) and during (3.8 (0.9) years) administration of a PPI were evaluated in seven patients and a post-prandial study was performed to determine whether PPIs reduce absorption of non-haem iron (14.5 mg) from a test meal in a further 14 phlebotomised patients with normal iron stores. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction (p<0.001) in the volume of blood removed annually before (2.5 (0.25) l) and while taking (0.5 (0.25) l) a PPI. Administration of a PPI for 7d suppressed absorption of non-haem iron from the meal as shown by a significant reduction (all p<0.01) in: area under the serum curve (2145 (374) versus 1059 (219)), % recovery of administered iron at peak serum iron (20.5 (3.2) versus 11.0 (2.0)%) and peak serum iron (13.6 (2.4) vs 6.1 (1.2) micromol/l) (all values are before vs during PPI). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a PPI to patients with HH can inhibit the absorption of non-haem iron from a test meal and the habitual diet.}, note = {0017-5749 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles/therapeutic use Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use Ferritins/blood Gastric Acid/metabolism Hemochromatosis/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism Humans Intestinal Absorption/drug effects Iron, Dietary/blood/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged Omeprazole/therapeutic use Phlebotomy Postprandial Period Proton Pumps/*antagonists & inhibitors} } BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During the long-term treatment of patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) the authors observed that proton pump inhibitors (PPI) reduced the requirement for maintenance phlebotomy. Gastric acid plays a crucial role in non-haem iron absorption and the authors performed a case review and intervention study to investigate if PPI-induced suppression of gastric acid would reduce dietary iron absorption in C282Y homozygous patients. METHODS: Phlebotomy requirements to keep serum ferritin approximately 50 microg/l before (mean 6.1 (SE 0.6) years) and during (3.8 (0.9) years) administration of a PPI were evaluated in seven patients and a post-prandial study was performed to determine whether PPIs reduce absorption of non-haem iron (14.5 mg) from a test meal in a further 14 phlebotomised patients with normal iron stores. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction (p<0.001) in the volume of blood removed annually before (2.5 (0.25) l) and while taking (0.5 (0.25) l) a PPI. Administration of a PPI for 7d suppressed absorption of non-haem iron from the meal as shown by a significant reduction (all p<0.01) in: area under the serum curve (2145 (374) versus 1059 (219)), % recovery of administered iron at peak serum iron (20.5 (3.2) versus 11.0 (2.0)%) and peak serum iron (13.6 (2.4) vs 6.1 (1.2) micromol/l) (all values are before vs during PPI). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a PPI to patients with HH can inhibit the absorption of non-haem iron from a test meal and the habitual diet. |
Browning,; Krebs,; Moore,; Mishra,; O'Connell,; Jebb, The impact of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on inflammation, insulin sensitivity and CVD risk in a group of overweight women with an inflammatory phenotype (Article) Diabetes Obes Metab, 9, 1, Page(s): 70-80, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Blood Glucose/metabolism C-Reactive Protein/metabolism Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control Cross-Over Studies *Dietary Supplements Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood/*therapeutic use Female Humans Inflammation/blood/*drug therapy/etiology Inflammation Mediators/blood *Insulin Resistance N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/blood Obesity/blood/complications Overweight Phenotype Treatment Outcome) @article{Paper, name = {The impact of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on inflammation, insulin sensitivity and CVD risk in a group of overweight women with an inflammatory phenotype}, author = {Browning, L. M. and Krebs, J. D. and Moore, C. S. and Mishra, G. D. and O'Connell, M. A. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.00576.x. 1462-8902 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Diabetes Obes Metab}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {70-80}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Inflammation is strongly related to obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The metabolic benefits of long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may be attributable to its anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an individual's habitual inflammatory status influences the impact of a LC n-3 PUFA intervention on CVD risk. DESIGN: The study was a randomized crossover design. Subjects received LC n-3 PUFA capsules or a placebo for 12 weeks, with 4-week washout between phases. Thirty women, in the top and bottom tertiles of baseline sialic acid concentration, formed raised inflammatory status (top}, note = {doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.00576.x. 1462-8902 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adult Blood Glucose/metabolism C-Reactive Protein/metabolism Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control Cross-Over Studies *Dietary Supplements Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood/*therapeutic use Female Humans Inflammation/blood/*drug therapy/etiology Inflammation Mediators/blood *Insulin Resistance N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/blood Obesity/blood/complications Overweight Phenotype Treatment Outcome} } {BACKGROUND: Inflammation is strongly related to obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The metabolic benefits of long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may be attributable to its anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an individual's habitual inflammatory status influences the impact of a LC n-3 PUFA intervention on CVD risk. DESIGN: The study was a randomized crossover design. Subjects received LC n-3 PUFA capsules or a placebo for 12 weeks, with 4-week washout between phases. Thirty women, in the top and bottom tertiles of baseline sialic acid concentration, formed raised inflammatory status (top |
Bamber,; Stokes,; Stephen, The role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression (Article) Nutr Bull, 32, Suppl 1, Page(s): 90-99, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: adolescence depression diet nutrition obesity supplements) @article{Review, name = {The role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression}, author = {Bamber, D. J. and Stokes, C. S. and Stephen, A. M.}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Bull}, volume = {32}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {90-99}, abstract = {Depression in adolescence is associated with a range of negative outcomes and substantial risk for morbidity and mortality across the lifespan. Dietary improvement and supplementation may offer an inexpensive and acceptable adjunct to standard treatment; yet this has, to date, been largely overlooked, owing to lack of evidence and knowledge. This is important, as improving understanding of the role of diet in mental health and promotion of appropriate dietary practices could significantly reduce the personal and social impact of depression in young people. This article sets out to review the existing research literature on associations between diet and mental health in adolescence, in particular, the role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression. A closer examination of associations between obesity and depression is also included, as these two conditions often co-occur. Research into diet and mental health tends to fall into two main categories: population-based observational studies and intervention studies; however, there is very little research evidence specific to adolescents. Potential implications for mental healthcare policy and practice are discussed.}, keywords = {adolescence depression diet nutrition obesity supplements} } Depression in adolescence is associated with a range of negative outcomes and substantial risk for morbidity and mortality across the lifespan. Dietary improvement and supplementation may offer an inexpensive and acceptable adjunct to standard treatment; yet this has, to date, been largely overlooked, owing to lack of evidence and knowledge. This is important, as improving understanding of the role of diet in mental health and promotion of appropriate dietary practices could significantly reduce the personal and social impact of depression in young people. This article sets out to review the existing research literature on associations between diet and mental health in adolescence, in particular, the role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression. A closer examination of associations between obesity and depression is also included, as these two conditions often co-occur. Research into diet and mental health tends to fall into two main categories: population-based observational studies and intervention studies; however, there is very little research evidence specific to adolescents. Potential implications for mental healthcare policy and practice are discussed. |
Bolton-Smith,; McMurdo,; Paterson,; Mole,; Harvey,; Fenton,; Prynne,; Mishra,; Shearer, Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 509-519, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon Aged Bone Density/*drug effects Calcifediol/blood Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Cholecalciferol/*administration & dosage Double-Blind Method Drug Synergism Drug Therapy, Combination Female Humans Middle Aged Osteocalcin/chemistry/metabolism Pelvic Bones/drug effects/metabolism Radius/drug effects/metabolism Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women}, author = {Bolton-Smith, C. and McMurdo, M. E. and Paterson, C. R. and Mole, P. A. and Harvey, J. M. and Fenton, S. T. and Prynne, C. J. and Mishra, G. D. and Shearer, M. J.}, note = {0884-0431 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Miner Res}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {509-519}, abstract = {Dietary supplementation with vitamin K(1), with vitamin D(3) and calcium or their combination, was examined in healthy older women during a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with a modest but significant increase in BMC at the ultradistal radius but not at other sites in the hip or radius. INTRODUCTION: The putative beneficial role of high dietary vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) on BMD and the possibility of interactive benefits with vitamin D were studied in a 2-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy Scottish women > or =60 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy, nonosteoporotic women (n = 244) were randomized to receive either (1) placebo, (2) 200 microg/day vitamin K(1), (3) 10 microg (400 IU) vitamin D(3) plus 1000 mg calcium/day, or (4) combined vitamins K(1) and D(3) plus calcium. Baseline and 6-month measurements included DXA bone mineral scans of the hip and wrist, markers of bone turnover, and vitamin status. Supplementation effects were tested using multivariate general linear modeling, with full adjustment for baseline and potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Significant bone mineral loss was seen only at the mid-distal radius but with no significant difference between groups. However, women who took combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal radius. Serum status indicators responded significantly to respective supplementation with vitamins K and D. Over 2 years, serum vitamin K(1) increased by 157% (p < 0.001), the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%GluOC) decreased by 51% (p < 0.001), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increased by 17% (p < 0.001), and PTH decreased by 11% (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of a modest synergy in healthy older women from nutritionally relevant intakes of vitamin K(1) together with supplements of calcium plus moderate vitamin D(3) to enhance BMC at the ultradistal radius, a site consisting of principally trabecular bone. The substantial increase in gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin by vitamin K may have long-term benefits and is potentially achievable by increased dietary intakes of vitamin K rather than by supplementation.}, note = {0884-0431 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon Aged Bone Density/*drug effects Calcifediol/blood Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Cholecalciferol/*administration & dosage Double-Blind Method Drug Synergism Drug Therapy, Combination Female Humans Middle Aged Osteocalcin/chemistry/metabolism Pelvic Bones/drug effects/metabolism Radius/drug effects/metabolism Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage/blood} } Dietary supplementation with vitamin K(1), with vitamin D(3) and calcium or their combination, was examined in healthy older women during a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with a modest but significant increase in BMC at the ultradistal radius but not at other sites in the hip or radius. INTRODUCTION: The putative beneficial role of high dietary vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) on BMD and the possibility of interactive benefits with vitamin D were studied in a 2-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy Scottish women > or =60 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy, nonosteoporotic women (n = 244) were randomized to receive either (1) placebo, (2) 200 microg/day vitamin K(1), (3) 10 microg (400 IU) vitamin D(3) plus 1000 mg calcium/day, or (4) combined vitamins K(1) and D(3) plus calcium. Baseline and 6-month measurements included DXA bone mineral scans of the hip and wrist, markers of bone turnover, and vitamin status. Supplementation effects were tested using multivariate general linear modeling, with full adjustment for baseline and potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Significant bone mineral loss was seen only at the mid-distal radius but with no significant difference between groups. However, women who took combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal radius. Serum status indicators responded significantly to respective supplementation with vitamins K and D. Over 2 years, serum vitamin K(1) increased by 157% (p < 0.001), the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%GluOC) decreased by 51% (p < 0.001), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increased by 17% (p < 0.001), and PTH decreased by 11% (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of a modest synergy in healthy older women from nutritionally relevant intakes of vitamin K(1) together with supplements of calcium plus moderate vitamin D(3) to enhance BMC at the ultradistal radius, a site consisting of principally trabecular bone. The substantial increase in gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin by vitamin K may have long-term benefits and is potentially achievable by increased dietary intakes of vitamin K rather than by supplementation. |
Stanley,; Elsom,; Calder,; Griffin,; Harris,; Jebb,; Lovegrove,; Moore,; Riemersma,; Sanders, UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, 6, Page(s): 1305-1310, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cardiovascular Diseases/*prevention & control *Cardiovascular Physiology *Diet Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-6/*administration & dosage Financial Support Government Agencies Great Britain Humans Research Design) @article{Paper, name = {UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health}, author = {Stanley, J. C. and Elsom, R. L. and Calder, P. C. and Griffin, B. A. and Harris, W. S. and Jebb, S. A. and Lovegrove, J. A. and Moore, C. S. and Riemersma, R. A. and Sanders, T. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {1305-1310}, abstract = {This report summarises a workshop convened by the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) on 11 September 2006 to review the results of three FSA-funded studies and other recent research on effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health. The objective of this workshop was to reach a clear conclusion on whether or not it was worth funding any further research in this area. On the basis of this review of the experimental evidence and on theoretical grounds, it was concluded that the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio is not a useful concept and that it distracts attention away from increasing absolute intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids which have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Other markers of fatty acid intake, that more closely relate to physiological function, may be more useful.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases/*prevention & control *Cardiovascular Physiology *Diet Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-6/*administration & dosage Financial Support Government Agencies Great Britain Humans Research Design} } This report summarises a workshop convened by the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) on 11 September 2006 to review the results of three FSA-funded studies and other recent research on effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health. The objective of this workshop was to reach a clear conclusion on whether or not it was worth funding any further research in this area. On the basis of this review of the experimental evidence and on theoretical grounds, it was concluded that the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio is not a useful concept and that it distracts attention away from increasing absolute intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids which have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Other markers of fatty acid intake, that more closely relate to physiological function, may be more useful. |
Moore,; Prentice,; Coward,; Wright,; Frongillo,; Fulford,; Mander,; Persson,; Arifeen,; Kabir, Use of stable-isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 4, Page(s): 1075-1082, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Human/chemistry Rural Population Saliva/chemistry Self Disclosure World Health Organization) @article{Paper, name = {Use of stable-isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling}, author = {Moore, S. E. and Prentice, A. M. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A. and Frongillo, E. A. and Fulford, A. J. and Mander, A. P. and Persson, L. A. and Arifeen, S. E. and Kabir, I.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Validation Studies}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {1075-1082}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until age 6 mo. Studies relying on mothers' self-reported behaviors have shown that lactation counseling increases both the rate and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to validate reported infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh; intakes of breast milk and nonbreast-milk water were measured by the dose-given-to-the mother deuterium dilution technique. DESIGN: Subjects were drawn from the large-scale Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab, study of combined interventions to improve maternal and infant health, in which women were randomly assigned to receive either exclusive breastfeeding counseling or standard health care messages. Data on infant feeding practices were collected by questionnaire at monthly visits. Intakes of breast milk and nonbreast-milk water were measured in a subsample of 98 mother-infant pairs (mean infant age: 14.3 wk) and compared with questionnaire data reporting feeding practices. RESULTS: Seventy-five of the 98 subjects reported exclusive breastfeeding. Mean (+/-SD) breast milk intake was 884 +/- 163 mL/d in that group and 791 +/- 180 mL/d in the group reported as nonexclusively breastfed (P = 0.0267). Intakes of nonbreast-milk water were 40 +/- 80.6 and 166 +/- 214 mL/d (P < 0.0001), respectively. Objective cross-validation using deuterium dilution data showed good accuracy in reporting of feeding practices, although apparent misreporting was widely present in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-given-to-the-mother deuterium dilution technique can be applied to validate reported feeding behaviors. Whereas this technique shows that the reports of feeding practices were accurate at the group level, it is not adequate to distinguish between feeding practices in individual infants.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Validation Studies}, keywords = {Human/chemistry Rural Population Saliva/chemistry Self Disclosure World Health Organization} } BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until age 6 mo. Studies relying on mothers' self-reported behaviors have shown that lactation counseling increases both the rate and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to validate reported infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh; intakes of breast milk and nonbreast-milk water were measured by the dose-given-to-the mother deuterium dilution technique. DESIGN: Subjects were drawn from the large-scale Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab, study of combined interventions to improve maternal and infant health, in which women were randomly assigned to receive either exclusive breastfeeding counseling or standard health care messages. Data on infant feeding practices were collected by questionnaire at monthly visits. Intakes of breast milk and nonbreast-milk water were measured in a subsample of 98 mother-infant pairs (mean infant age: 14.3 wk) and compared with questionnaire data reporting feeding practices. RESULTS: Seventy-five of the 98 subjects reported exclusive breastfeeding. Mean (+/-SD) breast milk intake was 884 +/- 163 mL/d in that group and 791 +/- 180 mL/d in the group reported as nonexclusively breastfed (P = 0.0267). Intakes of nonbreast-milk water were 40 +/- 80.6 and 166 +/- 214 mL/d (P < 0.0001), respectively. Objective cross-validation using deuterium dilution data showed good accuracy in reporting of feeding practices, although apparent misreporting was widely present in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-given-to-the-mother deuterium dilution technique can be applied to validate reported feeding behaviors. Whereas this technique shows that the reports of feeding practices were accurate at the group level, it is not adequate to distinguish between feeding practices in individual infants. |
Chatfield,; Matthews,; Brayne, Using the Mini-Mental State Examination for tracking cognition in the older population based on longitudinal data (Article) J Am Geriatr Soc, 55, 7, Page(s): 1066-1071, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Age Distribution Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Using the Mini-Mental State Examination for tracking cognition in the older population based on longitudinal data}, author = {Chatfield, M. and Matthews, F. E. and Brayne, C.}, note = {MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. 0002-8614 (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, pages = {1066-1071}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To estimate population norms for use in assessment of individuals in relation to their age-matched peers using true longitudinal patterns of decline. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of 10 years of follow-up data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) on the most commonly used cognitive test across clinical and research settings. SETTING: England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand four people were seen in five sites at baseline, with follow up at 2, 5, and 10 years. MEASUREMENTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at three interviews over 10 years. A total of 42,777 MMSE scores were used in the analysis. RESULTS: MMSE norms are presented according to age and split according to sex using longitudinal data. Potential cohort effects and dropout of individuals with low MMSE scores have been accounted for. CONCLUSION: It is likely that the cognitive MMSE scale will continue to be used in many settings and across the age range. The figures presented here can be used to plot individual performance and chart where there is change in the relative position of one individual compared with others.}, note = {MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. 0002-8614 (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Age Distribution Aged Aged} } OBJECTIVES: To estimate population norms for use in assessment of individuals in relation to their age-matched peers using true longitudinal patterns of decline. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of 10 years of follow-up data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) on the most commonly used cognitive test across clinical and research settings. SETTING: England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand four people were seen in five sites at baseline, with follow up at 2, 5, and 10 years. MEASUREMENTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at three interviews over 10 years. A total of 42,777 MMSE scores were used in the analysis. RESULTS: MMSE norms are presented according to age and split according to sex using longitudinal data. Potential cohort effects and dropout of individuals with low MMSE scores have been accounted for. CONCLUSION: It is likely that the cognitive MMSE scale will continue to be used in many settings and across the age range. The figures presented here can be used to plot individual performance and chart where there is change in the relative position of one individual compared with others. |
Jebb,; Siervo,; Murgatroyd,; Evans,; Fruhbeck,; Prentice, Validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance to estimate changes in body fat during weight loss and regain in overweight women: a comparison with multi-compartment models (Article) Int J Obes, 31, 5, Page(s): 756-762, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*physiology Adult Aged Body Composition/*physiology Body Mass Index *Diet, Reducing Electric Impedance Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Middle Aged Models, Biological Reproducibility of Results Weight Gain/*physiology Weight Loss/*physiology) @article{Paper, name = {Validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance to estimate changes in body fat during weight loss and regain in overweight women: a comparison with multi-compartment models}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Siervo, M. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Evans, S. and Fruhbeck, G. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 (Print) Clinical Trial Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. First published 24 October 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803475}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {756-762}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in body composition and the validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance (LTL) method to measure body fat during active weight loss (WL) and weight regain (WR). DESIGN: Longitudinal, 12-week weight loss intervention (3.3-3.8 MJ/day) and subsequent follow-up at 1 year.Subjects:Fifty-eight adult women aged between 24 and 65 years (mean age: 46.8+/-8.9 years) and with a body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m(2) (mean BMI: 31.6+/-2.5 kg/m(2)}, note = {0307-0565 (Print) Clinical Trial Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. First published 24 October 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803475}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*physiology Adult Aged Body Composition/*physiology Body Mass Index *Diet, Reducing Electric Impedance Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Middle Aged Models, Biological Reproducibility of Results Weight Gain/*physiology Weight Loss/*physiology} } {OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in body composition and the validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance (LTL) method to measure body fat during active weight loss (WL) and weight regain (WR). DESIGN: Longitudinal, 12-week weight loss intervention (3.3-3.8 MJ/day) and subsequent follow-up at 1 year.Subjects:Fifty-eight adult women aged between 24 and 65 years (mean age: 46.8+/-8.9 years) and with a body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg/m(2) (mean BMI: 31.6+/-2.5 kg/m(2) |
Boschi,; Bellini,; Matrone,; Lo Schiavo,; Siervo, Why do normal weight young women look for diet-therapy? Findings from a pilot study in a clinical and non-clinical population (Article) Eat Weight Disord, 12, 2, Page(s): e35-e38, 2007. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Image Body Mass Index Body Size Bulimia Cross-Sectional Studies Diet, Reducing/*psychology Eating Disorders/diagnosis Educational Status Female Humans Interpersonal Relations Multivariate Analysis Pilot Projects Questionnaires Reference Values Regression Analysis *Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Why do normal weight young women look for diet-therapy? Findings from a pilot study in a clinical and non-clinical population}, author = {Boschi, V. and Bellini, O. and Matrone, G. and Lo Schiavo, F. R. and Siervo, M.}, note = {1590-1262 (Electronic) Comparative Study Journal Article}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-01-01}, journal = {Eat Weight Disord}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e35-e38}, abstract = {The behavioural factors that drive a normal weight woman to embark on a diet and to look for nutritional support in weight loss clinics are still not completely understood. A pilot cross-sectional study was carried out in 70 young (age range: 18-35 yr), normal weight women attending a weight loss clinic in South of Italy (Naples). They were compared to a population of 94 normal weight students (age range:17-23 yr) who had never attended a weight loss clinic. Subjects with eating disorders have been excluded. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Eating behaviour was assessed using a validated Italian version of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) questionnaire. The two groups were matched for BMI (22.4 vs 22.1 kg/m2), smoking and physical activity. Students were more educated and less likely to be on a diet at the time of the study. Students had statistically significant lower scores for drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, inadequacy and interpersonal disrupt. The bulimia scale was the only significant predictor (p<0.05) of BMI in the patients' group; body dissatisfaction (p<0.05) predicted BMI in the control group. This study has shown that weight concern and health awareness are not the only factors that lead a normal weight woman to look for nutritional counselling but there is an underlying substrate of psychological and social distress behind the request, which should be properly assessed before starting any nutritional therapy in the clinical practice.}, note = {1590-1262 (Electronic) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Image Body Mass Index Body Size Bulimia Cross-Sectional Studies Diet, Reducing/*psychology Eating Disorders/diagnosis Educational Status Female Humans Interpersonal Relations Multivariate Analysis Pilot Projects Questionnaires Reference Values Regression Analysis *Weight Loss} } The behavioural factors that drive a normal weight woman to embark on a diet and to look for nutritional support in weight loss clinics are still not completely understood. A pilot cross-sectional study was carried out in 70 young (age range: 18-35 yr), normal weight women attending a weight loss clinic in South of Italy (Naples). They were compared to a population of 94 normal weight students (age range:17-23 yr) who had never attended a weight loss clinic. Subjects with eating disorders have been excluded. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Eating behaviour was assessed using a validated Italian version of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) questionnaire. The two groups were matched for BMI (22.4 vs 22.1 kg/m2), smoking and physical activity. Students were more educated and less likely to be on a diet at the time of the study. Students had statistically significant lower scores for drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, inadequacy and interpersonal disrupt. The bulimia scale was the only significant predictor (p<0.05) of BMI in the patients' group; body dissatisfaction (p<0.05) predicted BMI in the control group. This study has shown that weight concern and health awareness are not the only factors that lead a normal weight woman to look for nutritional counselling but there is an underlying substrate of psychological and social distress behind the request, which should be properly assessed before starting any nutritional therapy in the clinical practice. |
2006 |
Siervo,; Grey,; Nyan,; Prentice, A pilot study on body image, attractiveness and body size in Gambians living in an urban community (Article) Eat Weight Disord, 11, 2, Page(s): 100-109, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Factors Anxiety *Attitude to Health Beauty *Body Image *Body Mass Index Cross-Cultural Comparison European Continental Ancestry Group Female Gambia/ethnology Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity United States Urban Population) @article{Paper, name = {A pilot study on body image, attractiveness and body size in Gambians living in an urban community}, author = {Siervo, M. and Grey, P. and Nyan, O. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {1590-1262 (Electronic) Comparative Study Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Eat Weight Disord}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {100-109}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We investigated the attitudinal and perceptual components of body image and its link with body mass index (BMI) in a sample of urban Gambians. We also looked at cross-cultural differences in body image and views on attractiveness between Gambians and Americans. METHODS: Four groups of 50 subjects were assessed: men 14- 25y (YM); women 14-25y (YW); men 35-50y (OM); women 35-50y (OW). Socio-economic status, education, healthy lifestyle and western influences were investigated. Height and weight were measured. Body dissatisfaction was assessed with the body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Perceptions of body image and attractiveness were assessed using the Body Image Assessment for Obesity (BIA-O) and Figure Rating Scale (FRS). RESULTS: Different generations of Gambians had very different perceptions and attitudes towards obesity. Current body size was realistically perceived and largely well tolerated. Older women had a higher body discrepancy (current minus ideal body size) than other groups (p<0.001). Regression analysis showed they were not worried about their body size until they were overweight (BMI=27.8 kg/m2), whilst OM, YM and YW started to be concerned at a BMI respectively of 22.9, 19.8 and 21.5 kg/m2. A cross-cultural comparison using published data on FRS showed that Gambians were more obesity tolerant than black and white Americans. DISCUSSION: The Gambia is a country in the early stage of demographic transitions but in urban areas there is an increase in obesity prevalence. Inherent tensions between the preservation of cultural values and traditional habits, and raising awareness of the risks of obesity, may limit health interventions to prevent weight gain.}, note = {1590-1262 (Electronic) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Factors Anxiety *Attitude to Health Beauty *Body Image *Body Mass Index Cross-Cultural Comparison European Continental Ancestry Group Female Gambia/ethnology Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity United States Urban Population} } OBJECTIVE: We investigated the attitudinal and perceptual components of body image and its link with body mass index (BMI) in a sample of urban Gambians. We also looked at cross-cultural differences in body image and views on attractiveness between Gambians and Americans. METHODS: Four groups of 50 subjects were assessed: men 14- 25y (YM); women 14-25y (YW); men 35-50y (OM); women 35-50y (OW). Socio-economic status, education, healthy lifestyle and western influences were investigated. Height and weight were measured. Body dissatisfaction was assessed with the body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Perceptions of body image and attractiveness were assessed using the Body Image Assessment for Obesity (BIA-O) and Figure Rating Scale (FRS). RESULTS: Different generations of Gambians had very different perceptions and attitudes towards obesity. Current body size was realistically perceived and largely well tolerated. Older women had a higher body discrepancy (current minus ideal body size) than other groups (p<0.001). Regression analysis showed they were not worried about their body size until they were overweight (BMI=27.8 kg/m2), whilst OM, YM and YW started to be concerned at a BMI respectively of 22.9, 19.8 and 21.5 kg/m2. A cross-cultural comparison using published data on FRS showed that Gambians were more obesity tolerant than black and white Americans. DISCUSSION: The Gambia is a country in the early stage of demographic transitions but in urban areas there is an increase in obesity prevalence. Inherent tensions between the preservation of cultural values and traditional habits, and raising awareness of the risks of obesity, may limit health interventions to prevent weight gain. |
Krebs,; Browning,; McLean,; Rothwell,; Mishra,; Moore,; Jebb, Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women (Article) Int J Obes, 30, 10, Page(s): 1535-1544, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Aged Anthropometry/methods Body Constitution Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control Combined Modality Therapy Diet, Reducing Double-Blind Method Energy Intake Fatty Acids/metabolism Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*therapeutic use Female Humans Hyperinsulinism/complications/*therapy Insulin/blood Insulin Resistance Middle Aged Obesity/complications/*therapy Overweight Risk Factors *Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women}, author = {Krebs, J. D. and Browning, L. M. and McLean, N. K. and Rothwell, J. L. and Mishra, G. D. and Moore, C. S. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {Advance online publication, 21 March 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803309. 0307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {1535-1544}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are inter-related. Both weight-loss and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) are independently known to reduce metabolic risk, but the combined effects are unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether addition of LC n-3 PUFA to a low fat/high carbohydrate weight-loss programme results in greater improvements in inflammation, insulin sensitivity and CVD risk, than weight-loss alone. DESIGN: One hundred and sixteen overweight insulin-resistant women entered a 24-week randomised intervention study. Thirty-nine women were randomised to a weight-loss programme, with LC n-3 PUFA (WLFO), 38 to a weight-loss programme with placebo oil (WLPO), and 39 to receive placebo oil, with no weight-loss programme (control). RESULTS: Ninety-three women completed the study (35 WLFO, 32 WLPO and 26 control), with significant weight-loss in WLFO (10.8+/-1.0%) and WLPO (12.4+/-1.0%) compared to the control group (P<0.0001). The WLFO, but not WLPO or control group, showed significant increases in adipose tissue LC n-3 PUFA (0.34+/-0.20 vs 0.17+/-0.10 and 0.16+/-0.10 %DHA, P<0.0001). Weight-loss showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity (P<0.001), lipid profile (triglycerides P<0.05) and inflammation (sialic acid P<0.05). Time*group effects showed significant decreases in triglycerides (P<0.05) and increases in adiponectin (P<0.01) with LC n-3 PUFA, in the WLFO vs WLPO groups. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-loss improved risk factors associated with CVD, with some additional benefits of LC n-3 PUFA on triglycerides and adiponectin. Given the current low dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFA, greater attention should be given to increase these fatty acids in the treatment of obesity.}, note = {Advance online publication, 21 March 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803309. 0307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Aged Anthropometry/methods Body Constitution Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control Combined Modality Therapy Diet, Reducing Double-Blind Method Energy Intake Fatty Acids/metabolism Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*therapeutic use Female Humans Hyperinsulinism/complications/*therapy Insulin/blood Insulin Resistance Middle Aged Obesity/complications/*therapy Overweight Risk Factors *Weight Loss} } BACKGROUND: Obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are inter-related. Both weight-loss and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) are independently known to reduce metabolic risk, but the combined effects are unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether addition of LC n-3 PUFA to a low fat/high carbohydrate weight-loss programme results in greater improvements in inflammation, insulin sensitivity and CVD risk, than weight-loss alone. DESIGN: One hundred and sixteen overweight insulin-resistant women entered a 24-week randomised intervention study. Thirty-nine women were randomised to a weight-loss programme, with LC n-3 PUFA (WLFO), 38 to a weight-loss programme with placebo oil (WLPO), and 39 to receive placebo oil, with no weight-loss programme (control). RESULTS: Ninety-three women completed the study (35 WLFO, 32 WLPO and 26 control), with significant weight-loss in WLFO (10.8+/-1.0%) and WLPO (12.4+/-1.0%) compared to the control group (P<0.0001). The WLFO, but not WLPO or control group, showed significant increases in adipose tissue LC n-3 PUFA (0.34+/-0.20 vs 0.17+/-0.10 and 0.16+/-0.10 %DHA, P<0.0001). Weight-loss showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity (P<0.001), lipid profile (triglycerides P<0.05) and inflammation (sialic acid P<0.05). Time*group effects showed significant decreases in triglycerides (P<0.05) and increases in adiponectin (P<0.01) with LC n-3 PUFA, in the WLFO vs WLPO groups. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-loss improved risk factors associated with CVD, with some additional benefits of LC n-3 PUFA on triglycerides and adiponectin. Given the current low dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFA, greater attention should be given to increase these fatty acids in the treatment of obesity. |
Whitehead,; Zhou,; Mander,; Ritchie,; Sabin,; Wright, An evaluation of Bayesian designs for dose-escalation studies in healthy volunteers (Article) Stat Med, 25, 3, Page(s): 433-445, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bayes Theorem Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic/*methods Computer Simulation Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Humans Male Pharmaceutical Preparations Research Design) @article{Paper, name = {An evaluation of Bayesian designs for dose-escalation studies in healthy volunteers}, author = {Whitehead, J. and Zhou, Y. and Mander, A. P. and Ritchie, S. and Sabin, A. and Wright, A.}, note = {0277-6715 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Stat Med}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {433-445}, abstract = {In this paper, Bayesian decision procedures previously proposed for dose-escalation studies in healthy volunteers are reviewed and evaluated. Modifications are made to the expression of the prior distribution in order to make the procedure simpler to implement and a more relevant criterion for optimality is introduced. The results of an extensive simulation exercise to establish the properties of the procedure and to aid choice between designs are summarized, and the way in which readers can use simulation to choose a design for their own trials is described. The influence of the value of the within-subject correlation on the procedure is investigated and the use of a simple prior to reflect uncertainty about the correlation is explored.}, note = {0277-6715 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {*Bayes Theorem Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic/*methods Computer Simulation Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Humans Male Pharmaceutical Preparations Research Design} } In this paper, Bayesian decision procedures previously proposed for dose-escalation studies in healthy volunteers are reviewed and evaluated. Modifications are made to the expression of the prior distribution in order to make the procedure simpler to implement and a more relevant criterion for optimality is introduced. The results of an extensive simulation exercise to establish the properties of the procedure and to aid choice between designs are summarized, and the way in which readers can use simulation to choose a design for their own trials is described. The influence of the value of the within-subject correlation on the procedure is investigated and the use of a simple prior to reflect uncertainty about the correlation is explored. |
Matthews,; Chatfield,; Brayne, An investigation of whether factors associated with short-term attrition change or persist over ten years: data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) (Article) BMC Public Health, 6, Page(s): 185, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {An investigation of whether factors associated with short-term attrition change or persist over ten years: data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS)}, author = {Matthews, F. E. and Chatfield, M. and Brayne, C.}, note = {1471-2458 (Electronic) Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {6}, pages = {185}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Factors associated with the loss of participants in long-term longitudinal studies of ageing, due to refusal or moves, have been discussed less than those with short term follow-up. METHODS: In a population-based study of cognition and ageing (the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS)), factors associated with dropout due to refusal and moving in the first follow-up period (over two years) are compared with factors associated with dropout over ten years. Participants at 10-year follow-up are compared with their age-standardised baseline contemporaries. RESULTS: Some consistent trends are found over the longer term. Refusers tended to have poorer cognition, less years of education, not have a family history of dementia and be women. Characteristics of people who moved differed between waves, but the oldest and people in worse health moved more. When surviving and responding individuals at ten years are compared with those of the same age at baseline many differences are found. Individuals of lower social class, education, cognitive ability, in residential care, with sight/hearing problems and poor/fair self-reported health are less likely to be seen after 10 years of follow-up. Individuals report more health problems when they participate in multiple interviews. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of refusers in the longer term are similar to those refusing to participate over the shorter term. Long-term follow-up studies will under represent the disadvantaged and disabled but represent full health status of participating individuals better. There are advantages and disadvantages to both short-term and long-term follow-up.}, note = {1471-2458 (Electronic) Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Aged Aged} } BACKGROUND: Factors associated with the loss of participants in long-term longitudinal studies of ageing, due to refusal or moves, have been discussed less than those with short term follow-up. METHODS: In a population-based study of cognition and ageing (the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS)), factors associated with dropout due to refusal and moving in the first follow-up period (over two years) are compared with factors associated with dropout over ten years. Participants at 10-year follow-up are compared with their age-standardised baseline contemporaries. RESULTS: Some consistent trends are found over the longer term. Refusers tended to have poorer cognition, less years of education, not have a family history of dementia and be women. Characteristics of people who moved differed between waves, but the oldest and people in worse health moved more. When surviving and responding individuals at ten years are compared with those of the same age at baseline many differences are found. Individuals of lower social class, education, cognitive ability, in residential care, with sight/hearing problems and poor/fair self-reported health are less likely to be seen after 10 years of follow-up. Individuals report more health problems when they participate in multiple interviews. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of refusers in the longer term are similar to those refusing to participate over the shorter term. Long-term follow-up studies will under represent the disadvantaged and disabled but represent full health status of participating individuals better. There are advantages and disadvantages to both short-term and long-term follow-up. |
Jones,; Bluck,; Coward, Analysis of isotope ratios in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) from human plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 20, 12, Page(s): 1894-1898, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Humans Isotope Labeling Solid Phase Extraction Vitamin K 1/*blood Vitamins/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Analysis of isotope ratios in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) from human plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry}, author = {Jones, K. S. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2538. 0951-4198 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {1894-1898}, abstract = {Vitamin K(1) is a fat-soluble vitamin required for the gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Recent work has suggested an important role for vitamin K(1) in bone health beyond its more established function in the control and regulation of blood coagulation. However, current UK recommended intakes do not reflect this recent evidence. The use of stable isotopes provides a powerful tool to investigate vitamin K kinetics, turnover and absorption in man, although published methods have reported difficulties in the extraction and analysis of isotope ratios of vitamin K in human plasma. In this paper, we report a new methodology for the extraction and measurement of isotope ratios in vitamin K(1). Sample clean-up is achieved with liquid-liquid extraction, enzyme hydrolysis with lipase and cholesterol esterase, and solid-phase extraction. Isotopic analysis of the pentafluoropropionyl derivative of vitamin K(1) is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The limit of quantitation is equivalent to at least 0.3 nmol/L and the method is demonstrated to be linear over a range of enrichments. This method provides a robust alternative to previous work requiring the use of semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).}, note = {DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2538. 0951-4198 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods Humans Isotope Labeling Solid Phase Extraction Vitamin K 1/*blood Vitamins/*blood} } Vitamin K(1) is a fat-soluble vitamin required for the gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Recent work has suggested an important role for vitamin K(1) in bone health beyond its more established function in the control and regulation of blood coagulation. However, current UK recommended intakes do not reflect this recent evidence. The use of stable isotopes provides a powerful tool to investigate vitamin K kinetics, turnover and absorption in man, although published methods have reported difficulties in the extraction and analysis of isotope ratios of vitamin K in human plasma. In this paper, we report a new methodology for the extraction and measurement of isotope ratios in vitamin K(1). Sample clean-up is achieved with liquid-liquid extraction, enzyme hydrolysis with lipase and cholesterol esterase, and solid-phase extraction. Isotopic analysis of the pentafluoropropionyl derivative of vitamin K(1) is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The limit of quantitation is equivalent to at least 0.3 nmol/L and the method is demonstrated to be linear over a range of enrichments. This method provides a robust alternative to previous work requiring the use of semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). |
Kadar,; Santos,; Powell, Biological factors influencing tissue compartmentalization of trace metals in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus at geochemically distinct vent sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Article) Environ Res, 101, 2, Page(s): 221-229, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animals Metals/*metabolism Mollusca/*metabolism Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results) @article{Paper, name = {Biological factors influencing tissue compartmentalization of trace metals in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus at geochemically distinct vent sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}, author = {Kadar, E. and Santos, R. S. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.010 29 September 2005, In Press, Corrected proof 0013-9351 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Environ Res}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {221-229}, abstract = {In this study, we investigated on concentrations of trace metals (Al, Cd, Mn, Co, and Hg) in the hydrothermal bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus, a dominant species at most vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), and in its endosymbiont bacteria and commensal parasite Branchipolynoe seepensis. Comparison of our results with data from the literature on non-hydrothermal bivalves suggests lack of "extreme" uptake of trace metals by B. azoricus, except for Hg concentration which exceeded manyfold previously reported values. Mussels collected from three geochemically distinct vent sites, Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, and Rainbow, along the MAR showed significant differences in tissue concentration of metals. Proportionality of metals in soft tissues of mussels reflected variation of water chemistry at different vents, which in turn conserved the order of trace metal prevalence in undiluted fluids. There were significant tissue-specific differences in trace metal compartmentalization for all metals investigated. Byssus thread contained the highest metal concentration among examined tissues, and thus it is suggested to be an important detoxification route. Size-dependent differences in metal concentrations were detected only for Hg, revealing a general trend of small mussels accumulating more metal than big mussels. Endosymbiont bacteria are shown to exclusively sequester Al from the host gill and contribute to removal of other toxic metals in mussels from Menez Gwen. The commensal parasite present in all mussels from Lucky Strike had higher tissue concentrations of Mn, Al, and Co than the host gill, unlike Cd and Hg which were considerably lower in the former, and thus its role in detoxification remains unclear. Bioaccumulation potential of vent bivalves and associated organisms are quantified as concentration factors and compared to make inferences on the putative role of the endosymbiont bacteria and the commensal parasite in detoxification of trace metals.}, note = {doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.010 29 September 2005, In Press, Corrected proof 0013-9351 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Animals Metals/*metabolism Mollusca/*metabolism Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results} } In this study, we investigated on concentrations of trace metals (Al, Cd, Mn, Co, and Hg) in the hydrothermal bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus, a dominant species at most vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), and in its endosymbiont bacteria and commensal parasite Branchipolynoe seepensis. Comparison of our results with data from the literature on non-hydrothermal bivalves suggests lack of "extreme" uptake of trace metals by B. azoricus, except for Hg concentration which exceeded manyfold previously reported values. Mussels collected from three geochemically distinct vent sites, Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, and Rainbow, along the MAR showed significant differences in tissue concentration of metals. Proportionality of metals in soft tissues of mussels reflected variation of water chemistry at different vents, which in turn conserved the order of trace metal prevalence in undiluted fluids. There were significant tissue-specific differences in trace metal compartmentalization for all metals investigated. Byssus thread contained the highest metal concentration among examined tissues, and thus it is suggested to be an important detoxification route. Size-dependent differences in metal concentrations were detected only for Hg, revealing a general trend of small mussels accumulating more metal than big mussels. Endosymbiont bacteria are shown to exclusively sequester Al from the host gill and contribute to removal of other toxic metals in mussels from Menez Gwen. The commensal parasite present in all mussels from Lucky Strike had higher tissue concentrations of Mn, Al, and Co than the host gill, unlike Cd and Hg which were considerably lower in the former, and thus its role in detoxification remains unclear. Bioaccumulation potential of vent bivalves and associated organisms are quantified as concentration factors and compared to make inferences on the putative role of the endosymbiont bacteria and the commensal parasite in detoxification of trace metals. |
Bates,; Prentice,; Birch,; Delves,; Sinclair, Blood indices of selenium and mercury, and their correlations with fish intake, in young people living in Britain (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 3, Page(s): 523-531, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Age Distribution Animals Antioxidants/*analysis Child Child, Preschool Diet Eating Environmental Pollutants/*blood Erythrocytes/chemistry Female *Fishes Food Contamination Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Mercury/*blood Nutrition Surveys Selenium/*blood Sex Distribution) @article{Paper, name = {Blood indices of selenium and mercury, and their correlations with fish intake, in young people living in Britain}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Birch, M. C. and Delves, H. T. and Sinclair, K. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {523-531}, abstract = {{Relationships between Se and Hg in erythrocytes, and between these indices and intakes of fish and other foods, were studied as an adjunct to the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4-18 years. Hg was measured in 965 packed erythrocyte samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fe measurements permitted the calculation of whole-blood Hg. Erythrocyte and plasma Se, and 7 d weighed dietary intake estimates, were available. Erythrocyte Hg was positively skewed, normalised by log-transformation. It was 20 % higher in girls than boys (3.17 v. 2.65 nmol/l}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Age Distribution Animals Antioxidants/*analysis Child Child, Preschool Diet Eating Environmental Pollutants/*blood Erythrocytes/chemistry Female *Fishes Food Contamination Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Mercury/*blood Nutrition Surveys Selenium/*blood Sex Distribution} } {Relationships between Se and Hg in erythrocytes, and between these indices and intakes of fish and other foods, were studied as an adjunct to the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4-18 years. Hg was measured in 965 packed erythrocyte samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fe measurements permitted the calculation of whole-blood Hg. Erythrocyte and plasma Se, and 7 d weighed dietary intake estimates, were available. Erythrocyte Hg was positively skewed, normalised by log-transformation. It was 20 % higher in girls than boys (3.17 v. 2.65 nmol/l |
McCarthy,; Cole,; Fry,; Jebb,; Prentice, Body fat reference curves for children (Article) Int J Obes, 30, 4, Page(s): 598-602, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adiposity/*physiology Adolescent Child Child Development/physiology Child, Preschool Electric Impedance England Female Humans Male Obesity/*diagnosis Reference Values *Sex Characteristics Sex Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Body fat reference curves for children}, author = {McCarthy, H. D. and Cole, T. J. and Fry, T. and Jebb, S. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {598-602}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To refine the diagnosis of childhood obesity by creating new sex-specific centile curves for body fat and to base these references on a simple and affordable method that could be widely adopted in clinical practice and surveys. DESIGN: Body fat was measured by bio-impedance in 1985 Caucasian children aged 5-18 years from schools in Southern England. Smoothed centile charts were derived using the LMS method. RESULTS: The new body fat curves reflect the known differences in the development of adiposity between boys and girls. The curves are similar by sex until puberty but then diverge markedly, with males proportionately decreasing body fat and females continuing to gain. These sex differences are not revealed by existing curves based on body mass index. We present charts in which cutoffs to define regions of 'underfat', 'normal', 'overfat' and 'obese' are set at the 2nd, 85th and 95th centiles. These have been designed to yield similar proportions of overweight/overfat and obese children to the IOTF body mass index cutoffs. CONCLUSIONS: Direct assessment of adiposity, the component of overweight that leads to pathology, represents a significant advance over body mass index. Our new charts will be published by the Child Growth Foundation for clinical monitoring of body fat, along with the software to convert individual measurements to Z-scores.}, note = {0307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adiposity/*physiology Adolescent Child Child Development/physiology Child, Preschool Electric Impedance England Female Humans Male Obesity/*diagnosis Reference Values *Sex Characteristics Sex Factors} } OBJECTIVE: To refine the diagnosis of childhood obesity by creating new sex-specific centile curves for body fat and to base these references on a simple and affordable method that could be widely adopted in clinical practice and surveys. DESIGN: Body fat was measured by bio-impedance in 1985 Caucasian children aged 5-18 years from schools in Southern England. Smoothed centile charts were derived using the LMS method. RESULTS: The new body fat curves reflect the known differences in the development of adiposity between boys and girls. The curves are similar by sex until puberty but then diverge markedly, with males proportionately decreasing body fat and females continuing to gain. These sex differences are not revealed by existing curves based on body mass index. We present charts in which cutoffs to define regions of 'underfat', 'normal', 'overfat' and 'obese' are set at the 2nd, 85th and 95th centiles. These have been designed to yield similar proportions of overweight/overfat and obese children to the IOTF body mass index cutoffs. CONCLUSIONS: Direct assessment of adiposity, the component of overweight that leads to pathology, represents a significant advance over body mass index. Our new charts will be published by the Child Growth Foundation for clinical monitoring of body fat, along with the software to convert individual measurements to Z-scores. |
Rennie,; Siervo,; Jebb, Can self-reported dieting and dietary restraint identify underreporters of energy intake in dietary surveys? (Article) J Am Diet Assoc, 106, 10, Page(s): 1667-1672, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Mass Index Diet Records *Diet Surveys Dietetics/methods Eating/*psychology *Energy Intake Exercise/physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment Nutritional Requirements Obesity/*psychology *Self Disclosure Sex Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Can self-reported dieting and dietary restraint identify underreporters of energy intake in dietary surveys?}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Siervo, M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0002-8223 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {J Am Diet Assoc}, volume = {106}, number = {10}, pages = {1667-1672}, abstract = {Underreporting is endemic in most dietary studies and ways to reliably identify individuals who may underreport energy intake are needed. Whether questions on self-reported dieting and dietary restraint, in addition to weight status, would identify individuals who may underreport energy intakes was examined in a United Kingdom representative survey. Mean daily energy intake was calculated from the 7-day dietary record of 668 men and 826 women. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level and to calculate estimated energy requirements from published equations. Underreporting was calculated as estimated energy requirements minus energy intake with adjustment for daily variation. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed dietary restraint. Underreporting was higher in men and women reporting current dieting than nondieters (P<0.001) and higher in high-restrained (P<0.001) than low-restrained. When stratified by body mass index category, in men these associations were only significant in the overweight (P<0.001). Dieting was associated with greater underreporting in both lean (P<0.01) and overweight women (P<0.001). Underreporting was higher in lean high-restrained women than low-restrained (P=0.02), but similar in overweight women regardless of restraint score. Questions to assess dietary restraint and current dieting may be useful tools to identify and evaluate underreporting at an individual level in dietary surveys.}, note = {0002-8223 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Mass Index Diet Records *Diet Surveys Dietetics/methods Eating/*psychology *Energy Intake Exercise/physiology Female Humans Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment Nutritional Requirements Obesity/*psychology *Self Disclosure Sex Factors} } Underreporting is endemic in most dietary studies and ways to reliably identify individuals who may underreport energy intake are needed. Whether questions on self-reported dieting and dietary restraint, in addition to weight status, would identify individuals who may underreport energy intakes was examined in a United Kingdom representative survey. Mean daily energy intake was calculated from the 7-day dietary record of 668 men and 826 women. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level and to calculate estimated energy requirements from published equations. Underreporting was calculated as estimated energy requirements minus energy intake with adjustment for daily variation. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed dietary restraint. Underreporting was higher in men and women reporting current dieting than nondieters (P<0.001) and higher in high-restrained (P<0.001) than low-restrained. When stratified by body mass index category, in men these associations were only significant in the overweight (P<0.001). Dieting was associated with greater underreporting in both lean (P<0.01) and overweight women (P<0.001). Underreporting was higher in lean high-restrained women than low-restrained (P=0.02), but similar in overweight women regardless of restraint score. Questions to assess dietary restraint and current dieting may be useful tools to identify and evaluate underreporting at an individual level in dietary surveys. |
Thacher,; Pettifor,; Fischer,; Okolo,; Prentice, Case-control study of breast milk calcium in mothers of children with and without nutritional rickets (Article) Acta Paediatr, 95, 7, Page(s): 826-832, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Calcium/*analysis Case-Control Studies Child Female Humans Milk, Human/*chemistry Mothers Nigeria Reference Values Rickets/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Case-control study of breast milk calcium in mothers of children with and without nutritional rickets}, author = {Thacher, T. D. and Pettifor, J. M. and Fischer, P. R. and Okolo, S. N. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0803-5253 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Acta Paediatr}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {826-832}, abstract = {AIM: Despite similarly low calcium intakes and normal vitamin D status, only some Nigerian children develop nutritional rickets. We hypothesized that mothers with children who had developed rickets might have lower breast-milk calcium concentration than mothers with normal children and compared the breast-milk calcium concentration of mothers who had had children with rickets with those who had not (controls). METHODS: We collected breast milk from 35 Nigerian mothers who had previously had children with nutritional rickets. For each case mother, we collected breast milk from three matched control mothers at the same stage of lactation (+/-4 weeks) who had had no children with rickets. Data were collected about parity, stage of lactation, and the infant's intake. The mother's bone density was measured. RESULTS: The mean breast milk calcium concentration of mothers of children with rickets (4.30+/-1.24 mmol/L) was less than that of control mothers (4.65+/-1.03 mmol/L; P=0.034 in multivariate regression controlling for duration of lactation and resumption of menses). Forearm bone mineral content was significantly related to breast milk calcium concentration (r=0.20) after adjusting for height, weight, and bone area (P=0.028). CONCLUSION: Reduced breast-milk calcium concentration may contribute to a reduced calcium intake in infancy and predispose children to nutritional rickets.}, note = {0803-5253 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Calcium/*analysis Case-Control Studies Child Female Humans Milk, Human/*chemistry Mothers Nigeria Reference Values Rickets/*metabolism} } AIM: Despite similarly low calcium intakes and normal vitamin D status, only some Nigerian children develop nutritional rickets. We hypothesized that mothers with children who had developed rickets might have lower breast-milk calcium concentration than mothers with normal children and compared the breast-milk calcium concentration of mothers who had had children with rickets with those who had not (controls). METHODS: We collected breast milk from 35 Nigerian mothers who had previously had children with nutritional rickets. For each case mother, we collected breast milk from three matched control mothers at the same stage of lactation (+/-4 weeks) who had had no children with rickets. Data were collected about parity, stage of lactation, and the infant's intake. The mother's bone density was measured. RESULTS: The mean breast milk calcium concentration of mothers of children with rickets (4.30+/-1.24 mmol/L) was less than that of control mothers (4.65+/-1.03 mmol/L; P=0.034 in multivariate regression controlling for duration of lactation and resumption of menses). Forearm bone mineral content was significantly related to breast milk calcium concentration (r=0.20) after adjusting for height, weight, and bone area (P=0.028). CONCLUSION: Reduced breast-milk calcium concentration may contribute to a reduced calcium intake in infancy and predispose children to nutritional rickets. |
Thane,; Bolton-Smith,; Coward, Comparative dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) among British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1 (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 6, Page(s): 1105-1115, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adiposity Adult Age Factors Analysis of Variance Body Mass Index Diet/*trends Diet Records Diet Surveys Female Fruit Great Britain Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Seasons Smoking Social Class Vegetables Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Comparative dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) among British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {1105-1115}, abstract = {Using data from 7 d weighed dietary records, dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) were examined by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in 1916 participants aged 16-64 years from the 1986-7 Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, and 1423 participants aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Using UK-specific food content data, geometric mean phylloquinone intakes were estimated as 72 (95% CI 70, 74) and 67 (95% CI 65, 69) microg/d in 1986-7 and 2000-1 respectively (P<0.001). In 1986-7, 47% of participants had phylloquinone intakes below the UK guideline for adequacy (> or =1 microg/kg body weight per d), compared with 59% in 2000-1 (P<0.001). In both surveys, daily phylloquinone intake was higher among men than women and increased significantly with age. Participants of manual occupational social class, or who were smokers, had lower phylloquinone intake than their counterparts. Participants living in Scotland and northern England had lower phylloquinone intake than those living elsewhere in mainland Britain, particularly in 1986-7 when the contribution from vegetables was also lower than elsewhere. However, by 2000-1 this regional difference was no longer significant. Overall, vegetables contributed 63% of phylloquinone intake in 1986-7 and 60% in 2000-1, with cooked leafy green vegetables (LGV) providing 23 and 19% respectively. In both surveys, the contribution of vegetables (cooked LGV in particular) was directly associated with age. These data show a decrease in phylloquinone intake from 1986-7 to 2000-1, mainly owing to lower consumption of cooked LGV.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adiposity Adult Age Factors Analysis of Variance Body Mass Index Diet/*trends Diet Records Diet Surveys Female Fruit Great Britain Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Seasons Smoking Social Class Vegetables Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage} } Using data from 7 d weighed dietary records, dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) were examined by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in 1916 participants aged 16-64 years from the 1986-7 Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, and 1423 participants aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Using UK-specific food content data, geometric mean phylloquinone intakes were estimated as 72 (95% CI 70, 74) and 67 (95% CI 65, 69) microg/d in 1986-7 and 2000-1 respectively (P<0.001). In 1986-7, 47% of participants had phylloquinone intakes below the UK guideline for adequacy (> or =1 microg/kg body weight per d), compared with 59% in 2000-1 (P<0.001). In both surveys, daily phylloquinone intake was higher among men than women and increased significantly with age. Participants of manual occupational social class, or who were smokers, had lower phylloquinone intake than their counterparts. Participants living in Scotland and northern England had lower phylloquinone intake than those living elsewhere in mainland Britain, particularly in 1986-7 when the contribution from vegetables was also lower than elsewhere. However, by 2000-1 this regional difference was no longer significant. Overall, vegetables contributed 63% of phylloquinone intake in 1986-7 and 60% in 2000-1, with cooked leafy green vegetables (LGV) providing 23 and 19% respectively. In both surveys, the contribution of vegetables (cooked LGV in particular) was directly associated with age. These data show a decrease in phylloquinone intake from 1986-7 to 2000-1, mainly owing to lower consumption of cooked LGV. |
Pan,; Brown,; Brydson,; Warley,; Li,; Powell, Electron beam damage studies of synthetic 6-line ferrihydrite and ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy (Article) Micron, 37, 5, Page(s): 403-411, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Biopsy *Electrons Ferric Compounds/*chemistry Ferritins/*chemistry/ultrastructure Humans Liver/*metabolism/pathology Male Microscopy, Transmission, Electron) @article{Paper, name = {Electron beam damage studies of synthetic 6-line ferrihydrite and ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy}, author = {Pan, Y. H. and Brown, A. and Brydson, R. and Warley, A. and Li, A. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0968-4328 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Micron}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {403-411}, abstract = {In order to achieve an accurate understanding of the crystal structure of 6-line ferrihydrite (6LFh) and ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron beam damage should be considered. For the case of 6LFh, the electron energy loss near-edge structure (ELNES) of core ionisation edges in the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) combined with multiple linear least-square (MLLS) fitting of reference spectra together with analysis of selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns suggests that the iron in 6LFh is solely octahedrally coordinated Fe3+. With increasing electron dose, an increasing percentage of this octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ migrates to tetrahedral sites. When the dose exceeds 3 x 10(8) electrons/nm2, Fe2+ is found to be present in the material. This method also indicates that the iron in ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy is the same as in 6LFh, entirely Fe3+ in octahedral coordination with oxygen. Again the percentage of octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ decreases as the accumulated electron dose increases and Fe2+ is produced in the liver biopsies when the electron dose exceeds 10(6)electrons/nm2.}, note = {0968-4328 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Biopsy *Electrons Ferric Compounds/*chemistry Ferritins/*chemistry/ultrastructure Humans Liver/*metabolism/pathology Male Microscopy, Transmission, Electron} } In order to achieve an accurate understanding of the crystal structure of 6-line ferrihydrite (6LFh) and ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron beam damage should be considered. For the case of 6LFh, the electron energy loss near-edge structure (ELNES) of core ionisation edges in the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) combined with multiple linear least-square (MLLS) fitting of reference spectra together with analysis of selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns suggests that the iron in 6LFh is solely octahedrally coordinated Fe3+. With increasing electron dose, an increasing percentage of this octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ migrates to tetrahedral sites. When the dose exceeds 3 x 10(8) electrons/nm2, Fe2+ is found to be present in the material. This method also indicates that the iron in ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy is the same as in 6LFh, entirely Fe3+ in octahedral coordination with oxygen. Again the percentage of octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ decreases as the accumulated electron dose increases and Fe2+ is produced in the liver biopsies when the electron dose exceeds 10(6)electrons/nm2. |
Prynne,; Mishra,; O'Connell,; Muniz,; Laskey,; Yan,; Prentice,; Ginty, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 6, Page(s): 1420-1428, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Antioxidants/*pharmacology Ascorbic Acid/*pharmacology Bone Density/*drug effects Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Surveys Energy Intake Female *Fruit Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Multicenter Studies as Topic Sex Distribution *Vegetables) @article{Paper, name = {Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and Mishra, G. D. and O'Connell, M. A. and Muniz, G. and Laskey, M. A. and Yan, L. and Prentice, A. and Ginty, F.}, note = {Corresponding editorial p1254. 0002-9165 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {1420-1428}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Evidence is increasing for positive effects of fruit and vegetable intakes on bone health. However, most of the studies to date were conducted in adults, and few reports included adolescents. OBJECTIVE: We explored the association between bone mineral status and fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent boys and girls (aged 16-18 y), young women (aged 23-37 y), and older men and women (aged 60-83 y). DESIGN: Bone mineral measurements of the whole body, hip, and spine were made in all subjects by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health and lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Fruit, vegetable, and nutrient intakes were ascertained from 7-d food diaries. RESULTS: In adolescent boys and girls and older women, significant positive associations were observed between spine size-adjusted bone mineral content (SA-BMC) and fruit intake. In boys only, femoral neck SA-BMC was also significantly and positively associated with the intakes of both fruit and dietary vitamin C. No significant associations were found in the young women or older men, or between bone measurements and intake of vegetables alone (after adjustments) in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher fruit and vegetable intakes may have positive effects on bone mineral status in both younger and older age groups, especially at the spine and femoral neck. The specific mechanisms remain to be ascertained, but vitamin C, other fruit-specific antioxidants, and lifestyle may play a role.}, note = {Corresponding editorial p1254. 0002-9165 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Antioxidants/*pharmacology Ascorbic Acid/*pharmacology Bone Density/*drug effects Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Surveys Energy Intake Female *Fruit Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Multicenter Studies as Topic Sex Distribution *Vegetables} } BACKGROUND: Evidence is increasing for positive effects of fruit and vegetable intakes on bone health. However, most of the studies to date were conducted in adults, and few reports included adolescents. OBJECTIVE: We explored the association between bone mineral status and fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent boys and girls (aged 16-18 y), young women (aged 23-37 y), and older men and women (aged 60-83 y). DESIGN: Bone mineral measurements of the whole body, hip, and spine were made in all subjects by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health and lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Fruit, vegetable, and nutrient intakes were ascertained from 7-d food diaries. RESULTS: In adolescent boys and girls and older women, significant positive associations were observed between spine size-adjusted bone mineral content (SA-BMC) and fruit intake. In boys only, femoral neck SA-BMC was also significantly and positively associated with the intakes of both fruit and dietary vitamin C. No significant associations were found in the young women or older men, or between bone measurements and intake of vegetables alone (after adjustments) in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher fruit and vegetable intakes may have positive effects on bone mineral status in both younger and older age groups, especially at the spine and femoral neck. The specific mechanisms remain to be ascertained, but vitamin C, other fruit-specific antioxidants, and lifestyle may play a role. |
Campbell,; Bunn,; Weaver,; Harding,; Coward,; Thomas, Human milk vacuolating cytotoxin A immunoglobulin A antibodies modify Helicobacter pylori infection in Gambian children (Article) Clin Infect Dis, 43, 8, Page(s): 1040-1042, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology Bacterial Proteins/*immunology Female Gambia Helicobacter Infections/*immunology Helicobacter pylori/*immunology/pathogenicity Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Milk, Human/*immunology/microbiology) @article{Paper, name = {Human milk vacuolating cytotoxin A immunoglobulin A antibodies modify Helicobacter pylori infection in Gambian children}, author = {Campbell, D. I. and Bunn, J. E. and Weaver, L. T. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Thomas, J. E.}, note = {1537-6591 (Electronic) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {1040-1042}, abstract = {We collected data, including the weights, urea breath test results, and presence of maternal milk cytotoxin-associated gene-specific and vacuolating cytotoxin A-specific immunoglobulin A monthly from 48 mothers and infants (to 44 weeks of age) in The Gambia. In all, 11 children (23%) had negative urea breath test results, and 37 (77%) had positive results. Weight loss associated with Helicobacter pylori colonization was restricted to children whose mothers did not produce anti-vacuolating cytotoxin A antibodies in their milk (P=.028, by t test).}, note = {1537-6591 (Electronic) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology Bacterial Proteins/*immunology Female Gambia Helicobacter Infections/*immunology Helicobacter pylori/*immunology/pathogenicity Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Milk, Human/*immunology/microbiology} } We collected data, including the weights, urea breath test results, and presence of maternal milk cytotoxin-associated gene-specific and vacuolating cytotoxin A-specific immunoglobulin A monthly from 48 mothers and infants (to 44 weeks of age) in The Gambia. In all, 11 children (23%) had negative urea breath test results, and 37 (77%) had positive results. Weight loss associated with Helicobacter pylori colonization was restricted to children whose mothers did not produce anti-vacuolating cytotoxin A antibodies in their milk (P=.028, by t test). |
Gomez-Morilla,; Thoree,; Powell,; Kirkby,; Grime, Identification and quantitive analysis of calcium phosphate microparticles in intestinal tissue by nuclear microscopy (Article) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B, 249, Page(s): 665-669, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Calcium phosphate; Microparticles; PIXE; RBS; Gastrointestinal) @article{Paper, name = {Identification and quantitive analysis of calcium phosphate microparticles in intestinal tissue by nuclear microscopy}, author = {Gomez-Morilla, I. and Thoree, V. and Powell, J. J. and Kirkby, K. J. and Grime, G. W.}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B}, volume = {249}, pages = {665-669}, abstract = {Microscopic particles (0.5–2 µm diameter), rich in calcium and phosphorus, are found in the lumen of the mid-distal gut of all mammals investigated, including humans, and these may play a role in immuno-surveillance and immune regulation of antigens from food and symbiotic bacteria that are contained in the gut. Whether these particles can cross in to tissue of the intestinal mucosa is unclear. If so, characterising their morphology and chemical composition is an important task in elucidating their function. The analysis of calcium phosphate in biological tissues has been approached in several ways including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, most recently in this work, with nuclear microscopy. In this paper, we describe the use of microPIXE and microRBS to locate these particles and to determine, accurately, the ratio of phosphorus to calcium using the information on sample thickness obtained from RBS to allow the PIXE ratios to be corrected. A commercial sample of hydroxy apatite was used to demonstrate accuracy and precision of the technique. Then, in a pilot study on intestinal tissue of mice, we demonstrated the presence of calcium phosphate microparticles, consistent with confocal microscopy observations, and we identified the average molar P:Ca molar ratio as 1.0. Further work will confirm the exact chemical speciation of these particles and will examine the influence of differing calcium containing diets on the formation of these microparticles.}, keywords = {Calcium phosphate; Microparticles; PIXE; RBS; Gastrointestinal} } Microscopic particles (0.5–2 µm diameter), rich in calcium and phosphorus, are found in the lumen of the mid-distal gut of all mammals investigated, including humans, and these may play a role in immuno-surveillance and immune regulation of antigens from food and symbiotic bacteria that are contained in the gut. Whether these particles can cross in to tissue of the intestinal mucosa is unclear. If so, characterising their morphology and chemical composition is an important task in elucidating their function. The analysis of calcium phosphate in biological tissues has been approached in several ways including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, most recently in this work, with nuclear microscopy. In this paper, we describe the use of microPIXE and microRBS to locate these particles and to determine, accurately, the ratio of phosphorus to calcium using the information on sample thickness obtained from RBS to allow the PIXE ratios to be corrected. A commercial sample of hydroxy apatite was used to demonstrate accuracy and precision of the technique. Then, in a pilot study on intestinal tissue of mice, we demonstrated the presence of calcium phosphate microparticles, consistent with confocal microscopy observations, and we identified the average molar P:Ca molar ratio as 1.0. Further work will confirm the exact chemical speciation of these particles and will examine the influence of differing calcium containing diets on the formation of these microparticles. |
Li,; Warley,; Thoree,; Simpson,; McKie,; Kodjabashia,; Thompson,; Powell, Immunolocalization of duodenal cytochrome B: a relationship with circulating markers of iron status (Article) Eur J Clin Invest, 36, 12, Page(s): 890-898, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Markers/blood Cytochrome b Group/*metabolism Duodenum/*metabolism Ferritins/analysis Humans Immunohistochemistry Intestinal Absorption/physiology Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure Iron/*metabolism Microscopy, Electron) @article{Paper, name = {Immunolocalization of duodenal cytochrome B: a relationship with circulating markers of iron status}, author = {Li, A. C. and Warley, A. and Thoree, V. and Simpson, R. J. and McKie, A. T. and Kodjabashia, K. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0014-2972 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Invest}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, pages = {890-898}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The brush border ferric reductase (Dcytb) is critical for the absorption of dietary iron and appears to be expressed on the duodenal enterocyte brush border. The Dcytb expression is increased in severe iron-deficient anaemia, but the situation in a more typical mild iron deficiency is unclear. This study investigated Dcytb expression in patients with normal iron status or mild iron deficiency and its relationships with enterocyte iron status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duodenal biopsy specimens and blood samples were obtained from 32 patients undergoing routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Twenty-three specimens (six iron-deficient and 17 iron-replete) were processed for light-microscopy (LM) and for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against Dcytb and heavy/light chain ferritin subunits. The nine remaining biopsies (three iron-deficient and six iron-replete) were processed for electron microscopy (EM). Immunolocalization of Dcytb and intracellular ferritin was performed with appropriate primary antibodies followed by 10-nm gold conjugate labels. RESULTS: The LM process showed a strong negative correlation between immunolabelling intensity of Dcytb on the enterocyte brush border and serum iron saturation (P < 0.001), but only a weak negative correlation between this antigen and haemoglobin (P = 0.08) or serum ferritin concentrations (P = 0.4). EM confirmed anti-Dcytb preferential labelling of microvilli rather than enterocyte cytoplasm (P = 0.001), but preferential antiferritin labelling of cytoplasm (P < 0.02). There was no correlation with enterocyte cytoplasmic ferritin labelling (i.e. enterocyte iron status and Dcytb expression). CONCLUSIONS: Enterocyte Dcytb brush border expression is increased even in mild iron deficiency and may be related to serum iron saturation. The lack of correlation with enterocyte ferritin expression deserves further study with direct measurement of intracellular iron.}, note = {0014-2972 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Biological Markers/blood Cytochrome b Group/*metabolism Duodenum/*metabolism Ferritins/analysis Humans Immunohistochemistry Intestinal Absorption/physiology Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure Iron/*metabolism Microscopy, Electron} } BACKGROUND: The brush border ferric reductase (Dcytb) is critical for the absorption of dietary iron and appears to be expressed on the duodenal enterocyte brush border. The Dcytb expression is increased in severe iron-deficient anaemia, but the situation in a more typical mild iron deficiency is unclear. This study investigated Dcytb expression in patients with normal iron status or mild iron deficiency and its relationships with enterocyte iron status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duodenal biopsy specimens and blood samples were obtained from 32 patients undergoing routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Twenty-three specimens (six iron-deficient and 17 iron-replete) were processed for light-microscopy (LM) and for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against Dcytb and heavy/light chain ferritin subunits. The nine remaining biopsies (three iron-deficient and six iron-replete) were processed for electron microscopy (EM). Immunolocalization of Dcytb and intracellular ferritin was performed with appropriate primary antibodies followed by 10-nm gold conjugate labels. RESULTS: The LM process showed a strong negative correlation between immunolabelling intensity of Dcytb on the enterocyte brush border and serum iron saturation (P < 0.001), but only a weak negative correlation between this antigen and haemoglobin (P = 0.08) or serum ferritin concentrations (P = 0.4). EM confirmed anti-Dcytb preferential labelling of microvilli rather than enterocyte cytoplasm (P = 0.001), but preferential antiferritin labelling of cytoplasm (P < 0.02). There was no correlation with enterocyte cytoplasmic ferritin labelling (i.e. enterocyte iron status and Dcytb expression). CONCLUSIONS: Enterocyte Dcytb brush border expression is increased even in mild iron deficiency and may be related to serum iron saturation. The lack of correlation with enterocyte ferritin expression deserves further study with direct measurement of intracellular iron. |
Hope,; Daniel,; Gleason,; Comber,; Nelson,; Powell, Influence of tea drinking on manganese intake, manganese status and leucocyte expression of MnSOD and cytosolic aminopeptidase P (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 60, 1, Page(s): 1-8, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aminopeptidases/*metabolism Beverages Case-Control Studies Female Great Britain Humans Male Manganese/*administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism Middle Aged Nutrition Policy Nutritional Status Questionnaires Superoxide Dismutase/*metabolism Tea/*chemistry) @article{Paper, name = {Influence of tea drinking on manganese intake, manganese status and leucocyte expression of MnSOD and cytosolic aminopeptidase P}, author = {Hope, S. and Daniel, K. and Gleason, K. L. and Comber, S. and Nelson, M. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {Published online 24 August 2005. 0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Since black tea contains high levels of manganese (Mn), we investigated the relationship between dietary Mn intake, circulating Mn levels and leucocyte expression of two Mn-dependent enzymes in tea drinkers and non-tea drinkers. Design: We assessed Mn intakes (food frequency questionnaire), fasting whole blood and plasma Mn levels, and quantitative expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and cytosolic aminopeptidase-P (cAP-P). SETTING AND SUBJECTS: In total, 24 tea drinkers (> or = 1 l black tea/day) and 28 non-tea drinkers were recruited from the staff and students of King's College London by circular email. RESULTS: Dietary Mn intakes (mean (range)) were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in non tea drinkers (3.2 mg/day (0.5-6.5)) than tea drinkers (5.5 mg/day (2-12) or 10 mg/day (5-20) depending upon the value used for Mn levels of black tea). Whole blood, plasma Mn levels and expression of MnSOD and cAP-P did not differ between the groups. In a continuous analysis, whole blood Mn levels and expression of MnSOD correlated inversely but no other parameters associated with each other. CONCLUSIONS: Tea drinking is a major source of dietary Mn and intakes commonly exceed proposed adequate intake values of 1.8-2.3 mg Mn/day and, on occasion, exceed upper limits of 10-11 mg/day. Dietary Mn intake has little influence on markers of Mn status or expression of Mn-dependent enzymes. Fasting whole blood Mn levels and leucocyte expression of MnSOD could, together, be further investigated as markers of Mn status.}, note = {Published online 24 August 2005. 0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Aminopeptidases/*metabolism Beverages Case-Control Studies Female Great Britain Humans Male Manganese/*administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism Middle Aged Nutrition Policy Nutritional Status Questionnaires Superoxide Dismutase/*metabolism Tea/*chemistry} } OBJECTIVE: Since black tea contains high levels of manganese (Mn), we investigated the relationship between dietary Mn intake, circulating Mn levels and leucocyte expression of two Mn-dependent enzymes in tea drinkers and non-tea drinkers. Design: We assessed Mn intakes (food frequency questionnaire), fasting whole blood and plasma Mn levels, and quantitative expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and cytosolic aminopeptidase-P (cAP-P). SETTING AND SUBJECTS: In total, 24 tea drinkers (> or = 1 l black tea/day) and 28 non-tea drinkers were recruited from the staff and students of King's College London by circular email. RESULTS: Dietary Mn intakes (mean (range)) were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in non tea drinkers (3.2 mg/day (0.5-6.5)) than tea drinkers (5.5 mg/day (2-12) or 10 mg/day (5-20) depending upon the value used for Mn levels of black tea). Whole blood, plasma Mn levels and expression of MnSOD and cAP-P did not differ between the groups. In a continuous analysis, whole blood Mn levels and expression of MnSOD correlated inversely but no other parameters associated with each other. CONCLUSIONS: Tea drinking is a major source of dietary Mn and intakes commonly exceed proposed adequate intake values of 1.8-2.3 mg Mn/day and, on occasion, exceed upper limits of 10-11 mg/day. Dietary Mn intake has little influence on markers of Mn status or expression of Mn-dependent enzymes. Fasting whole blood Mn levels and leucocyte expression of MnSOD could, together, be further investigated as markers of Mn status. |
Singh,; Sanderson,; Hurrell,; Fairweather-Tait,; Geissler,; Prentice,; Beard, Iron bioavailability: UK Food Standards Agency workshop report (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 5, Page(s): 985-990, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Availability Female Food Humans Iron/*metabolism Iron, Dietary/pharmacokinetics Male Menstruation/blood Premenopause/physiology) @article{Report, name = {Iron bioavailability: UK Food Standards Agency workshop report}, author = {Singh, M. and Sanderson, P. and Hurrell, R. F. and Fairweather-Tait, S. J. and Geissler, C. and Prentice, A. and Beard, J. L.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Congresses}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {985-990}, abstract = {The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating factors affecting iron status and the bioavailability of dietary iron. Results presented at the workshop show menstrual blood loss to be the major determinant of body iron stores in premenopausal women. In the presence of abundant and varied food supplies, the health consequences of lower iron bioavailability are unclear and require further investigation.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Congresses}, keywords = {Biological Availability Female Food Humans Iron/*metabolism Iron, Dietary/pharmacokinetics Male Menstruation/blood Premenopause/physiology} } The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating factors affecting iron status and the bioavailability of dietary iron. Results presented at the workshop show menstrual blood loss to be the major determinant of body iron stores in premenopausal women. In the presence of abundant and varied food supplies, the health consequences of lower iron bioavailability are unclear and require further investigation. |
Mishra,; McNaughton,; Bramwell,; Wadsworth, Longitudinal changes in dietary patterns during adult life (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 4, Page(s): 735-744, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aging/*psychology Body Mass Index Diet/statistics & numerical data Diet Records Diet Surveys Educational Status Female *Food Habits Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Social Class) @article{Paper, name = {Longitudinal changes in dietary patterns during adult life}, author = {Mishra, G. D. and McNaughton, S. A. and Bramwell, G. D. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {735-744}, abstract = {Despite the growing interest in dietary patterns, there have been few longitudinal investigations. The objective of the present study was to extend an earlier method of dietary pattern assessment to longitudinal binary data and to assess changes in patterns over time and in relation to socio-demographic covariates. A prospective national cohort of 1265 participants completed a 5 d food diary at three time-points during their adult life (at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999). Factor analysis identified three dietary patterns for women (fruit, vegetables and dairy; ethnic foods and alcohol; meat, potatoes and sweet foods) and two patterns in men (ethnic foods and alcohol; mixed). Trends in dietary pattern scores were calculated using random effects models. Marked changes were found in scores for all patterns between 1989 and 1999, with only the meat, potatoes and sweet foods pattern in women recording a decline. In a multiple variable model that included the three time-points, socio-demographic variables and BMI time-dependent covariates, both non-manual social class and higher education level were also strongly associated with the consumption of more items from the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern and the mixed pattern for men (P < 0.0001) and the fruit, vegetables and dairy pattern and the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern for women (P < 0.01). In conclusion, longitudinal changes in dietary patterns and across socio-economic groups can assist with targeting public health initiatives by identifying stages during adult life when interventions to improve diet would be most beneficial to health.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Aging/*psychology Body Mass Index Diet/statistics & numerical data Diet Records Diet Surveys Educational Status Female *Food Habits Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Social Class} } Despite the growing interest in dietary patterns, there have been few longitudinal investigations. The objective of the present study was to extend an earlier method of dietary pattern assessment to longitudinal binary data and to assess changes in patterns over time and in relation to socio-demographic covariates. A prospective national cohort of 1265 participants completed a 5 d food diary at three time-points during their adult life (at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999). Factor analysis identified three dietary patterns for women (fruit, vegetables and dairy; ethnic foods and alcohol; meat, potatoes and sweet foods) and two patterns in men (ethnic foods and alcohol; mixed). Trends in dietary pattern scores were calculated using random effects models. Marked changes were found in scores for all patterns between 1989 and 1999, with only the meat, potatoes and sweet foods pattern in women recording a decline. In a multiple variable model that included the three time-points, socio-demographic variables and BMI time-dependent covariates, both non-manual social class and higher education level were also strongly associated with the consumption of more items from the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern and the mixed pattern for men (P < 0.0001) and the fruit, vegetables and dairy pattern and the ethnic foods and alcohol pattern for women (P < 0.01). In conclusion, longitudinal changes in dietary patterns and across socio-economic groups can assist with targeting public health initiatives by identifying stages during adult life when interventions to improve diet would be most beneficial to health. |
Bluck,; Coward, Measurement of gastric emptying by the 13C-octanoate breath test - rationalization with scintigraphy (Article) Physiol Meas, 27, 3, Page(s): 279-289, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Algorithms Breath Tests/*methods Cholesterol Esters/*analysis/*diagnostic use Computer Simulation Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Models, Biological Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Stomach/*physiopathology/*radionuclide imaging) @article{Paper, name = {Measurement of gastric emptying by the 13C-octanoate breath test - rationalization with scintigraphy}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0967-3334 (Print) Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Physiol Meas}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {279-289}, abstract = {The (13)C-octanoate breath test has not achieved universal acceptance for the measurement of solid phase gastric emptying, largely because the results are not comparable with those from direct methods such as scintigraphy. To convert breath-test data to their scintigraphic equivalent scale corrections are applied which have been obtained from population studies, but there is no guarantee that these are applicable in all cases. We propose an alternative method applicable on an individual basis based upon a simple physiological model which does not require any change to the breath-test protocol. It is demonstrated by comparison with scintigraphy and the octanoate saliva test. Results from an existing dataset of simultaneous breath test, saliva test and scintigraphic determinations of solid phase gastric emptying from nine healthy subjects were re-analysed. The corrected breath tests gave gastric emptying curves which were shown to be not significantly different to those obtained from scintigraphy. The method provides a simple but effective way of generating gastric emptying curves from breath-test data that are directly comparable with direct measurement methods, which is advantageous since it allows the whole of the gastric emptying profile to be generated, not just values for the lag phase and half-emptying times.}, note = {0967-3334 (Print) Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, keywords = {Algorithms Breath Tests/*methods Cholesterol Esters/*analysis/*diagnostic use Computer Simulation Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Models, Biological Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Stomach/*physiopathology/*radionuclide imaging} } The (13)C-octanoate breath test has not achieved universal acceptance for the measurement of solid phase gastric emptying, largely because the results are not comparable with those from direct methods such as scintigraphy. To convert breath-test data to their scintigraphic equivalent scale corrections are applied which have been obtained from population studies, but there is no guarantee that these are applicable in all cases. We propose an alternative method applicable on an individual basis based upon a simple physiological model which does not require any change to the breath-test protocol. It is demonstrated by comparison with scintigraphy and the octanoate saliva test. Results from an existing dataset of simultaneous breath test, saliva test and scintigraphic determinations of solid phase gastric emptying from nine healthy subjects were re-analysed. The corrected breath tests gave gastric emptying curves which were shown to be not significantly different to those obtained from scintigraphy. The method provides a simple but effective way of generating gastric emptying curves from breath-test data that are directly comparable with direct measurement methods, which is advantageous since it allows the whole of the gastric emptying profile to be generated, not just values for the lag phase and half-emptying times. |
Jugdaohsingh,; O'Connell,; Sripanyakorn,; Powell, Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 65, 3, Page(s): 291-310, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Alcohol Drinking Bone Density/*drug effects Bone Resorption Ethanol/*pharmacology Flavonoids/pharmacology Humans Phenols/pharmacology Silicon/pharmacology) @article{Review, name = {Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms}, author = {Jugdaohsingh, R. and O'Connell, M. A. and Sripanyakorn, S. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0029-6651 (Print) Journal Article Review}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {291-310}, abstract = {Mounting epidemiological evidence indicates an association between the moderate ingestion of alcoholic beverages and higher bone mineral density (v. abstainers). More limited findings provide some evidence for translation of this association into reduced fracture risk, but further studies are required. Here, these data are reviewed and caveats in their assimilation, comparison and interpretation as well as in the use and application of bone health indices are discussed. Whilst it is concluded that evidence is now strong for the moderate alcohol-bone health association, at least in relation to bone mineral density, mechanisms are less clear. Both ethanol and non-ethanol components have been implicated as factors that positively affect bone health in the light of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, and four particular areas are discussed. First, recent findings suggest that moderate ethanol consumption acutely inhibits bone resorption, in a non-parathyroid hormone- and non-calcitonin-dependent fashion, which can only partly be attributed to an energy effect. Second, critical review of the literature does not support a role for moderate ethanol consumption affecting oestrogen status and leading to a knock-on effect on bone. Third, Si is present at high levels in certain alcoholic beverages, especially beer, and may have a measurable role in promoting bone formation. Fourth, a large body of work indicates that phytochemicals (e.g. polyphenols) from alcoholic beverages could influence bone health, but human data are lacking. With further work it is hoped to be able to model epidemiological observations and provide a clear pathway between the magnitude of association and the relative contribution of these mechanisms for the major classes of alcoholic beverage.}, note = {0029-6651 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {*Alcohol Drinking Bone Density/*drug effects Bone Resorption Ethanol/*pharmacology Flavonoids/pharmacology Humans Phenols/pharmacology Silicon/pharmacology} } Mounting epidemiological evidence indicates an association between the moderate ingestion of alcoholic beverages and higher bone mineral density (v. abstainers). More limited findings provide some evidence for translation of this association into reduced fracture risk, but further studies are required. Here, these data are reviewed and caveats in their assimilation, comparison and interpretation as well as in the use and application of bone health indices are discussed. Whilst it is concluded that evidence is now strong for the moderate alcohol-bone health association, at least in relation to bone mineral density, mechanisms are less clear. Both ethanol and non-ethanol components have been implicated as factors that positively affect bone health in the light of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, and four particular areas are discussed. First, recent findings suggest that moderate ethanol consumption acutely inhibits bone resorption, in a non-parathyroid hormone- and non-calcitonin-dependent fashion, which can only partly be attributed to an energy effect. Second, critical review of the literature does not support a role for moderate ethanol consumption affecting oestrogen status and leading to a knock-on effect on bone. Third, Si is present at high levels in certain alcoholic beverages, especially beer, and may have a measurable role in promoting bone formation. Fourth, a large body of work indicates that phytochemicals (e.g. polyphenols) from alcoholic beverages could influence bone health, but human data are lacking. With further work it is hoped to be able to model epidemiological observations and provide a clear pathway between the magnitude of association and the relative contribution of these mechanisms for the major classes of alcoholic beverage. |
Prentice,; Schoenmakers,; Laskey,; de Bono,; Ginty,; Goldberg, Nutrition and bone growth and development (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 65, 4, Page(s): 348-360, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Bone Development/*physiology Child Child, Preschool Female Growth/*physiology Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Physiology *Nutritional Requirements Osteoporosis/*prevention & control Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects) @article{Conferencepaper, name = {Nutrition and bone growth and development}, author = {Prentice, A. and Schoenmakers, I. and Laskey, M. A. and de Bono, S. and Ginty, F. and Goldberg, G. R.}, note = {Nutrition Society Irish Section Annual Meeting, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland, 14-16 June 2006. Symposium on 'Nutrition and health in children and adolescents'. Session 1: Nutrition in growth and development Copy on UKPMC - Sept 2007}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {348-360}, abstract = {The growth and development of the human skeleton requires an adequate supply of many different nutritional factors. Classical nutrient deficiencies are associated with stunting (e.g. energy, protein, Zn), rickets (e.g. vitamin D) and other bone abnormalities (e.g. Cu, Zn, vitamin C). In recent years there has been interest in the role nutrition may play in bone growth at intakes above those required to prevent classical deficiencies, particularly in relation to optimising peak bone mass and minimising osteoporosis risk. There is evidence to suggest that peak bone mass and later fracture risk are influenced by the pattern of growth in childhood and by nutritional exposures in utero, in infancy and during childhood and adolescence. Of the individual nutrients, particular attention has been paid to Ca, vitamin D, protein and P. There has also been interest in several food groups, particularly dairy products, fruit and vegetables and foods contributing to acid-base balance. However, it is not possible at the present time to define dietary reference values using bone health as a criterion, and the question of what type of diet constitutes the best support for optimal bone growth and development remains open. Prudent recommendations (Department of Health, 1998; World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003) are the same as those for adults, i.e. to consume a Ca intake close to the reference nutrient intake, optimise vitamin D status through adequate summer sunshine exposure (and diet supplementation where appropriate), be physically active, have a body weight in the healthy range, restrict salt intake and consume plenty of fruit and vegetables.}, note = {Nutrition Society Irish Section Annual Meeting, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland, 14-16 June 2006. Symposium on 'Nutrition and health in children and adolescents'. Session 1: Nutrition in growth and development Copy on UKPMC - Sept 2007}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Bone Development/*physiology Child Child, Preschool Female Growth/*physiology Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Physiology *Nutritional Requirements Osteoporosis/*prevention & control Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects} } The growth and development of the human skeleton requires an adequate supply of many different nutritional factors. Classical nutrient deficiencies are associated with stunting (e.g. energy, protein, Zn), rickets (e.g. vitamin D) and other bone abnormalities (e.g. Cu, Zn, vitamin C). In recent years there has been interest in the role nutrition may play in bone growth at intakes above those required to prevent classical deficiencies, particularly in relation to optimising peak bone mass and minimising osteoporosis risk. There is evidence to suggest that peak bone mass and later fracture risk are influenced by the pattern of growth in childhood and by nutritional exposures in utero, in infancy and during childhood and adolescence. Of the individual nutrients, particular attention has been paid to Ca, vitamin D, protein and P. There has also been interest in several food groups, particularly dairy products, fruit and vegetables and foods contributing to acid-base balance. However, it is not possible at the present time to define dietary reference values using bone health as a criterion, and the question of what type of diet constitutes the best support for optimal bone growth and development remains open. Prudent recommendations (Department of Health, 1998; World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003) are the same as those for adults, i.e. to consume a Ca intake close to the reference nutrient intake, optimise vitamin D status through adequate summer sunshine exposure (and diet supplementation where appropriate), be physically active, have a body weight in the healthy range, restrict salt intake and consume plenty of fruit and vegetables. |
Moore,; Bryant,; Mishra,; Krebs,; Browning,; Miller,; Jebb, Oily fish reduces plasma triacylglycerols: a primary prevention study in overweight men and women (Article) Nutrition, 22, 10, Page(s): 1012-1024, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Markers/blood Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*prevention & control Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage Female *Fish Oils/administration & dosage/chemistry Humans Linoleic Acid/administration & dosage Male Middle Aged Obesity/*blood Plant Oils Risk Factors Triglycerides/*blood alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Oily fish reduces plasma triacylglycerols: a primary prevention study in overweight men and women}, author = {Moore, C. S. and Bryant, S. P. and Mishra, G. D. and Krebs, J. D. and Browning, L. M. and Miller, G. J. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0899-9007 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Nutrition}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, pages = {1012-1024}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated benefits of high-dose long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC omega-3 PUFA) supplements on metabolic risk. Effects of increased dietary omega-3 PUFA, via oily fish and/or plant-derived omega-3 PUFAs, are less clear and may be modulated by the omega-6:omega-3 PUFA of the habitual diet. This study examined the effect on cardiovascular disease risk markers of reducing dietary omega-6:omega-3 PUFA by changes in linoleic acid:alpha-linolenic acid (LA:LNA) and/or increasing LC omega-3 PUFA. It tested whether decreases in LA:LNA modulate effects of LC omega-3 PUFA. METHODS: One hundred forty-two subjects, recruited to a 24-wk randomized study, were assigned to a control group or one of four interventions. Intervention groups received two portions of oily fish (4.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexanoic acid) or white fish (0.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexanoic acid) per week, and replaced habitual household fats with ones high in sunflower (high LA:LNA) or rapeseed (low LA:LNA) oil. RESULTS: Modest dietary manipulations of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs resulted in significant group x time interactions for serum triacylglycerols (TAGs; P = 0.05); at 24 wk the control and two oily fish groups showed lower TAG than did the white fish/sunflower group (P = 0.05). Reductions in TAG, associated with increased oily fish intakes, were maximized when combined with lower dietary LA:LNA. There were no significant changes in several other cardiovascular disease risk markers. CONCLUSIONS: Two portions of oily fish per week led to significant reductions in TAG relative to consumption of two portions of white fish per week. Changes in TAG were maximized when combined with lower LA:LNA.}, note = {0899-9007 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Biological Markers/blood Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*prevention & control Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage Female *Fish Oils/administration & dosage/chemistry Humans Linoleic Acid/administration & dosage Male Middle Aged Obesity/*blood Plant Oils Risk Factors Triglycerides/*blood alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage} } OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated benefits of high-dose long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC omega-3 PUFA) supplements on metabolic risk. Effects of increased dietary omega-3 PUFA, via oily fish and/or plant-derived omega-3 PUFAs, are less clear and may be modulated by the omega-6:omega-3 PUFA of the habitual diet. This study examined the effect on cardiovascular disease risk markers of reducing dietary omega-6:omega-3 PUFA by changes in linoleic acid:alpha-linolenic acid (LA:LNA) and/or increasing LC omega-3 PUFA. It tested whether decreases in LA:LNA modulate effects of LC omega-3 PUFA. METHODS: One hundred forty-two subjects, recruited to a 24-wk randomized study, were assigned to a control group or one of four interventions. Intervention groups received two portions of oily fish (4.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexanoic acid) or white fish (0.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexanoic acid) per week, and replaced habitual household fats with ones high in sunflower (high LA:LNA) or rapeseed (low LA:LNA) oil. RESULTS: Modest dietary manipulations of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs resulted in significant group x time interactions for serum triacylglycerols (TAGs; P = 0.05); at 24 wk the control and two oily fish groups showed lower TAG than did the white fish/sunflower group (P = 0.05). Reductions in TAG, associated with increased oily fish intakes, were maximized when combined with lower dietary LA:LNA. There were no significant changes in several other cardiovascular disease risk markers. CONCLUSIONS: Two portions of oily fish per week led to significant reductions in TAG relative to consumption of two portions of white fish per week. Changes in TAG were maximized when combined with lower LA:LNA. |
Soon,; Quintin,; Scalfo,; Antille,; Williamson,; Offord,; Ginty, PIXImus bone densitometer and associated technical measurement issues of skeletal growth in the young rat (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 78, 3, Page(s): 186-192, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorptiometry, Photon/*instrumentation/*methods Animals Body Weight Bone Density/*physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Female Femur/metabolism/radiography Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism/radiography Rats Rats, Wistar Time Factors) @article{Paper, name = {PIXImus bone densitometer and associated technical measurement issues of skeletal growth in the young rat}, author = {Soon, G. and Quintin, A. and Scalfo, F. and Antille, N. and Williamson, G. and Offord, E. and Ginty, F.}, note = {0171-967X (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Calcif Tissue Int}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {186-192}, abstract = {The PIXImus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) is designed to measure body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), area (BA), and density (BMD) in mice and rats. The aims of this study were to longitudinally measure BMC, BA, and BMD in growing rats and to identify potential technical problems associated with the PIXImus. Total femur and lumbar DXA measurements, body weight, and length of initially 3-week-old rats (n = 10) were taken at weeks 5, 9, and 14. BMC and BMD of femoral metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions rich in trabecular and cortical bone, respectively, were obtained. Results showed significant increases in body weight, total femur BMC and BMD, lumbar area, length, BMC, and BMD at each time point. There was a significant positive correlation between body weight and total femur BMD (r = 0.97, P < 0.001) as well as lumbar BMD (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). BMD values for the femoral metaphyseal region and the lumbar spine were also positively correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.01). Several technical issues (e.g., positioning of animals), difficulties (e.g., in analysis of images), and limitations (e.g., inability to detect underdeveloped calcified bone in growing animals and bone edge detection) of the software pertinent to the PIXImus were evident. In conclusion, despite limitations in the software, the PIXImus is a valuable tool for studying skeletal development of growing rats.}, note = {0171-967X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Absorptiometry, Photon/*instrumentation/*methods Animals Body Weight Bone Density/*physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Female Femur/metabolism/radiography Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism/radiography Rats Rats, Wistar Time Factors} } The PIXImus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) is designed to measure body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), area (BA), and density (BMD) in mice and rats. The aims of this study were to longitudinally measure BMC, BA, and BMD in growing rats and to identify potential technical problems associated with the PIXImus. Total femur and lumbar DXA measurements, body weight, and length of initially 3-week-old rats (n = 10) were taken at weeks 5, 9, and 14. BMC and BMD of femoral metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions rich in trabecular and cortical bone, respectively, were obtained. Results showed significant increases in body weight, total femur BMC and BMD, lumbar area, length, BMC, and BMD at each time point. There was a significant positive correlation between body weight and total femur BMD (r = 0.97, P < 0.001) as well as lumbar BMD (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). BMD values for the femoral metaphyseal region and the lumbar spine were also positively correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.01). Several technical issues (e.g., positioning of animals), difficulties (e.g., in analysis of images), and limitations (e.g., inability to detect underdeveloped calcified bone in growing animals and bone edge detection) of the software pertinent to the PIXImus were evident. In conclusion, despite limitations in the software, the PIXImus is a valuable tool for studying skeletal development of growing rats. |
Moore,; Mansoor,; Bates,; Prentice, Plasma homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 compared between rural Gambian and UK adults (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 3, Page(s): 508-515, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Distribution European Continental Ancestry Group Female Folic Acid/*blood Gambia Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Humans Lactation/blood Male Middle Aged Pregnancy Rural Health Sex Distribution Vitamin B 12/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 compared between rural Gambian and UK adults}, author = {Moore, S. E. and Mansoor, M. A. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {508-515}, abstract = {The disease risk indicator plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including folate and vitamin B(12) status. Little is known about the determinants of tHcy in rural West Africa. We explored the hypothesis that tHcy in rural Gambian adults might vary between the sexes and physiological groups, and/or with folate and vitamin B(12) status. Comparisons were made with a British national survey. Non-pregnant Gambian women (n 158) had tHcy concentrations (geometric mean 9.0 micromol/l) similar to those of non-pregnant UK women (n 449; 9.4 micromol/l), whereas pregnant Gambian women (n 12) had significantly lower values (6.2 micromol/l). Gambian men (n 22) had significantly higher values (14.7 micromol/l) than British men (n 354; 10.8 micromol/l). Gambian lactating women and British men and women exhibited significant inverse relationships between log(e)(tHcy) and folate status; however, only the British subjects exhibited significant inverse relationships between loge(tHcy) and vitamin B(12) status. In the British sample, and in Gambian lactating women, folate and vitamin B(12) status variations together accounted for 20-25 % of the variation in log(e)(tHcy). Within the UK, black-skinned adults had folate and tHcy levels similar to those of their white-skinned counterparts, but significantly higher vitamin B(12) values. We conclude that, whereas folate and vitamin B(12) status are similar between British and rural Gambian populations, tHcy is higher in Gambian men and lower in pregnant Gambian women, and that serum vitamin B(12) values appear to be higher in black-skinned than white-skinned British subjects. Possible reasons are discussed.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Distribution European Continental Ancestry Group Female Folic Acid/*blood Gambia Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Humans Lactation/blood Male Middle Aged Pregnancy Rural Health Sex Distribution Vitamin B 12/*blood} } The disease risk indicator plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including folate and vitamin B(12) status. Little is known about the determinants of tHcy in rural West Africa. We explored the hypothesis that tHcy in rural Gambian adults might vary between the sexes and physiological groups, and/or with folate and vitamin B(12) status. Comparisons were made with a British national survey. Non-pregnant Gambian women (n 158) had tHcy concentrations (geometric mean 9.0 micromol/l) similar to those of non-pregnant UK women (n 449; 9.4 micromol/l), whereas pregnant Gambian women (n 12) had significantly lower values (6.2 micromol/l). Gambian men (n 22) had significantly higher values (14.7 micromol/l) than British men (n 354; 10.8 micromol/l). Gambian lactating women and British men and women exhibited significant inverse relationships between log(e)(tHcy) and folate status; however, only the British subjects exhibited significant inverse relationships between loge(tHcy) and vitamin B(12) status. In the British sample, and in Gambian lactating women, folate and vitamin B(12) status variations together accounted for 20-25 % of the variation in log(e)(tHcy). Within the UK, black-skinned adults had folate and tHcy levels similar to those of their white-skinned counterparts, but significantly higher vitamin B(12) values. We conclude that, whereas folate and vitamin B(12) status are similar between British and rural Gambian populations, tHcy is higher in Gambian men and lower in pregnant Gambian women, and that serum vitamin B(12) values appear to be higher in black-skinned than white-skinned British subjects. Possible reasons are discussed. |
Thane,; Wang,; Coward, Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in British adults aged 19-64 years (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 6, Page(s): 1116-1124, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adiposity Adult Age Factors Cholesterol/blood *Diet Diet Surveys Female Humans Life Style Logistic Models Male Middle Aged Seasons Sex Factors Smoking Social Class Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage/*blood Vitamins/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in British adults aged 19-64 years}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Wang, L. Y. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {1116-1124}, abstract = {Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration from non-fasted blood samples was examined by season, smoking status, socio-demographic factors and phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of 1154 British individuals aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Geometric mean plasma phylloquinone concentration was 0.94 (95% CI 0.88, 1.00) nmol/l, with 95% of values in the range 0.10-8.72 nmol/l. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations of 530 men were significantly higher than those of 624 women (1.13 (95% CI 1.04, 1.22) v. 0.81 (95% CI 0.74, 0.88) nmol/l; P<0.001), independent of other factors. Women aged 19-34 years had significantly lower plasma phylloquinone concentration than their older counterparts. Women were also found to have lower plasma phylloquinone concentrations during summer compared with winter and spring (each P<0.01). In contrast, plasma phylloquinone concentration in men did not vary significantly by season or any of the socio-demographic or lifestyle factors. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in men and women (r 0.26 and 0.32 respectively; each P<0.001). Overall, forward stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 8% of the variation in plasma phylloquinone concentration was explained by phylloquinone intake, with a further 10% of its variation explained by plasma concentrations of gamma-tocopherol (6%) and retinyl palmitate (4%). After adjustment for age and corresponding nutrient intakes, plasma phylloquinone concentration was significantly associated (each P<0.01) with plasma concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin in men and women.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adiposity Adult Age Factors Cholesterol/blood *Diet Diet Surveys Female Humans Life Style Logistic Models Male Middle Aged Seasons Sex Factors Smoking Social Class Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage/*blood Vitamins/blood} } Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration from non-fasted blood samples was examined by season, smoking status, socio-demographic factors and phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of 1154 British individuals aged 19-64 years from the 2000-1 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Geometric mean plasma phylloquinone concentration was 0.94 (95% CI 0.88, 1.00) nmol/l, with 95% of values in the range 0.10-8.72 nmol/l. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations of 530 men were significantly higher than those of 624 women (1.13 (95% CI 1.04, 1.22) v. 0.81 (95% CI 0.74, 0.88) nmol/l; P<0.001), independent of other factors. Women aged 19-34 years had significantly lower plasma phylloquinone concentration than their older counterparts. Women were also found to have lower plasma phylloquinone concentrations during summer compared with winter and spring (each P<0.01). In contrast, plasma phylloquinone concentration in men did not vary significantly by season or any of the socio-demographic or lifestyle factors. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in men and women (r 0.26 and 0.32 respectively; each P<0.001). Overall, forward stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 8% of the variation in plasma phylloquinone concentration was explained by phylloquinone intake, with a further 10% of its variation explained by plasma concentrations of gamma-tocopherol (6%) and retinyl palmitate (4%). After adjustment for age and corresponding nutrient intakes, plasma phylloquinone concentration was significantly associated (each P<0.01) with plasma concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin in men and women. |
Kadar,; Powell, Post-capture investigations of hydrothermal vent macro-invertebrates to study adaptations to extreme environments (Article) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 5, 2-3, Page(s): 193-201, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Deep-sea hydrothermal vent; Postcapture experiments; Hydrostatic pressure ; Adaptation to the extreme environment) @article{Paper, name = {Post-capture investigations of hydrothermal vent macro-invertebrates to study adaptations to extreme environments}, author = {Kadar, E. and Powell, J. J.}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol}, volume = {5}, number = {2-3}, pages = {193-201}, abstract = {Typical survival strategies, developed by macro-invertebrates at a variety of reducing marine habitats including deep-sea hydrothermal vents, have been the subject of laboratory experimentation over the past three decades. This review provides an insight into the international efforts that have converged on the area of the laboratory maintenance of such species whose nutritional requirements are outside the usual scope of metazoan life. We emphasise the methodology used in post-capture manipulations that are designed to identify the physiological limits of adaptation to the harsh conditions known at various vent sites worldwide, and to understand the mechanisms involved. The concepts behind appropriately designed experiments and the choice of suitable model organisms for such physiological studies are also discussed.}, keywords = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent; Postcapture experiments; Hydrostatic pressure ; Adaptation to the extreme environment} } Typical survival strategies, developed by macro-invertebrates at a variety of reducing marine habitats including deep-sea hydrothermal vents, have been the subject of laboratory experimentation over the past three decades. This review provides an insight into the international efforts that have converged on the area of the laboratory maintenance of such species whose nutritional requirements are outside the usual scope of metazoan life. We emphasise the methodology used in post-capture manipulations that are designed to identify the physiological limits of adaptation to the harsh conditions known at various vent sites worldwide, and to understand the mechanisms involved. The concepts behind appropriately designed experiments and the choice of suitable model organisms for such physiological studies are also discussed. |
Jarjou,; Prentice,; Sawo,; Laskey,; Bennett,; Goldberg,; Cole, Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 3, Page(s): 657-666, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Newborn Male Milk, Absorptiometry, Photon Adult Birth Weight Bone Density/*drug effects Bone Development/drug effects/physiology Breast Feeding Calcium/analysis/*deficiency/urine Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child Development/*drug effects/physiology Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Gestational Age Humans Infant Infant, Human/*chemistry Patient Compliance Phosphorus/analysis/urine Pregnancy Prospective Studies) @article{Paper, name = {Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life}, author = {Jarjou, L. M. A. and Prentice, A. and Sawo, Y. and Laskey, M. A. and Bennett, J. and Goldberg, G. R. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {657-666}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Growth and bone mineral accretion in Gambian infants are poorer than those in Western populations. The calcium intake of Gambian women is low, typically 300-400 mg Ca/d, and they have low breast-milk calcium concentrations, which result in low calcium intakes for their breastfed infants. A low maternal calcium supply in pregnancy may limit fetal mineral accretion and breast-milk calcium concentrations and thereby affect infant growth and bone mineral accretion. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of calcium supplementation in Gambian women during pregnancy on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled supplementation study was conducted in 125 Gambian women who received 1500 mg Ca/d (as calcium carbonate) or placebo from 20 wk of gestation until delivery. Infant birth weight and gestational age were recorded. Breast milk was collected, and infant anthropometric and bone measurements were performed at 2, 13, and 52 wk after delivery. Infant bone mineral status was assessed by using single-photon absorptiometry of the radius and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Compliance with the supplement was high. No significant differences were detected between the groups in breast-milk calcium concentration, infant birth weight, or growth or bone mineral status during the first year of life. A slower rate of increase in infant whole-body bone mineral content and bone area was found in the supplement group than in the placebo group (group x time interaction: P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Calcium supplementation of pregnant Gambian women had no significant benefit for breast-milk calcium concentrations or infant birth weight, growth, or bone mineral status in the first year of life.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Newborn Male Milk, Absorptiometry, Photon Adult Birth Weight Bone Density/*drug effects Bone Development/drug effects/physiology Breast Feeding Calcium/analysis/*deficiency/urine Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child Development/*drug effects/physiology Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Gestational Age Humans Infant Infant, Human/*chemistry Patient Compliance Phosphorus/analysis/urine Pregnancy Prospective Studies} } BACKGROUND: Growth and bone mineral accretion in Gambian infants are poorer than those in Western populations. The calcium intake of Gambian women is low, typically 300-400 mg Ca/d, and they have low breast-milk calcium concentrations, which result in low calcium intakes for their breastfed infants. A low maternal calcium supply in pregnancy may limit fetal mineral accretion and breast-milk calcium concentrations and thereby affect infant growth and bone mineral accretion. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of calcium supplementation in Gambian women during pregnancy on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled supplementation study was conducted in 125 Gambian women who received 1500 mg Ca/d (as calcium carbonate) or placebo from 20 wk of gestation until delivery. Infant birth weight and gestational age were recorded. Breast milk was collected, and infant anthropometric and bone measurements were performed at 2, 13, and 52 wk after delivery. Infant bone mineral status was assessed by using single-photon absorptiometry of the radius and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Compliance with the supplement was high. No significant differences were detected between the groups in breast-milk calcium concentration, infant birth weight, or growth or bone mineral status during the first year of life. A slower rate of increase in infant whole-body bone mineral content and bone area was found in the supplement group than in the placebo group (group x time interaction: P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Calcium supplementation of pregnant Gambian women had no significant benefit for breast-milk calcium concentrations or infant birth weight, growth, or bone mineral status in the first year of life. |
Munday,; Ginty,; Fulford,; Bates, Relationships between biochemical bone turnover markers, season, and inflammatory status indices in prepubertal Gambian boys (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 79, 1, Page(s): 15-21, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism Anthropometry Biological Markers/blood/metabolism Bone and Bones/chemistry/*metabolism C-Reactive Protein/metabolism Child Child) @article{Paper, name = {Relationships between biochemical bone turnover markers, season, and inflammatory status indices in prepubertal Gambian boys}, author = {Munday, K. and Ginty, F. and Fulford, A. J. and Bates, C. J.}, note = {0171-967X (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Calcif Tissue Int}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {15-21}, abstract = {Seasonal and interindividual differences in food availability and illnesses cause variations in growth, including bone growth, in children in developing countries. We investigated seasonal differences in biochemical (serum) markers of bone metabolism and relationships between these markers (procollagen type I N propeptide [P1NP], serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [S-CTX]) and serum markers of inflammation (alpha(1)- antichymotrypsin [ACT], C-reactive protein [CRP], sialic acid) in prepubertal Gambian boys. Three seasonal time points were chosen: August, mid-rainy season; October, late rainy season (both are associated with decreased food supply, increased prevalence of infection, reduced weight gain, and stunting); and April, late dry season, when environmental conditions are better and rates of weight gain are higher. The prevalence of raised inflammatory markers was high: 29% of ACT values >0.40 g/L in August, 42% >0.40 g/L in October, and 18% >0.40 g/L in April. Of CRP values, 92-96% were >0.47 mg/L and 30%, 46%, and 18% were >3.95 mg/L in August, October, and April, respectively. Also, 42-52% of sialic acid values were >648 mg/L. Of the bone markers, S-CTX exhibited the highest values in August; P1NP did not vary with season. Inverse relationships between each bone marker and the acute phase markers occurred, with the strongest relationships between P1NP and ACT or sialic acid. We conclude that bone collagen synthesis and turnover are reduced during inflammation in rural Gambian boys. Biochemical indices can provide powerful, single-time point evidence of infection and growth-faltering episodes.}, note = {0171-967X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism Anthropometry Biological Markers/blood/metabolism Bone and Bones/chemistry/*metabolism C-Reactive Protein/metabolism Child Child} } Seasonal and interindividual differences in food availability and illnesses cause variations in growth, including bone growth, in children in developing countries. We investigated seasonal differences in biochemical (serum) markers of bone metabolism and relationships between these markers (procollagen type I N propeptide [P1NP], serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [S-CTX]) and serum markers of inflammation (alpha(1)- antichymotrypsin [ACT], C-reactive protein [CRP], sialic acid) in prepubertal Gambian boys. Three seasonal time points were chosen: August, mid-rainy season; October, late rainy season (both are associated with decreased food supply, increased prevalence of infection, reduced weight gain, and stunting); and April, late dry season, when environmental conditions are better and rates of weight gain are higher. The prevalence of raised inflammatory markers was high: 29% of ACT values >0.40 g/L in August, 42% >0.40 g/L in October, and 18% >0.40 g/L in April. Of CRP values, 92-96% were >0.47 mg/L and 30%, 46%, and 18% were >3.95 mg/L in August, October, and April, respectively. Also, 42-52% of sialic acid values were >648 mg/L. Of the bone markers, S-CTX exhibited the highest values in August; P1NP did not vary with season. Inverse relationships between each bone marker and the acute phase markers occurred, with the strongest relationships between P1NP and ACT or sialic acid. We conclude that bone collagen synthesis and turnover are reduced during inflammation in rural Gambian boys. Biochemical indices can provide powerful, single-time point evidence of infection and growth-faltering episodes. |
Rushworth,; Ogborne,; Charalambos,; O'Connell, Role of protein kinase C delta in curcumin-induced antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression in human monocytes (Article) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 341, 4, Page(s): 1007-1016, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Acetophenones/pharmacology Benzopyrans/pharmacology Cells, Cultured Curcumin/*pharmacology Cytoprotection/drug effects/physiology Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects Glutathione Synthase/biosynthesis Heme Oxygenase-1/biosynthesis Humans Monocytes/drug effects/*physiology NF-E2-Related Factor 2/*metabolism Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology Protein Kinase C-delta/*physiology Signal Transduction/physiology p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Role of protein kinase C delta in curcumin-induced antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression in human monocytes}, author = {Rushworth, S. A. and Ogborne, R. M. and Charalambos, C. A. and O'Connell, M. A.}, note = {Available on-line 25 Jan 06. 0006-291X (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Biochem Biophys Res Commun}, volume = {341}, number = {4}, pages = {1007-1016}, abstract = {The Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway plays a key role in activating cellular antioxidants, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), and glutathione. Protein kinase C (PKC) may also regulate these antioxidants, as PKC phosphorylates Nrf2 in vitro. This study examined the role of PKC in ARE-mediated gene regulation in human monocytes by curcumin, a potent inducer of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Curcumin increased HO-1 and glutamyl cysteine ligase modulator (GCLM) expression and stimulated Nrf2 binding to the ARE. Curcumin also rapidly stimulated PKC phosphorylation and Ro-31-8220, a pan-PKC inhibitor, decreased curcumin-induced GCLM and HO-1 mRNA expression and ARE binding. Rottlerin (a PKC delta inhibitor) and PKC delta antisense oligonucleotides significantly inhibited curcumin-induced GCLM and HO-1 mRNA expression and ARE binding. Furthermore, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor reduced GCLM and HO-1 expression and rottlerin inhibited curcumin-induced p38 phosphorylation. In summary, curcumin activates ARE-mediated gene expression in human monocytes via PKC delta, upstream of p38 and Nrf2.}, note = {Available on-line 25 Jan 06. 0006-291X (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Acetophenones/pharmacology Benzopyrans/pharmacology Cells, Cultured Curcumin/*pharmacology Cytoprotection/drug effects/physiology Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects Glutathione Synthase/biosynthesis Heme Oxygenase-1/biosynthesis Humans Monocytes/drug effects/*physiology NF-E2-Related Factor 2/*metabolism Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology Protein Kinase C-delta/*physiology Signal Transduction/physiology p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism} } The Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway plays a key role in activating cellular antioxidants, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), and glutathione. Protein kinase C (PKC) may also regulate these antioxidants, as PKC phosphorylates Nrf2 in vitro. This study examined the role of PKC in ARE-mediated gene regulation in human monocytes by curcumin, a potent inducer of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Curcumin increased HO-1 and glutamyl cysteine ligase modulator (GCLM) expression and stimulated Nrf2 binding to the ARE. Curcumin also rapidly stimulated PKC phosphorylation and Ro-31-8220, a pan-PKC inhibitor, decreased curcumin-induced GCLM and HO-1 mRNA expression and ARE binding. Rottlerin (a PKC delta inhibitor) and PKC delta antisense oligonucleotides significantly inhibited curcumin-induced GCLM and HO-1 mRNA expression and ARE binding. Furthermore, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor reduced GCLM and HO-1 expression and rottlerin inhibited curcumin-induced p38 phosphorylation. In summary, curcumin activates ARE-mediated gene expression in human monocytes via PKC delta, upstream of p38 and Nrf2. |
Conway,; Geissler,; Hider,; Thompson,; Powell, Serum iron curves can be used to estimate dietary iron bioavailability in humans (Article) J Nutr, 136, 7, Page(s): 1910-1914, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Biological Availability Female Humans Intestinal Absorption Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Serum iron curves can be used to estimate dietary iron bioavailability in humans}, author = {Conway, R. E. and Geissler, C. A. and Hider, R. C. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {136}, number = {7}, pages = {1910-1914}, abstract = {Erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic iron (Fe) is the standard method for assessing iron bioavailability, but the process is expensive, technically difficult, and gives no information on the kinetics of absorption. The main objective of this study was to validate serum Fe curves as measures of dietary iron absorption because previous work demonstrated that serum iron curves can be generated with iron doses as low as 5-20 mg and that up to 20 mg iron can be added to meals without affecting relative absorption. In 3 studies, groups (n = 10, 10, 21) of Fe-deficient, mildly anemic women consumed meals of varying calculated Fe bioavailability, with and without added ferric chloride (10 mg Fe). Blood samples were collected at baseline and every 30 min for 4 h after the meal. Serum Fe concentrations were measured. Areas under the serum Fe curves and peak concentrations were used in different models to estimate Fe absorption and uptake. In 21 subjects, (58)Fe-enriched ferric chloride was added to the meals, and blood was taken 2 wk later to calculate red cell isotope incorporation. The addition of 10 mg Fe to test meals produced measurable serum iron curves even when the meal Fe bioavailability was low. Serum Fe curves were highly reproducible and were affected as expected by food composition. Even the single measurement at the estimated time of peak iron concentration was correlated significantly with erythrocyte incorporation of (58)Fe (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Hence the extent and rate of absorption of nonheme iron from meals, rather than in individuals, can be investigated with such subjects without the need for isotopes.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adult Biological Availability Female Humans Intestinal Absorption Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics Middle Aged} } Erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic iron (Fe) is the standard method for assessing iron bioavailability, but the process is expensive, technically difficult, and gives no information on the kinetics of absorption. The main objective of this study was to validate serum Fe curves as measures of dietary iron absorption because previous work demonstrated that serum iron curves can be generated with iron doses as low as 5-20 mg and that up to 20 mg iron can be added to meals without affecting relative absorption. In 3 studies, groups (n = 10, 10, 21) of Fe-deficient, mildly anemic women consumed meals of varying calculated Fe bioavailability, with and without added ferric chloride (10 mg Fe). Blood samples were collected at baseline and every 30 min for 4 h after the meal. Serum Fe concentrations were measured. Areas under the serum Fe curves and peak concentrations were used in different models to estimate Fe absorption and uptake. In 21 subjects, (58)Fe-enriched ferric chloride was added to the meals, and blood was taken 2 wk later to calculate red cell isotope incorporation. The addition of 10 mg Fe to test meals produced measurable serum iron curves even when the meal Fe bioavailability was low. Serum Fe curves were highly reproducible and were affected as expected by food composition. Even the single measurement at the estimated time of peak iron concentration was correlated significantly with erythrocyte incorporation of (58)Fe (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Hence the extent and rate of absorption of nonheme iron from meals, rather than in individuals, can be investigated with such subjects without the need for isotopes. |
Haisma,; Coward,; Visser,; Vonk,; Wells,; Wright,; Victora, Socio-economic and environmental factors influence energy utilization in Brazilian breast-fed infants (Article) J Nutr, 136, 11, Page(s): 2945-2951, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Breast Feeding Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism Environment Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male *Socioeconomic Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Socio-economic and environmental factors influence energy utilization in Brazilian breast-fed infants}, author = {Haisma, H. and Coward, W. A. and Visser, G. H. and Vonk, R. and Wells, J. C. K. and Wright, A. and Victora, C. G.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {136}, number = {11}, pages = {2945-2951}, abstract = {{Energy intake recommendations for infants are based on data from industrialized countries. FAO/WHO/UNU expressed the need for studies on total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate from developing countries covering current and changing lifestyles. For this observational study, 65 infants of differing socioeconomic status (SES) (n = 32 middle SES}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {*Breast Feeding Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism Environment Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male *Socioeconomic Factors} } {Energy intake recommendations for infants are based on data from industrialized countries. FAO/WHO/UNU expressed the need for studies on total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate from developing countries covering current and changing lifestyles. For this observational study, 65 infants of differing socioeconomic status (SES) (n = 32 middle SES |
Mander,; Bansal, Stepwise haplotype analysis: are LD patterns repeatable? (Article) Hum Genom, 2, 6, Page(s): 376-382, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Haplotypes/*genetics Humans Linear Models Linkage Disequilibrium/*genetics Models, Genetic Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Reproducibility of Results) @article{Paper, name = {Stepwise haplotype analysis: are LD patterns repeatable?}, author = {Mander, A. P. and Bansal, A.}, note = {1479-7364 (Electronic) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Hum Genom}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {376-382}, abstract = {A variety of techniques exist to describe and depict patterns of pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD). In the current paper, a new log-linear framework is proposed for the summarisation of local interactions among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our approach provides a straightforward means of capturing the diversity of higher-order LD relationships for small numbers of loci by investigating inter-marker interactions. Our method was applied to a dataset of 76 SNP markers spanning a genomic interval of length 2.8 megabases. The analysis of three short sub-regions is described in detail here. Model and graphical representations of contiguous markers in medium to high LD are presented. In the regions studied, evidence for sub-structure was detected, supporting the view that the genomic reality is complex. Interestingly, a critical evaluation of the method by bootstrapping showed that while some LD relationships were captured in a highly repeatable fashion, the majority were not. Large numbers of small interactions, both direct and indirect, mean that many models can adequately summarise the data at hand. Our results suggest that repeatability should be further investigated in the application of LD-based approaches.}, note = {1479-7364 (Electronic) Journal Article}, keywords = {Haplotypes/*genetics Humans Linear Models Linkage Disequilibrium/*genetics Models, Genetic Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Reproducibility of Results} } A variety of techniques exist to describe and depict patterns of pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD). In the current paper, a new log-linear framework is proposed for the summarisation of local interactions among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our approach provides a straightforward means of capturing the diversity of higher-order LD relationships for small numbers of loci by investigating inter-marker interactions. Our method was applied to a dataset of 76 SNP markers spanning a genomic interval of length 2.8 megabases. The analysis of three short sub-regions is described in detail here. Model and graphical representations of contiguous markers in medium to high LD are presented. In the regions studied, evidence for sub-structure was detected, supporting the view that the genomic reality is complex. Interestingly, a critical evaluation of the method by bootstrapping showed that while some LD relationships were captured in a highly repeatable fashion, the majority were not. Large numbers of small interactions, both direct and indirect, mean that many models can adequately summarise the data at hand. Our results suggest that repeatability should be further investigated in the application of LD-based approaches. |
Hart,; Hester,; Sinclair,; Powell,; Goodship,; Pele,; Fersht,; Skinner, The association between metal ions from hip resurfacing and reduced T-cell counts (Article) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 88, 4, Page(s): 449-454, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Female *Hip Prosthesis Humans Lymphocyte Count Male Middle Aged Polyethylene Prosthesis Design) @article{Paper, name = {The association between metal ions from hip resurfacing and reduced T-cell counts}, author = {Hart, A. J. and Hester, T. W. and Sinclair, K. and Powell, J. J. and Goodship, A. E. and Pele, L. C. and Fersht, N. L. and Skinner, J. A.}, note = {0301-620X (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Joint Surg Br}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {449-454}, abstract = {We have studied the relationship between metal ion levels and lymphocyte counts in patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. Peripheral blood samples were analysed for lymphocyte subtypes and whole blood cobalt and chromium ion levels in 68 patients (34 with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings and 34 with standard metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacements). All hip components were radiologically well-fixed and the patients were asymptomatic. Cobalt and chromium levels were significantly elevated in the patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings, compared with the patients with standard metal-on-polyethylene designs (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the level of CD8(+) cells (T-cytotoxic/suppressor) (p = 0.005) in the metal-on-metal hip resurfacing group. A threshold level of blood cobalt and chromium ions was associated with reduced CD8(+) T-cell counts. We have no evidence that our patients suffered as a result of this reduced level of CD8(+) T-cells.}, note = {0301-620X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aged CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology Chromium/*blood Cobalt/*blood Female *Hip Prosthesis Humans Lymphocyte Count Male Middle Aged Polyethylene Prosthesis Design} } We have studied the relationship between metal ion levels and lymphocyte counts in patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. Peripheral blood samples were analysed for lymphocyte subtypes and whole blood cobalt and chromium ion levels in 68 patients (34 with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings and 34 with standard metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacements). All hip components were radiologically well-fixed and the patients were asymptomatic. Cobalt and chromium levels were significantly elevated in the patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings, compared with the patients with standard metal-on-polyethylene designs (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the level of CD8(+) cells (T-cytotoxic/suppressor) (p = 0.005) in the metal-on-metal hip resurfacing group. A threshold level of blood cobalt and chromium ions was associated with reduced CD8(+) T-cell counts. We have no evidence that our patients suffered as a result of this reduced level of CD8(+) T-cells. |
Ghavami, The use of stable isotopes to measure vitamin A bioavailability from carotenoids: the effectiveness of vegetables as sources of vitamin A (PhD Thesis) University of Cambridge, 2006. (BibTeX | Tags: Vitamin A Carotenoids Vegetables) @phdthesis{Thesis, name = {The use of stable isotopes to measure vitamin A bioavailability from carotenoids: the effectiveness of vegetables as sources of vitamin A}, author = {Ghavami, A.}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, school = {University of Cambridge}, keywords = {Vitamin A Carotenoids Vegetables} } |
Kadar,; Costa,; Santos,; Powell, Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaeste) from geochemically distinct vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Article) J Sea Research, 56, 1, Page(s): 45-52, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Hydrothermal vent; Mixing zone; Heavy metals; Bathymodiolus azoricus; Branchipolynoe seepensis; Endosymbiont bacteria) @article{Paper, name = {Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaeste) from geochemically distinct vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge}, author = {Kadar, E. and Costa, V. and Santos, R. S. and Powell, J. J.}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {J Sea Research}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {45-52}, abstract = {Hydrothermal communities are built on highly specialised organisms possessing effective adaptation mechanisms to tolerate elevated levels of toxic heavy metals typical of these extreme habitats. Bioavailability and tissue compartmentalisation of micro-essential metals (Cu, Zn, and Fe) were investigated in the bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus from three geochemically distinct hydrothermal vents (Rainbow, Lucky Strike, Menez Gwen). Additionally, in order to make inferences on the effect of biological interactions on the metal uptake, the bivalves' endosymbiont bacteria and commensal parasite Branchipolynoe seepensis were analysed for metal bioaccumulation. Micro-essential metal concentrations in byssus threads exceeded many-fold concentrations in the gill and digestive gland, which in turn were consistently one order of magnitude above levels measured in the mantle. In spite of its high metal concentrations, the byssus is unlikely to be an active bioaccumulator. Its high surface to mass ratio and its binding sites for metals suggest a reversible adsorption of micro-essential metals in the vent mussel. Inter-site comparison showed highest Fe concentrations in tissues of mussels from the Rainbow site, whereas Zn and Cu in all tissues were highest in mussels from the Lucky Strike site, reflecting metal concentrations in the water surrounding macro-invertebrates at these vent sites. The omnipresence of the commensal parasite polychaete in gills of B. azoricus from the Lucky Strike vent field, unlike the other sites, is suggested to be an adaptation to the typically elevated Fe concentrations in the water column near mussel beds. Unprecedented Fe concentrations measured in the digestive gland of mussels from the Rainbow site (4000 µg g- 1, three times higher than levels in bivalves from polluted sites) call for further post-capture ecotoxicological investigations of potentially novel Fe-handling strategies. We provide the first information on the bioaccumulation potential of hydrothermal organisms by calculation of concentration factors for Cu, Zn and Fe in the gills of the bivalve host and also in its endosymbiont and/or parasites. Adaptation strategies (biochemical, physiological, morphological and life-history adaptations) of vent organisms to elevated levels of micronutrients and non-essential metallic elements are discussed.}, keywords = {Hydrothermal vent; Mixing zone; Heavy metals; Bathymodiolus azoricus; Branchipolynoe seepensis; Endosymbiont bacteria} } Hydrothermal communities are built on highly specialised organisms possessing effective adaptation mechanisms to tolerate elevated levels of toxic heavy metals typical of these extreme habitats. Bioavailability and tissue compartmentalisation of micro-essential metals (Cu, Zn, and Fe) were investigated in the bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus from three geochemically distinct hydrothermal vents (Rainbow, Lucky Strike, Menez Gwen). Additionally, in order to make inferences on the effect of biological interactions on the metal uptake, the bivalves' endosymbiont bacteria and commensal parasite Branchipolynoe seepensis were analysed for metal bioaccumulation. Micro-essential metal concentrations in byssus threads exceeded many-fold concentrations in the gill and digestive gland, which in turn were consistently one order of magnitude above levels measured in the mantle. In spite of its high metal concentrations, the byssus is unlikely to be an active bioaccumulator. Its high surface to mass ratio and its binding sites for metals suggest a reversible adsorption of micro-essential metals in the vent mussel. Inter-site comparison showed highest Fe concentrations in tissues of mussels from the Rainbow site, whereas Zn and Cu in all tissues were highest in mussels from the Lucky Strike site, reflecting metal concentrations in the water surrounding macro-invertebrates at these vent sites. The omnipresence of the commensal parasite polychaete in gills of B. azoricus from the Lucky Strike vent field, unlike the other sites, is suggested to be an adaptation to the typically elevated Fe concentrations in the water column near mussel beds. Unprecedented Fe concentrations measured in the digestive gland of mussels from the Rainbow site (4000 µg g- 1, three times higher than levels in bivalves from polluted sites) call for further post-capture ecotoxicological investigations of potentially novel Fe-handling strategies. We provide the first information on the bioaccumulation potential of hydrothermal organisms by calculation of concentration factors for Cu, Zn and Fe in the gills of the bivalve host and also in its endosymbiont and/or parasites. Adaptation strategies (biochemical, physiological, morphological and life-history adaptations) of vent organisms to elevated levels of micronutrients and non-essential metallic elements are discussed. |
Prentice,; Jebb, TV and inactivity are separate contributors to metabolic risk factors in children (Article) PLoS Med, 3, 12, Page(s): 2197-2198, 2006. (BibTeX | Tags: Child Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Denmark Estonia Humans *Motor Activity Obesity/*epidemiology/prevention & control Portugal Public Health Risk Factors *Television Time Factors) @article{Review, name = {TV and inactivity are separate contributors to metabolic risk factors in children}, author = {Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030481, published Dec 12, 2006. 1549-1676 (Electronic) Comment Journal Article}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {2197-2198}, note = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030481, published Dec 12, 2006. 1549-1676 (Electronic) Comment Journal Article}, keywords = {Child Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Denmark Estonia Humans *Motor Activity Obesity/*epidemiology/prevention & control Portugal Public Health Risk Factors *Television Time Factors} } |
Maynard,; Gunnell,; Ness,; Abraham,; Bates,; Blane, What influences diet in early old age? Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort (Article) Eur J Public Health, 16, 3, Page(s): 316-324, 2006. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Alcohol Drinking Body Mass Index Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet/standards Female Follow-Up Studies Food Habits Great Britain *Health Behavior *Health Status Housing Humans Income Infant Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Prospective Studies Questionnaires Smoking Social Class Socioeconomic Factors Time Factors Vegetables) @article{Paper, name = {What influences diet in early old age? Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort}, author = {Maynard, M. and Gunnell, D. and Ness, A. R. and Abraham, L. and Bates, C. J. and Blane, D.}, note = {1101-1262 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {316-324}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to identify the socio-economic and health-related factors in childhood and later life associated with healthy eating in early old age. METHODS: The study is based on surviving members of the Boyd Orr cohort aged 61-80 years. Data are available on household diet and socio-economic position in childhood and on health and social circumstances in later life. A 12-item Healthy Diet Score (HDS) for each subject was constructed from food frequency questionnaire responses. Complete data on all exposures examined were available for 1234 cohort members. RESULTS: Over 50% of study members had inadequacies in at least half of the 12 markers of diet quality. In multivariable models having a childhood diet which was rich in vegetables was associated with a healthy diet in early old age. The HDS for those in the upper quartile of childhood vegetable intake was 0.30 (95% confidence interval -0.01 to 0.61) higher than those with the lowest intake levels (P-trend across quartiles = 0.04). The adult factors that were most strongly associated with a healthy diet were not smoking, being an owner-occupier, and taking anti-hypertensive medication. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates that diet in early old age is influenced by childhood vegetable consumption, current socio-economic position, and smoking. Interventions for improving the diet of older people could usefully focus on both encouragement of healthy diet choices from an early age and higher levels of income or nutritional support for older people.}, note = {1101-1262 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Alcohol Drinking Body Mass Index Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet/standards Female Follow-Up Studies Food Habits Great Britain *Health Behavior *Health Status Housing Humans Income Infant Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Prospective Studies Questionnaires Smoking Social Class Socioeconomic Factors Time Factors Vegetables} } BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to identify the socio-economic and health-related factors in childhood and later life associated with healthy eating in early old age. METHODS: The study is based on surviving members of the Boyd Orr cohort aged 61-80 years. Data are available on household diet and socio-economic position in childhood and on health and social circumstances in later life. A 12-item Healthy Diet Score (HDS) for each subject was constructed from food frequency questionnaire responses. Complete data on all exposures examined were available for 1234 cohort members. RESULTS: Over 50% of study members had inadequacies in at least half of the 12 markers of diet quality. In multivariable models having a childhood diet which was rich in vegetables was associated with a healthy diet in early old age. The HDS for those in the upper quartile of childhood vegetable intake was 0.30 (95% confidence interval -0.01 to 0.61) higher than those with the lowest intake levels (P-trend across quartiles = 0.04). The adult factors that were most strongly associated with a healthy diet were not smoking, being an owner-occupier, and taking anti-hypertensive medication. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates that diet in early old age is influenced by childhood vegetable consumption, current socio-economic position, and smoking. Interventions for improving the diet of older people could usefully focus on both encouragement of healthy diet choices from an early age and higher levels of income or nutritional support for older people. |
2005 |
Bluck,; Clapperton,; Coward, 13C- and 2H-labelled glucose compared for minimal model estimates of glucose metabolism in man (Article) Clin Sci, 109, 6, Page(s): 513-521, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Blood Glucose/metabolism Carbon Isotopes/*diagnostic use Comparative Study Costs and Cost Analysis Deuterium/*diagnostic use Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*diagnosis/metabolism Drug Administration Schedule Glucose/*diagnostic use Glucose Tolerance Test/economics/*methods Humans Isotope Labeling Linear Models Male Mass Fragmentography Middle Aged Radioactive Tracers Sensitivity and Specificity) @article{Paper, name = {13C- and 2H-labelled glucose compared for minimal model estimates of glucose metabolism in man}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Clapperton, A. T. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0143-5221 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article (doi: 10.1042/CS20050155. Published as Immediate Publication 10 August 2005)}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Clin Sci}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {513-521}, abstract = {In the present study, we have investigated the use of 1-[(13)C]glucose and GC/combustion/isotope-ratio MS as an alternative to 6,6-[(2)H(2)]glucose and GC/MS in the determination of parameters of glucose metabolism using the IVGTT (intravenous glucose tolerance test) interpreted by labelled (hot) minimal models. The study has been done in four populations, normoglycaemics (subdivided into lean and obese individuals), subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and those with diabetes mellitus. Although the use of carbon label may in some circumstances be compromised by substrate recycling, our hypothesis was that this would not be an issue under the condition of suppression of hepatic glucose production during the short timescale of an IVGTT. In all four groups, we found that the methodology employing the carbon label gave equivalent results to those obtained using the conventional deuterated material, but the sensitivity of the measurement technique in the new approach was sufficient to allow an approx. 15-fold reduction in the quantity of isotope administered. In addition to the clear cost advantages, this represents a significant scientific advance in that true tracer status is more nearly attained in these measurements with near-physiological tracee loads.}, note = {0143-5221 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article (doi: 10.1042/CS20050155. Published as Immediate Publication 10 August 2005)}, keywords = {Adult Aged Blood Glucose/metabolism Carbon Isotopes/*diagnostic use Comparative Study Costs and Cost Analysis Deuterium/*diagnostic use Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*diagnosis/metabolism Drug Administration Schedule Glucose/*diagnostic use Glucose Tolerance Test/economics/*methods Humans Isotope Labeling Linear Models Male Mass Fragmentography Middle Aged Radioactive Tracers Sensitivity and Specificity} } In the present study, we have investigated the use of 1-[(13)C]glucose and GC/combustion/isotope-ratio MS as an alternative to 6,6-[(2)H(2)]glucose and GC/MS in the determination of parameters of glucose metabolism using the IVGTT (intravenous glucose tolerance test) interpreted by labelled (hot) minimal models. The study has been done in four populations, normoglycaemics (subdivided into lean and obese individuals), subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and those with diabetes mellitus. Although the use of carbon label may in some circumstances be compromised by substrate recycling, our hypothesis was that this would not be an issue under the condition of suppression of hepatic glucose production during the short timescale of an IVGTT. In all four groups, we found that the methodology employing the carbon label gave equivalent results to those obtained using the conventional deuterated material, but the sensitivity of the measurement technique in the new approach was sufficient to allow an approx. 15-fold reduction in the quantity of isotope administered. In addition to the clear cost advantages, this represents a significant scientific advance in that true tracer status is more nearly attained in these measurements with near-physiological tracee loads. |
Powell,; McNaughton,; Jugdaohsingh,; Anderson,; Dear,; Khot,; Mowatt,; Gleason,; Sykes,; Thompson,; Bolton-Smith,; Hodson, A provisional database for the silicon content of foods in the United Kingdom (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 804-812, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Beverages/analysis Bread/analysis Cereals *Databases, Factual Diet Food Analysis/*methods Fruit Great Britain Humans Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {A provisional database for the silicon content of foods in the United Kingdom}, author = {Powell, J. J. and McNaughton, S. A. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Anderson, S. H. C. and Dear, J. and Khot, F. and Mowatt, L. and Gleason, K. L. and Sykes, M. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Hodson, M. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {804-812}, abstract = {Si may play an important role in bone formation and connective tissue metabolism. Although biological interest in this element has recently increased, limited literature exists on the Si content of foods. To further our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between dietary Si and human health, a reliable food composition database, relevant for the UK population, is required. A total of 207 foods and beverages, commonly consumed in the UK, were analysed for Si content. Composite samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted digestion with nitric acid and H(2)O(2). The highest concentrations of Si were found in cereals and cereal products, especially less refined cereals and oat-based products. Fruit and vegetables were highly variable sources of Si with substantial amounts present in Kenyan beans, French beans, runner beans, spinach, dried fruit, bananas and red lentils, but undetectable amounts in tomatoes, oranges and onions. Of the beverages, beer, a macerated whole-grain cereal product, contained the greatest level of Si, whilst drinking water was a variable source with some mineral waters relatively high in Si. The present study provides a provisional database for the Si content of UK foods, which will allow the estimation of dietary intakes of Si in the UK population and investigation into the role of dietary Si in human health.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Beverages/analysis Bread/analysis Cereals *Databases, Factual Diet Food Analysis/*methods Fruit Great Britain Humans Research Support} } Si may play an important role in bone formation and connective tissue metabolism. Although biological interest in this element has recently increased, limited literature exists on the Si content of foods. To further our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between dietary Si and human health, a reliable food composition database, relevant for the UK population, is required. A total of 207 foods and beverages, commonly consumed in the UK, were analysed for Si content. Composite samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted digestion with nitric acid and H(2)O(2). The highest concentrations of Si were found in cereals and cereal products, especially less refined cereals and oat-based products. Fruit and vegetables were highly variable sources of Si with substantial amounts present in Kenyan beans, French beans, runner beans, spinach, dried fruit, bananas and red lentils, but undetectable amounts in tomatoes, oranges and onions. Of the beverages, beer, a macerated whole-grain cereal product, contained the greatest level of Si, whilst drinking water was a variable source with some mineral waters relatively high in Si. The present study provides a provisional database for the Si content of UK foods, which will allow the estimation of dietary intakes of Si in the UK population and investigation into the role of dietary Si in human health. |
Ogborne,; Rushworth,; O'Connell, Alpha-lipoic acid-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression is mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human monocytic cells (Article) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, 10, Page(s): 2100-2105, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects Cell Line, Tumor Gene Expression/drug effects Genes, Dominant Heme Oxygenase-1/*genetics/metabolism Humans Leukemia Monocytes/cytology/drug effects/*physiology NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics/*metabolism RNA, Messenger/analysis Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Alpha-lipoic acid-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression is mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human monocytic cells}, author = {Ogborne, R. M. and Rushworth, S. A. and O'Connell, M. A.}, note = {1524-4636 (Electronic) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {2100-2105}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, plays a protective role in the vascular system. HO-1 induction inhibits cytokine production in macrophages. Antioxidants induce HO-1 expression in various cell types. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a thiol-containing dietary antioxidant, exhibits protective effects in vascular disease and induces anti-inflammatory effects in monocytes. This study examined the effects of ALA on HO-1 expression in human monocytic cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: ALA time and dose-dependently induced HO-1 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells, with peak expression at 4 hours and returning to baseline by 24 hours. This correlated with an increase in HO-1 protein expression. ALA stimulated translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus and binding to a human HO-1 antioxidant response element (ARE) by 30 minutes. A dominant-negative Nrf2 inhibitor reduced ALA-induced HO-1 mRNA expression by 66%. Pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, reduced ALA-induced HO-1 mRNA expression by 75% and inhibited ALA-induced Nrf2 binding to the HO-1 ARE. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that ALA induces HO-1 expression in THP-1 monocytic cells via Nrf2 and p38. Further studies are required to investigate whether the protective effects of ALA in monocytes are mediated by HO-1.}, note = {1524-4636 (Electronic) Journal Article}, keywords = {Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects Cell Line, Tumor Gene Expression/drug effects Genes, Dominant Heme Oxygenase-1/*genetics/metabolism Humans Leukemia Monocytes/cytology/drug effects/*physiology NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics/*metabolism RNA, Messenger/analysis Research Support} } OBJECTIVE: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, plays a protective role in the vascular system. HO-1 induction inhibits cytokine production in macrophages. Antioxidants induce HO-1 expression in various cell types. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a thiol-containing dietary antioxidant, exhibits protective effects in vascular disease and induces anti-inflammatory effects in monocytes. This study examined the effects of ALA on HO-1 expression in human monocytic cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: ALA time and dose-dependently induced HO-1 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells, with peak expression at 4 hours and returning to baseline by 24 hours. This correlated with an increase in HO-1 protein expression. ALA stimulated translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus and binding to a human HO-1 antioxidant response element (ARE) by 30 minutes. A dominant-negative Nrf2 inhibitor reduced ALA-induced HO-1 mRNA expression by 66%. Pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, reduced ALA-induced HO-1 mRNA expression by 75% and inhibited ALA-induced Nrf2 binding to the HO-1 ARE. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that ALA induces HO-1 expression in THP-1 monocytic cells via Nrf2 and p38. Further studies are required to investigate whether the protective effects of ALA in monocytes are mediated by HO-1. |
Rennie,; Livingstone,; Wells,; McGloin,; Coward,; Prentice,; Jebb, Assocation of physical activity with body-composition indexes in children aged 6-8 y at varied risk of obesity (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 1, Page(s): 13-20, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Body Composition Child Cross-Sectional Studies Energy Metabolism *Exercise Female Humans Male Obesity/*etiology/prevention & control Regression Analysis Risk Factors Sex Distribution) @article{Paper, name = {Assocation of physical activity with body-composition indexes in children aged 6-8 y at varied risk of obesity}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Livingstone, M. B. E. and Wells, J. C. K. and McGloin, A. and Coward, W. A. and Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {13-20}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity increases the risk of obesity, but the relations between reported levels of physical activity (PA) and measures of body fatness (BF) in children are remarkably inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between objective measures of PA and body-composition indexes in nonobese children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 children aged 6-8 y who were recruited according to their risk of future obesity: high-risk children had >/=1 obese parent [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): >30] and low-risk children had 2 nonobese biological parents (BMI: <30). Free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) and PA level were calculated from 7-d doubly labeled water measurements, time spent in light-intensity activity was assessed by heart rate monitoring, and body composition was determined from isotopic dilution. To adjust for body size, fat mass and fat-free mass were normalized for height and expressed as fat mass index (FMI) and lean mass index (LMI), respectively. RESULTS: High-risk children had significantly higher BMI, LMI, and FMI than did low-risk children, but no group differences in PA were found. AEE and PA level were positively associated with LMI and, after adjustment for sex and fat-free mass, negatively associated with FMI but not with BMI. Boys who spent more than the median time in light-intensity activities had significantly higher FMI than did less sedentary boys. This difference was not observed in girls. CONCLUSIONS: AEE and PA level were negatively associated with BF in nonobese children. Accurate measures of body composition are essential to appropriate assessment of relations between PA and obesity risk.}, keywords = {*Body Composition Child Cross-Sectional Studies Energy Metabolism *Exercise Female Humans Male Obesity/*etiology/prevention & control Regression Analysis Risk Factors Sex Distribution} } BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity increases the risk of obesity, but the relations between reported levels of physical activity (PA) and measures of body fatness (BF) in children are remarkably inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between objective measures of PA and body-composition indexes in nonobese children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 children aged 6-8 y who were recruited according to their risk of future obesity: high-risk children had >/=1 obese parent [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): >30] and low-risk children had 2 nonobese biological parents (BMI: <30). Free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) and PA level were calculated from 7-d doubly labeled water measurements, time spent in light-intensity activity was assessed by heart rate monitoring, and body composition was determined from isotopic dilution. To adjust for body size, fat mass and fat-free mass were normalized for height and expressed as fat mass index (FMI) and lean mass index (LMI), respectively. RESULTS: High-risk children had significantly higher BMI, LMI, and FMI than did low-risk children, but no group differences in PA were found. AEE and PA level were positively associated with LMI and, after adjustment for sex and fat-free mass, negatively associated with FMI but not with BMI. Boys who spent more than the median time in light-intensity activities had significantly higher FMI than did less sedentary boys. This difference was not observed in girls. CONCLUSIONS: AEE and PA level were negatively associated with BF in nonobese children. Accurate measures of body composition are essential to appropriate assessment of relations between PA and obesity risk. |
Rennie,; Johnson,; Jebb, Behavioural determinants of obesity (Article) Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 19, 3, Page(s): 343-358, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carbonated Beverages/adverse effects Child *Child Behavior Child, Preschool Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Energy Intake Feeding Behavior/psychology Humans Motor Activity Obesity/*psychology) @article{Paper, name = {Behavioural determinants of obesity}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Johnson, L. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {1521-690X (Print) Journal Article Review Issue titled "Childhood Obesity", edited by J. P. Hamilton-Shield and M. Sabin}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {343-358}, abstract = {Obesity in children arises from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and behaviour, primarily relating to dietary habits and physical activity. Evidence for specific behavioural factors that promote or protect against excess weight gain in children is more limited than in adults, and the effects of growth and development are not clear. A number of behavioural risk factors has been postulated, including diets with a high energy density, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, large portion sizes, eating patterns, high levels of sedentary behaviour and low levels of physical activity. However, most evidence is derived from cross-sectional studies which frequently yield conflicting results. More prospective studies with accurate measures of exposures and outcomes in terms of body composition are needed to provide more robust evidence on which to base interventions to achieve long-term behavioural change and prevent excess weight gains in children.}, note = {1521-690X (Print) Journal Article Review Issue titled "Childhood Obesity", edited by J. P. Hamilton-Shield and M. Sabin}, keywords = {Carbonated Beverages/adverse effects Child *Child Behavior Child, Preschool Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Energy Intake Feeding Behavior/psychology Humans Motor Activity Obesity/*psychology} } Obesity in children arises from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and behaviour, primarily relating to dietary habits and physical activity. Evidence for specific behavioural factors that promote or protect against excess weight gain in children is more limited than in adults, and the effects of growth and development are not clear. A number of behavioural risk factors has been postulated, including diets with a high energy density, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, large portion sizes, eating patterns, high levels of sedentary behaviour and low levels of physical activity. However, most evidence is derived from cross-sectional studies which frequently yield conflicting results. More prospective studies with accurate measures of exposures and outcomes in terms of body composition are needed to provide more robust evidence on which to base interventions to achieve long-term behavioural change and prevent excess weight gains in children. |
Prentice,; Ginty,; Stear,; Jones,; Laskey,; Cole, Calcium supplementation increases stature and bone mineral mass of 16- to 18-year-old boys (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 6, Page(s): 3153-3161, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Body Height/*drug effects Body Weight Bone Density/drug effects/*physiology Bone Development/drug effects Calcium/administration & dosage/*pharmacology Calcium, Dietary Densitometry, X-Ray Dietary Supplements Humans Leisure Activities Male Patient Compliance Placebos Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Calcium supplementation increases stature and bone mineral mass of 16- to 18-year-old boys}, author = {Prentice, A. and Ginty, F. and Stear, S. J. and Jones, S. C. and Laskey, M. A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0021-972X (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {90}, number = {6}, pages = {3153-3161}, abstract = {{The effect of calcium carbonate supplementation on bone growth and mineral accretion was studied in 143 boys aged 16-18 yr, randomized to 1000 mg Ca/d or a matching placebo for 13 months. Anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm were performed before, during, and after the intervention. The intervention resulted in greater bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body (+1.3%}, note = {0021-972X (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adolescent Body Height/*drug effects Body Weight Bone Density/drug effects/*physiology Bone Development/drug effects Calcium/administration & dosage/*pharmacology Calcium, Dietary Densitometry, X-Ray Dietary Supplements Humans Leisure Activities Male Patient Compliance Placebos Research Support} } {The effect of calcium carbonate supplementation on bone growth and mineral accretion was studied in 143 boys aged 16-18 yr, randomized to 1000 mg Ca/d or a matching placebo for 13 months. Anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm were performed before, during, and after the intervention. The intervention resulted in greater bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body (+1.3% |
McNaughton,; Mishra,; Bramwell,; Paul,; Wadsworth, Comparability of dietary patterns assessed by multiple dietary assessment methods: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 3, Page(s): 341-352, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cohort Studies Comparative Study Diet Records Diet Surveys Eating Factor Analysis, Statistical Female *Food Habits Great Britain Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Mental Recall Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment) @article{Paper, name = {Comparability of dietary patterns assessed by multiple dietary assessment methods: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort}, author = {McNaughton, S. A. and Mishra, G. D. and Bramwell, G. and Paul, A. A. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {341-352}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the consistency of dietary patterns assessed through the use of a dietary recall and a 5-day food diary. DESIGN: Participants (n = 2265) of a longitudinal study of health and development completed 48-h dietary recall at interview, followed by a 5-day food diary and with the 24 h immediately preceding the interview analysed separately as a 24-h recall. Mean intakes of foods and nutrients were calculated and dietary patterns were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, using the method of principal components. Paired t-tests and correlation coefficients were used to compare the three dietary assessment methods. RESULTS: Five distinct dietary patterns were identified using the food diary and the 48-h recall but were less consistent on the 24-h recall. Correlations between factor scores on the 48-h recall and the food diary (r = 0.13-0.67) were higher than those between the 24-h recall and food diary (r = -0.01-0.59). The recall methods were effective at ranking subjects according to food and nutrient intakes, with the 48-h recall and food diary showing higher correlations in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that a 48-h recall effectively characterises dietary patterns in British adults when compared to a food diary and ranks participants appropriately with respect to most nutrients and foods and is superior to a single 24-h recall. These results have implications for longitudinal studies where maximising response rates to repeat dietary assessment tools is essential.}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Cohort Studies Comparative Study Diet Records Diet Surveys Eating Factor Analysis, Statistical Female *Food Habits Great Britain Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Mental Recall Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment} } OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the consistency of dietary patterns assessed through the use of a dietary recall and a 5-day food diary. DESIGN: Participants (n = 2265) of a longitudinal study of health and development completed 48-h dietary recall at interview, followed by a 5-day food diary and with the 24 h immediately preceding the interview analysed separately as a 24-h recall. Mean intakes of foods and nutrients were calculated and dietary patterns were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, using the method of principal components. Paired t-tests and correlation coefficients were used to compare the three dietary assessment methods. RESULTS: Five distinct dietary patterns were identified using the food diary and the 48-h recall but were less consistent on the 24-h recall. Correlations between factor scores on the 48-h recall and the food diary (r = 0.13-0.67) were higher than those between the 24-h recall and food diary (r = -0.01-0.59). The recall methods were effective at ranking subjects according to food and nutrient intakes, with the 48-h recall and food diary showing higher correlations in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that a 48-h recall effectively characterises dietary patterns in British adults when compared to a food diary and ranks participants appropriately with respect to most nutrients and foods and is superior to a single 24-h recall. These results have implications for longitudinal studies where maximising response rates to repeat dietary assessment tools is essential. |
Haisma,; Wells,; Coward,; Filho,; Victora,; Vonk,; Wright,; Visser, Complementary feeding with cow's milk alters sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants (Article) J Nutr, 135, 8, Page(s): 1889-1895, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animals Basal Metabolism/*physiology Birth Weight *Breast Feeding Calorimetry Cattle *Dietary Supplements Energy Metabolism/physiology Humans Infant *Milk Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Complementary feeding with cow's milk alters sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants}, author = {Haisma, H. and Wells, J. C. K. and Coward, W. A. and Filho, D. D. and Victora, C. G. and Vonk, R. J. and Wright, A. and Visser, G. H.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {135}, number = {8}, pages = {1889-1895}, abstract = {{Although it is widely accepted that energy expenditure in infants is a function of feeding pattern, the mechanism behind this is not well understood. The objectives of this observational study were as follows: 1) to compare minimal observable energy expenditure (MOEE) between 2 subgroups of breast-fed infants, a BM group in which breast milk was the only source of milk and a BCM group given cow's milk in addition to breast milk; and 2) to identify potential mediators of a feeding pattern effect. For this purpose, infants were classified by feeding group on the basis of a mother's recall. Respiration calorimetry was used to measure MOEE in 62 infants (n = 35 BM}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Basal Metabolism/*physiology Birth Weight *Breast Feeding Calorimetry Cattle *Dietary Supplements Energy Metabolism/physiology Humans Infant *Milk Research Support} } {Although it is widely accepted that energy expenditure in infants is a function of feeding pattern, the mechanism behind this is not well understood. The objectives of this observational study were as follows: 1) to compare minimal observable energy expenditure (MOEE) between 2 subgroups of breast-fed infants, a BM group in which breast milk was the only source of milk and a BCM group given cow's milk in addition to breast milk; and 2) to identify potential mediators of a feeding pattern effect. For this purpose, infants were classified by feeding group on the basis of a mother's recall. Respiration calorimetry was used to measure MOEE in 62 infants (n = 35 BM |
Sripanyakorn,; Jugdaohsingh,; Thompson,; Powell, Dietary silicon and bone health (Article) Nutr Bull, 30, 3, Page(s): 222-230, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: bone health; dietary source; silicon; silicon metabolism) @article{Review, name = {Dietary silicon and bone health}, author = {Sripanyakorn, S. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2005.00507.x Research article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Bull}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {222-230}, abstract = {Silicon (Si) is the third most abundant trace element of the human body and is especially associated with connective tissues such as in bone, skin and blood vessels. Dietary Si is predominately derived from plant-foods and, generally, is readily broken down and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract in the form of orthosilicic acid. Cereals and cereal products (especially beer), green beans and some mineral water are examples of major dietary sources of Si. The majority of absorbed Si is then excreted in urine although some is taken up into tissues. Average Si intakes are around 25 mg/day in the Western World. In this review, dietary sources of Si, its metabolism and evidence for its biological role in bone health are presented.}, note = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2005.00507.x Research article}, keywords = {bone health; dietary source; silicon; silicon metabolism} } Silicon (Si) is the third most abundant trace element of the human body and is especially associated with connective tissues such as in bone, skin and blood vessels. Dietary Si is predominately derived from plant-foods and, generally, is readily broken down and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract in the form of orthosilicic acid. Cereals and cereal products (especially beer), green beans and some mineral water are examples of major dietary sources of Si. The majority of absorbed Si is then excreted in urine although some is taken up into tissues. Average Si intakes are around 25 mg/day in the Western World. In this review, dietary sources of Si, its metabolism and evidence for its biological role in bone health are presented. |
McNaughton,; Bolton-Smith,; Mishra,; Jugdaohsingh,; Powell, Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 813-817, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Beverages/analysis Bread/analysis Cereals *Diet Diet Surveys Energy Intake Female Food Analysis/*methods Fruit Humans Middle Aged *Postmenopause Questionnaires Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women}, author = {McNaughton, S. A. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Mishra, G. D. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {813-817}, abstract = {Si has been suggested as an essential element, and may be important in optimal bone, skin and cardiovascular health. However, there are few estimates of dietary Si intakes in man, especially in a UK population. Following the development of a UK food composition database for Si, the aim of the present study was to investigate dietary intakes of Si amongst healthy women aged over 60 years and to identify important food sources of Si in their diet. Healthy, post-menopausal female subjects (>60 years of age; n 209) were recruited from the general population around Dundee, Scotland as part of an unrelated randomised controlled intervention study where dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at five time-points over a 2-year period. Food composition data on the Si content of UK foods was used to determine the Si content of food items on the food-frequency questionnaire. Mean Si intake was 18.6 (sd 4.6) mg and did not vary significantly across the 2 years of investigation. Cereals provided the greatest amount of Si in the diet (about 30 %), followed by fruit, beverages (hot, cold and alcoholic beverages combined) and vegetables; together these foods provided over 75 % about Si intake. Si intakes in the UK appear consistent with those reported previously for elderly women in Western populations, but lower than those reported for younger women or for men.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Beverages/analysis Bread/analysis Cereals *Diet Diet Surveys Energy Intake Female Food Analysis/*methods Fruit Humans Middle Aged *Postmenopause Questionnaires Research Support} } Si has been suggested as an essential element, and may be important in optimal bone, skin and cardiovascular health. However, there are few estimates of dietary Si intakes in man, especially in a UK population. Following the development of a UK food composition database for Si, the aim of the present study was to investigate dietary intakes of Si amongst healthy women aged over 60 years and to identify important food sources of Si in their diet. Healthy, post-menopausal female subjects (>60 years of age; n 209) were recruited from the general population around Dundee, Scotland as part of an unrelated randomised controlled intervention study where dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at five time-points over a 2-year period. Food composition data on the Si content of UK foods was used to determine the Si content of food items on the food-frequency questionnaire. Mean Si intake was 18.6 (sd 4.6) mg and did not vary significantly across the 2 years of investigation. Cereals provided the greatest amount of Si in the diet (about 30 %), followed by fruit, beverages (hot, cold and alcoholic beverages combined) and vegetables; together these foods provided over 75 % about Si intake. Si intakes in the UK appear consistent with those reported previously for elderly women in Western populations, but lower than those reported for younger women or for men. |
Jebb, Dietary strategies for the prevention of obesity (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 2, Page(s): 217-227, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animals *Diet Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage *Energy Intake Humans Nutrition Policy Nutritive Value Obesity/*diet therapy/*prevention & control Weight Gain/physiology) @article{Review, name = {Dietary strategies for the prevention of obesity}, author = {Jebb, S. A.}, note = {Plenary Lecture. PNS Conference, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, 5-8 July 2004. 0029-6651 (Print) Lectures}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {217-227}, abstract = {The rising tide of obesity has led to a resurgence of interest in dietary strategies to prevent excess weight gain. Data from controlled intervention studies is sparse, but nonetheless evidence from other diverse sources has identified a number of specific dietary factors and aspects of eating behaviour that either promote or protect against obesity. The present paper reviews the evidence in relation to energy density, the macronutrient composition of the diet, including the nature of carbohydrate foods and sugar-rich drinks, portion size and snacking habits. It concludes that there is now sufficient evidence to develop clear dietary guidelines to prevent weight gain that are largely consistent with those for the prevention of CVD and cancer. However, coordinated action across multiple stakeholders is also required if these guidelines are to be translated into sustained changes in eating habits.}, note = {Plenary Lecture. PNS Conference, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, 5-8 July 2004. 0029-6651 (Print) Lectures}, keywords = {Animals *Diet Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage *Energy Intake Humans Nutrition Policy Nutritive Value Obesity/*diet therapy/*prevention & control Weight Gain/physiology} } The rising tide of obesity has led to a resurgence of interest in dietary strategies to prevent excess weight gain. Data from controlled intervention studies is sparse, but nonetheless evidence from other diverse sources has identified a number of specific dietary factors and aspects of eating behaviour that either promote or protect against obesity. The present paper reviews the evidence in relation to energy density, the macronutrient composition of the diet, including the nature of carbohydrate foods and sugar-rich drinks, portion size and snacking habits. It concludes that there is now sufficient evidence to develop clear dietary guidelines to prevent weight gain that are largely consistent with those for the prevention of CVD and cancer. However, coordinated action across multiple stakeholders is also required if these guidelines are to be translated into sustained changes in eating habits. |
Yan,; Zhou,; Nigdikar,; Wang,; Bennett,; Prentice, Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on vitamin K status in healthy older adults from China and the UK (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 6, Page(s): 956-961, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Apolipoproteins E/*genetics Bone Density/physiology China Female Genotype Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on vitamin K status in healthy older adults from China and the UK}, author = {Yan, L. and Zhou, B. and Nigdikar, S. and Wang, X. and Bennett, J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {956-961}, abstract = {{The vitamin K concentration in the circulation and the availability of vitamin K to bone may be affected by factors influencing lipoprotein metabolism, such as apoE genotype. The relationships between markers of vitamin K status, bone mineral content and apoE genotype were studied in healthy older men and women aged 60-83 years, 177 from Shenyang, China, and 132 from Cambridge, UK. Fasting plasma was analysed for vitamin K1, triacylglycerol, total osteocalcin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and apoE genotype. Hip bone mineral content was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were grouped according to apoE genotype as E2/3, E3/3 and [E3/4+E4/4]. The mean plasma vitamin K1 concentration of the three genotype groups was significantly higher and the percentage ucOC was lower in the Chinese than in the British subjects (P<0.01). A higher vitamin K1 concentration was found in subjects with [E3/4+E4/4] than those with either E2/3 or E3/3 in Cambridge (32.2 (SE 14.6 ) %}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Apolipoproteins E/*genetics Bone Density/physiology China Female Genotype Great Britain Humans Male Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood Research Support} } {The vitamin K concentration in the circulation and the availability of vitamin K to bone may be affected by factors influencing lipoprotein metabolism, such as apoE genotype. The relationships between markers of vitamin K status, bone mineral content and apoE genotype were studied in healthy older men and women aged 60-83 years, 177 from Shenyang, China, and 132 from Cambridge, UK. Fasting plasma was analysed for vitamin K1, triacylglycerol, total osteocalcin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and apoE genotype. Hip bone mineral content was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were grouped according to apoE genotype as E2/3, E3/3 and [E3/4+E4/4]. The mean plasma vitamin K1 concentration of the three genotype groups was significantly higher and the percentage ucOC was lower in the Chinese than in the British subjects (P<0.01). A higher vitamin K1 concentration was found in subjects with [E3/4+E4/4] than those with either E2/3 or E3/3 in Cambridge (32.2 (SE 14.6 ) % |
Cecil,; Palmer,; Wrieden,; Murrie,; Bolton-Smith,; Watt,; Wallis,; Hetherington, Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not compensation (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 2, Page(s): 302-308, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Age Factors Body Mass Index Child *Energy Intake Energy Metabolism *Feeding Behavior Female Humans Male Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not compensation}, author = {Cecil, J. E. and Palmer, C. N. and Wrieden, W. and Murrie, I. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Watt, P. and Wallis, D. J. and Hetherington, M. M.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {302-308}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Young children accurately compensate for energy-dense preloads consumed before test meals. The accuracy of compensation seems to deteriorate as a function of age. OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that accurate energy compensation varies by age, body mass index, and individual characteristics of children and their mothers was tested. DESIGN: Energy intake (EI) from a test meal was measured in 74 children aged 6-9 y 90 min after the ingestion of no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload snacks. The NE preload consisted of 250 mL water, the LE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (783 kJ), and the HE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (1628 kJ). RESULTS: A significant dose-related reduction in EI was found after the preloads; younger children adjusted more effectively than did older children, although total EI (including preload energy) indicated that the adjustment was not accurate. The compensation index (COMPX) differed by preload and age group; COMPX scores were higher between the NE and LE preloads (younger children: 44.4 +/- 9.3%; older children: 57.0 +/- 11.6%) than between the NE and HE preloads (39.6 +/- 4.9%; 31.3 +/- 6.2%) and the LE and HE preloads (35.2 +/- 7.8%; 7.4 +/- 9.8%). This finding indicates a more consistent response across preloads and a greater sensitivity to energy load by younger than by older children. High interindividual variation and low intraindividual variation in COMPX was found. The tendency to over- or undereat in response to the preloads (deviation from perfect) correlated directly and positively with maternal concerns about child overweight, not with actual BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The children adjusted their EIs in response to different preloads, and the younger children did so more effectively than did the older children. Poor short-term energy compensation may constitute a behavioral marker for positive energy balance.}, note = {0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Age Factors Body Mass Index Child *Energy Intake Energy Metabolism *Feeding Behavior Female Humans Male Research Support} } BACKGROUND: Young children accurately compensate for energy-dense preloads consumed before test meals. The accuracy of compensation seems to deteriorate as a function of age. OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that accurate energy compensation varies by age, body mass index, and individual characteristics of children and their mothers was tested. DESIGN: Energy intake (EI) from a test meal was measured in 74 children aged 6-9 y 90 min after the ingestion of no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload snacks. The NE preload consisted of 250 mL water, the LE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (783 kJ), and the HE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (1628 kJ). RESULTS: A significant dose-related reduction in EI was found after the preloads; younger children adjusted more effectively than did older children, although total EI (including preload energy) indicated that the adjustment was not accurate. The compensation index (COMPX) differed by preload and age group; COMPX scores were higher between the NE and LE preloads (younger children: 44.4 +/- 9.3%; older children: 57.0 +/- 11.6%) than between the NE and HE preloads (39.6 +/- 4.9%; 31.3 +/- 6.2%) and the LE and HE preloads (35.2 +/- 7.8%; 7.4 +/- 9.8%). This finding indicates a more consistent response across preloads and a greater sensitivity to energy load by younger than by older children. High interindividual variation and low intraindividual variation in COMPX was found. The tendency to over- or undereat in response to the preloads (deviation from perfect) correlated directly and positively with maternal concerns about child overweight, not with actual BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The children adjusted their EIs in response to different preloads, and the younger children did so more effectively than did the older children. Poor short-term energy compensation may constitute a behavioral marker for positive energy balance. |
Beavan,; Prentice,; Stirling,; Dibba,; Yan,; Harrington,; Shearer, Ethnic differences in osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation, plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and apolipoprotein E genotype (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 1, Page(s): 72-81, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Antifibrinolytic Agents/*blood Apolipoproteins E/*genetics China/ethnology Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies England/ethnology Female Gambia/ethnology Genotype Humans Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood/*metabolism Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/*epidemiology/*ethnology/metabolism Postmenopause/ethnology/metabolism Premenopause/ethnology/metabolism Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Ethnic differences in osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation, plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and apolipoprotein E genotype}, author = {Beavan, S. R. and Prentice, A. and Stirling, D. M. and Dibba, B. and Yan, L. and Harrington, D. J. and Shearer, M. J.}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {72-81}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate plasma osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation and its relationship to plasma phylloquinone concentration and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype in women from three ethnic groups with differing osteoporotic fracture risk. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Fasted blood samples were collected from postmenopausal Gambian (n=50), British (n=31) and Chinese women (n=23), and 11 premenopausal women in each group from three cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: After adjustment for total osteocalcin, plasma undercarboxylated osteocalcin (adjusted ucOC) was lowest in Chinese and highest in British women postmenopause (British vs Chinese 103% higher, P<0.0001; Gambian vs Chinese 66% higher, P<0.01). No differences were observed premenopause. Within each ethnic group, adjusted ucOC was similar pre- and postmenopause. Postmenopause, plasma phylloquinone was higher in Chinese women (1.0 ng/ml) than in British (0.31 ng/ml) and Gambian women (0.36 ng/ml) (P<0.0001). Premenopause, plasma phylloquinone was higher in Gambian and Chinese women (0.6 ng/ml) than in British women (0.3 ng/ml; P=0.01). Plasma phylloquinone and adjusted ucOC were inversely related in postmenopausal British women (R2=32.4%; P=0.0008). ApoE4 frequency was Gambian 32.6%, British 13.8% and Chinese 6%. A lower adjusted ucOC was associated with apoE2 genotype in British and Chinese women. Ethnic differences in adjusted ucOC persisted after adjustment for phylloquinone and apoE genotype. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data indicate suboptimal vitamin K status in postmenopausal British compared to Chinese and Gambian women. Ethnic differences in apoE genotype may also influence osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation status. The study highlights the need for larger epidemiological investigations of ethnic differences in vitamin K status and the possible implications to bone health.}, note = {0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aged Antifibrinolytic Agents/*blood Apolipoproteins E/*genetics China/ethnology Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies England/ethnology Female Gambia/ethnology Genotype Humans Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood/*metabolism Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/*epidemiology/*ethnology/metabolism Postmenopause/ethnology/metabolism Premenopause/ethnology/metabolism Research Support} } OBJECTIVE: To investigate plasma osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation and its relationship to plasma phylloquinone concentration and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype in women from three ethnic groups with differing osteoporotic fracture risk. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Fasted blood samples were collected from postmenopausal Gambian (n=50), British (n=31) and Chinese women (n=23), and 11 premenopausal women in each group from three cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: After adjustment for total osteocalcin, plasma undercarboxylated osteocalcin (adjusted ucOC) was lowest in Chinese and highest in British women postmenopause (British vs Chinese 103% higher, P<0.0001; Gambian vs Chinese 66% higher, P<0.01). No differences were observed premenopause. Within each ethnic group, adjusted ucOC was similar pre- and postmenopause. Postmenopause, plasma phylloquinone was higher in Chinese women (1.0 ng/ml) than in British (0.31 ng/ml) and Gambian women (0.36 ng/ml) (P<0.0001). Premenopause, plasma phylloquinone was higher in Gambian and Chinese women (0.6 ng/ml) than in British women (0.3 ng/ml; P=0.01). Plasma phylloquinone and adjusted ucOC were inversely related in postmenopausal British women (R2=32.4%; P=0.0008). ApoE4 frequency was Gambian 32.6%, British 13.8% and Chinese 6%. A lower adjusted ucOC was associated with apoE2 genotype in British and Chinese women. Ethnic differences in adjusted ucOC persisted after adjustment for phylloquinone and apoE genotype. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data indicate suboptimal vitamin K status in postmenopausal British compared to Chinese and Gambian women. Ethnic differences in apoE genotype may also influence osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation status. The study highlights the need for larger epidemiological investigations of ethnic differences in vitamin K status and the possible implications to bone health. |
Prynne,; Thane,; Prentice,; Wadsworth, Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s (Article) Public Health Nutr, 8, 2, Page(s): 171-180, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antifibrinolytic Agents/*administration & dosage Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Female Great Britain Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Nutrition Surveys Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and Thane, C. W. and Prentice, A. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {171-180}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To compare dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children between 1950 and the 1990s, and report their variation by sociodemographic factors.Design: Nationally representative samples of 4-year-olds from the longitudinal Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1950) and the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS, 1992/93 and 1997). SETTING: Great Britain. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 4599 children born on 3-9 March 1946 (NSHD) and 307 children in the 1990s (NDNS). RESULTS: Geometric mean dietary phylloquinone intake was significantly higher in 1950 (39 mug day(-1), 95% confidence interval (CI) 37, 40) compared with the 1990s (24 mug day(-1), 95% CI 22, 25) (P<0.001). This difference remained when intake was expressed per MJ energy intake and per kilogram body weight, and after accounting for sex, region and occupational social class of the family. In 1950, phylloquinone intake in Scotland was significantly lower than in the rest of Britain. By the 1990s these regional differences had disappeared. Food sources of phylloquinone intake changed significantly between 1950 and the 1990s, with fats and oils contributing more and vegetables less, although vegetables contributed most (60% and 48%, respectively) to phylloquinone intake in both surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Phylloquinone intakes of children have decreased significantly since 1950. With the suggested need for adequate phylloquinone intake for optimal development and maintenance of bone and the cardiovascular system, the substantially lower phylloquinone intakes reported in children of the 1990s, compared with 1950, may have implications for the health of these two systems in later adulthood.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Antifibrinolytic Agents/*administration & dosage Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Female Great Britain Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Nutrition Surveys Research Support} } OBJECTIVES: To compare dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children between 1950 and the 1990s, and report their variation by sociodemographic factors.Design: Nationally representative samples of 4-year-olds from the longitudinal Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1950) and the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS, 1992/93 and 1997). SETTING: Great Britain. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 4599 children born on 3-9 March 1946 (NSHD) and 307 children in the 1990s (NDNS). RESULTS: Geometric mean dietary phylloquinone intake was significantly higher in 1950 (39 mug day(-1), 95% confidence interval (CI) 37, 40) compared with the 1990s (24 mug day(-1), 95% CI 22, 25) (P<0.001). This difference remained when intake was expressed per MJ energy intake and per kilogram body weight, and after accounting for sex, region and occupational social class of the family. In 1950, phylloquinone intake in Scotland was significantly lower than in the rest of Britain. By the 1990s these regional differences had disappeared. Food sources of phylloquinone intake changed significantly between 1950 and the 1990s, with fats and oils contributing more and vegetables less, although vegetables contributed most (60% and 48%, respectively) to phylloquinone intake in both surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Phylloquinone intakes of children have decreased significantly since 1950. With the suggested need for adequate phylloquinone intake for optimal development and maintenance of bone and the cardiovascular system, the substantially lower phylloquinone intakes reported in children of the 1990s, compared with 1950, may have implications for the health of these two systems in later adulthood. |
Lomer,; Grainger,; Ede,; Catterall,; Greenfield,; Cowan,; Vicary,; Jenkins,; Fidler,; Harvey,; Ellis,; McNair,; Ainley,; Thompson,; Powell, Lack of efficacy of a reduced microparticle diet in a multi-centred trial of patients with active Crohn's disease (Article) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, 3, Page(s): 377-384, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Colitis/diet therapy Crohn Disease/*diet therapy *Diet Environmental Exposure/adverse effects Female Food Additives/administration & dosage Humans Ileitis/diet therapy Male Middle Aged Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Lack of efficacy of a reduced microparticle diet in a multi-centred trial of patients with active Crohn's disease}, author = {Lomer, M. C. E. and Grainger, S. L. and Ede, R. and Catterall, A. P. and Greenfield, S. M. and Cowan, R. E. and Vicary, F. R. and Jenkins, A. P. and Fidler, H. and Harvey, R. S. and Ellis, R. and McNair, A. and Ainley, C. C. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0954-691X (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {377-384}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dietary microparticles, which are bacteria-sized and non-biological, found in the modern Western diet, have been implicated in both the aetiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Following on from the findings of a previous pilot study, we aimed to confirm whether a reduction in the amount of dietary microparticles facilitates induction of remission in patients with active Crohn's disease, in a single-blind, randomized, multi-centre, placebo controlled trial. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with active Crohn's disease were randomly allocated in a 2 x 2 factorial design to a diet low or normal in microparticles and/or calcium for 16 weeks. All patients received a reducing dose of prednisolone for 6 weeks. Outcome measures were Crohn's disease activity index, Van Hees index, quality of life and a series of objective measures of inflammation including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, intestinal permeability and faecal calprotectin. After 16 weeks patients returned to their normal diet and were followed up for a further 36 weeks. RESULTS: Dietary manipulation provided no added effect to corticosteroid treatment on any of the outcome measures during the dietary trial (16 weeks) or follow-up (to 1 year); e.g., for logistic regression of Crohn's disease activity index based rates of remission (P=0.1) and clinical response (P=0.8), in normal versus low microparticle groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our adequately powered and carefully controlled dietary trial found no evidence that reducing microparticle intake aids remission in active Crohn's disease.}, note = {0954-691X (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Colitis/diet therapy Crohn Disease/*diet therapy *Diet Environmental Exposure/adverse effects Female Food Additives/administration & dosage Humans Ileitis/diet therapy Male Middle Aged Research Support} } BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dietary microparticles, which are bacteria-sized and non-biological, found in the modern Western diet, have been implicated in both the aetiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Following on from the findings of a previous pilot study, we aimed to confirm whether a reduction in the amount of dietary microparticles facilitates induction of remission in patients with active Crohn's disease, in a single-blind, randomized, multi-centre, placebo controlled trial. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with active Crohn's disease were randomly allocated in a 2 x 2 factorial design to a diet low or normal in microparticles and/or calcium for 16 weeks. All patients received a reducing dose of prednisolone for 6 weeks. Outcome measures were Crohn's disease activity index, Van Hees index, quality of life and a series of objective measures of inflammation including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, intestinal permeability and faecal calprotectin. After 16 weeks patients returned to their normal diet and were followed up for a further 36 weeks. RESULTS: Dietary manipulation provided no added effect to corticosteroid treatment on any of the outcome measures during the dietary trial (16 weeks) or follow-up (to 1 year); e.g., for logistic regression of Crohn's disease activity index based rates of remission (P=0.1) and clinical response (P=0.8), in normal versus low microparticle groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our adequately powered and carefully controlled dietary trial found no evidence that reducing microparticle intake aids remission in active Crohn's disease. |
Rushworth,; Chen,; Mackman,; Ogborne,; O'Connell, Lipopolysaccharide-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in human monocytic cells is mediated via Nrf2 and protein kinase C (Article) J Immunol, 175, 7, Page(s): 4408-4415, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cell Nucleus/physiology Cell Line, Tumor Cell Nucleus/metabolism Humans Lipopolysaccharides/*immunology Monocytes/*enzymology/immunology Mutation Protein Binding/immunology Protein Kinase C/*physiology RNA, Messenger/metabolism, Active Transport) @article{Paper, name = {Lipopolysaccharide-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in human monocytic cells is mediated via Nrf2 and protein kinase C}, author = {Rushworth, S. A. and Chen, X. L. and Mackman, N. and Ogborne, R. M. and O'Connell, M. A.}, note = {0022-1767 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {175}, number = {7}, pages = {4408-4415}, abstract = {Monocytes play a key role in mobilization of the immune response during sepsis. In response to LPS, monocytes produce both proinflammatory mediators and regulatory proteins that counteract the inflammation and oxidative stress. In murine macrophages, LPS stimulates expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme. The HO-1 5'-untranslated region, similarly to other cytoprotective genes, contains antioxidant-response elements (AREs) that can bind the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). At present, the role of Nrf2 in LPS-induced HO-1 expression in monocytic cells has not been investigated. In this study, LPS induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in human monocytes and THP-1 cells. Nrf2 translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to LPS and bound to the ARE site in the human HO-1 promoter. In addition, a dominant negative Nrf2 mutant inhibited LPS-induced HO-1 mRNA expression but not TNF-alpha mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. Ro-31-8220, a pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, and Go6976, a classical PKC inhibitor, blunted LPS-induced HO-1 mRNA expression in monocytes and THP-1 cells. Both PKC inhibitors also blocked LPS-induced Nrf2 binding to the ARE. These results indicate that LPS-induced HO-1 expression in human monocytic cells requires Nrf2 and PKC.}, note = {0022-1767 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Cell Nucleus/physiology Cell Line, Tumor Cell Nucleus/metabolism Humans Lipopolysaccharides/*immunology Monocytes/*enzymology/immunology Mutation Protein Binding/immunology Protein Kinase C/*physiology RNA, Messenger/metabolism, Active Transport} } Monocytes play a key role in mobilization of the immune response during sepsis. In response to LPS, monocytes produce both proinflammatory mediators and regulatory proteins that counteract the inflammation and oxidative stress. In murine macrophages, LPS stimulates expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme. The HO-1 5'-untranslated region, similarly to other cytoprotective genes, contains antioxidant-response elements (AREs) that can bind the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). At present, the role of Nrf2 in LPS-induced HO-1 expression in monocytic cells has not been investigated. In this study, LPS induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in human monocytes and THP-1 cells. Nrf2 translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to LPS and bound to the ARE site in the human HO-1 promoter. In addition, a dominant negative Nrf2 mutant inhibited LPS-induced HO-1 mRNA expression but not TNF-alpha mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. Ro-31-8220, a pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, and Go6976, a classical PKC inhibitor, blunted LPS-induced HO-1 mRNA expression in monocytes and THP-1 cells. Both PKC inhibitors also blocked LPS-induced Nrf2 binding to the ARE. These results indicate that LPS-induced HO-1 expression in human monocytic cells requires Nrf2 and PKC. |
Jackson,; Bluck, Measurement of gastric emptying by octanoate metabolism (Article) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 8, 5, Page(s): 538-544, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Breath Tests/*methods Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Octanoic Acids/analysis/diagnostic use/*metabolism Radionuclide Imaging/methods Reproducibility of Results Saliva/metabolism Sensitivity and Specificity) @article{Review, name = {Measurement of gastric emptying by octanoate metabolism}, author = {Jackson, S. J. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {1363-1950 (Print) Journal Article Review}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {538-544}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Since its introduction just over 10 years ago, there have been a number of studies that have used the octanoate breath test to assess gastric emptying. Although use of the method is on the increase (the number of gastric emptying studies published on PubMed using the octanoate breath test has doubled between the periods 1997-2000 and 2001-2004 compared with a drop of approximately 20% in the use of scintigraphy over the same periods), the methodology has not achieved universal acceptance, primarily because it can provide results comparable to established techniques only indirectly. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent methods for overcoming this difficulty are reviewed, including modified methods for breath test interpretation and the application of the related saliva test. The latter promises to be useful as a non-invasive proxy for established techniques, such as scintigraphy, for further validation of the breath test. Recent applications of octanoate-based methods are briefly considered. SUMMARY: A novel approach detailed in this review for breath test interpretation, where the bicarbonate pool is modelled as a single compartment, could prove useful for obtaining breath test gastric emptying parameters that are directly comparable with those obtained from the gold standard, gamma scintigraphy. In combination with the saliva test, this could add credence to use of the octanoate breath test as a clinically accepted diagnostic tool, in addition to its potential in research.}, note = {1363-1950 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Breath Tests/*methods Gastric Emptying/*physiology Humans Octanoic Acids/analysis/diagnostic use/*metabolism Radionuclide Imaging/methods Reproducibility of Results Saliva/metabolism Sensitivity and Specificity} } PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Since its introduction just over 10 years ago, there have been a number of studies that have used the octanoate breath test to assess gastric emptying. Although use of the method is on the increase (the number of gastric emptying studies published on PubMed using the octanoate breath test has doubled between the periods 1997-2000 and 2001-2004 compared with a drop of approximately 20% in the use of scintigraphy over the same periods), the methodology has not achieved universal acceptance, primarily because it can provide results comparable to established techniques only indirectly. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent methods for overcoming this difficulty are reviewed, including modified methods for breath test interpretation and the application of the related saliva test. The latter promises to be useful as a non-invasive proxy for established techniques, such as scintigraphy, for further validation of the breath test. Recent applications of octanoate-based methods are briefly considered. SUMMARY: A novel approach detailed in this review for breath test interpretation, where the bicarbonate pool is modelled as a single compartment, could prove useful for obtaining breath test gastric emptying parameters that are directly comparable with those obtained from the gold standard, gamma scintigraphy. In combination with the saliva test, this could add credence to use of the octanoate breath test as a clinically accepted diagnostic tool, in addition to its potential in research. |
Stephen, Obesity management (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 18, 2, Page(s): 147-8, 2005. (BibTeX | Tags: Canada *Dietetics Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Obesity/*therapy) @article{Comment/Letter, name = {Obesity management}, author = {Stephen, A. M.}, note = {0952-3871 (Print) Comment Letter}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {147-8}, note = {0952-3871 (Print) Comment Letter}, keywords = {Canada *Dietetics Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Obesity/*therapy} } |
Ginty,; Rennie,; Mills,; Stear,; Jones,; Prentice, Positive, site-specific associations between bone mineral status, fitness, and time spent at high-impact activities in 16- to 18-year-old boys (Article) Bone, 36, 1, Page(s): 101-110, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*physiology Calcium/metabolism *Exercise Humans Male Questionnaires) @article{Paper, name = {Positive, site-specific associations between bone mineral status, fitness, and time spent at high-impact activities in 16- to 18-year-old boys}, author = {Ginty, F. and Rennie, K. L. and Mills, L. and Stear, S. and Jones, S. and Prentice, A.}, note = {8756-3282 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {101-110}, abstract = {The incidence of hip and forearm fracture in elderly men in the United Kingdom is a public health issue, but there is limited knowledge on lifestyle factors affecting male bone health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationships between whole body and regional bone mineral status and self-reported participation time in no-, low-, moderate-, and high-impact activities and fitness measurements in 16- to 18-year-old boys. One hundred twenty-eight boys underwent absorptiometry (DXA) measurements (Hologic QDR 1000W) of bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) at the whole body, hip, spine, and forearm. They also completed the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation of Cancer) physical activity questionnaire, which allowed categorization of activities according to impact and aerobic intensity. Fitness and strength were assessed in each subject using estimated VO2 max, grip strength, and back strength. Significant positive relationships were found between BMC, BA, and BMD and the fitness and strength measurements and participation time in high-impact sports at most skeletal sites. The relationships were further examined after adjustment of BMC for height, weight, and bone area, thereby minimizing the influence of body and bone size on these relationships. VO2 max was a significant positive determinant of size-adjusted BMC at the whole body, the ultradistal and one-third radius, and all the hip sites, except the trochanter. Size-adjusted BMC at the forearm sites and trochanter was significantly positively associated with grip strength. Size-adjusted BMC at the whole body and all the hip sites was significantly positively associated with time spent at high-impact activities. Differences in size-adjusted BMC across thirds of time spent at high-impact activities were also examined. Boys in the highest third of high-impact activity had significantly greater size-adjusted whole body BMC and total hip BMC compared to subjects in the lowest third [+3.4 (1.2)% for whole body and +8.5 (2.2)% for hip, both P = 0.001]. Boys in the highest third of high-impact activity spent most activity time jogging, playing tennis, football and rugby, basketball, and exercising with weights. Back strength and lean mass were significantly greater in subjects in the highest third compared to those in the middle (P = 0.02) and lowest third (P = 0.03). No significant differences were found between subjects in each third of high-impact activity for potential confounders including TV viewing, calcium intake, body fat, and height. These findings indicate that participation of male adolescents in a range of high-impact activities for 1 h or more a day is associated with greater bone size and mineral content, especially at the hip.}, note = {8756-3282 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*physiology Calcium/metabolism *Exercise Humans Male Questionnaires} } The incidence of hip and forearm fracture in elderly men in the United Kingdom is a public health issue, but there is limited knowledge on lifestyle factors affecting male bone health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationships between whole body and regional bone mineral status and self-reported participation time in no-, low-, moderate-, and high-impact activities and fitness measurements in 16- to 18-year-old boys. One hundred twenty-eight boys underwent absorptiometry (DXA) measurements (Hologic QDR 1000W) of bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) at the whole body, hip, spine, and forearm. They also completed the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation of Cancer) physical activity questionnaire, which allowed categorization of activities according to impact and aerobic intensity. Fitness and strength were assessed in each subject using estimated VO2 max, grip strength, and back strength. Significant positive relationships were found between BMC, BA, and BMD and the fitness and strength measurements and participation time in high-impact sports at most skeletal sites. The relationships were further examined after adjustment of BMC for height, weight, and bone area, thereby minimizing the influence of body and bone size on these relationships. VO2 max was a significant positive determinant of size-adjusted BMC at the whole body, the ultradistal and one-third radius, and all the hip sites, except the trochanter. Size-adjusted BMC at the forearm sites and trochanter was significantly positively associated with grip strength. Size-adjusted BMC at the whole body and all the hip sites was significantly positively associated with time spent at high-impact activities. Differences in size-adjusted BMC across thirds of time spent at high-impact activities were also examined. Boys in the highest third of high-impact activity had significantly greater size-adjusted whole body BMC and total hip BMC compared to subjects in the lowest third [+3.4 (1.2)% for whole body and +8.5 (2.2)% for hip, both P = 0.001]. Boys in the highest third of high-impact activity spent most activity time jogging, playing tennis, football and rugby, basketball, and exercising with weights. Back strength and lean mass were significantly greater in subjects in the highest third compared to those in the middle (P = 0.02) and lowest third (P = 0.03). No significant differences were found between subjects in each third of high-impact activity for potential confounders including TV viewing, calcium intake, body fat, and height. These findings indicate that participation of male adolescents in a range of high-impact activities for 1 h or more a day is associated with greater bone size and mineral content, especially at the hip. |
Wells,; Fewtrell,; Davies,; Williams,; Coward,; Cole, Prediction of total body water in infants and children (Article) Arch Dis Child, 90, 9, Page(s): 965-971, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Aging/metabolism Anthropometry/*methods Body Height/physiology Body Mass Index Body Water/*physiology Body Weight/physiology Child Child, Preschool Deuterium/diagnostic use Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Sex Characteristics) @article{Paper, name = {Prediction of total body water in infants and children}, author = {Wells, J. C. K. and Fewtrell, M. S. and Davies, P. S. and Williams, J. E. and Coward, W. A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {1468-2044 (Electronic) Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child}, volume = {90}, number = {9}, pages = {965-971}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In paediatric clinical practice treatment is often adjusted in relation to body size, for example the calculation of pharmacological and dialysis dosages. In addition to use of body weight, for some purposes total body water (TBW) and surface area are estimated from anthropometry using equations developed several decades previously. Whether such equations remain valid in contemporary populations is not known. METHODS: Total body water was measured using deuterium dilution in 672 subjects (265 infants aged <1 year; 407 children and adolescents aged 1-19 years) during the period 1990-2003. TBW was predicted (a) using published equations, and (b) directly from data on age, sex, weight, and height. RESULTS: Previously published equations, based on data obtained before 1970, significantly overestimated TBW, with average biases ranging from 4% to 11%. For all equations, the overestimation of TBW was greatest in infancy. New equations were generated. The best equation, incorporating log weight, log height, age, and sex, had a standard error of the estimate of 7.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Secular trends in the nutritional status of infants and children are altering the relation between age or weight and TBW. Equations developed in previous decades significantly overestimate TBW in all age groups, especially infancy; however, the relation between TBW and weight may continue to change. This scenario is predicted to apply more generally to many aspects of paediatric clinical practice in which dosages are calculated on the basis of anthropometric data collected in previous decades.}, note = {1468-2044 (Electronic) Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Aging/metabolism Anthropometry/*methods Body Height/physiology Body Mass Index Body Water/*physiology Body Weight/physiology Child Child, Preschool Deuterium/diagnostic use Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Sex Characteristics} } BACKGROUND: In paediatric clinical practice treatment is often adjusted in relation to body size, for example the calculation of pharmacological and dialysis dosages. In addition to use of body weight, for some purposes total body water (TBW) and surface area are estimated from anthropometry using equations developed several decades previously. Whether such equations remain valid in contemporary populations is not known. METHODS: Total body water was measured using deuterium dilution in 672 subjects (265 infants aged <1 year; 407 children and adolescents aged 1-19 years) during the period 1990-2003. TBW was predicted (a) using published equations, and (b) directly from data on age, sex, weight, and height. RESULTS: Previously published equations, based on data obtained before 1970, significantly overestimated TBW, with average biases ranging from 4% to 11%. For all equations, the overestimation of TBW was greatest in infancy. New equations were generated. The best equation, incorporating log weight, log height, age, and sex, had a standard error of the estimate of 7.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Secular trends in the nutritional status of infants and children are altering the relation between age or weight and TBW. Equations developed in previous decades significantly overestimate TBW in all age groups, especially infancy; however, the relation between TBW and weight may continue to change. This scenario is predicted to apply more generally to many aspects of paediatric clinical practice in which dosages are calculated on the basis of anthropometric data collected in previous decades. |
Rennie,; Jebb, Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain (Article) Obes Rev, 6, 1, Page(s): 11-12, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Ethnic Groups Female Great Britain/epidemiology Health Surveys Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity/*epidemiology Prevalence Social Class) @article{Review, name = {Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {1467-7881 (Print) Journal Article Review}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Obes Rev}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {11-12}, abstract = {Since 1980 the prevalence of obesity in Great Britain in adults has almost trebled. Latest figures show that 23% of men and 25% of women were obese in 2002. In children, obesity prevalence is lower but the increase in the prevalence of overweight is similar to the rise in obesity in adults. Data from national surveys also show that there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity that underpin health inequalities. Obesity is higher in low social classes, some ethnic minority groups particularly from South Asia and in Scotland and Wales relative to England.}, note = {1467-7881 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Ethnic Groups Female Great Britain/epidemiology Health Surveys Humans Male Middle Aged Obesity/*epidemiology Prevalence Social Class} } Since 1980 the prevalence of obesity in Great Britain in adults has almost trebled. Latest figures show that 23% of men and 25% of women were obese in 2002. In children, obesity prevalence is lower but the increase in the prevalence of overweight is similar to the rise in obesity in adults. Data from national surveys also show that there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity that underpin health inequalities. Obesity is higher in low social classes, some ethnic minority groups particularly from South Asia and in Scotland and Wales relative to England. |
Steer, Report of a Joint Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council workshop on cancer cachexia research at the Royal College of Physicians, Tuesday, 2 December 2003 (Article) Br J Cancer, 92, 10, Page(s): 1830-1833, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cachexia/*physiopathology/*therapy *Energy Metabolism HIV Infections/complications Heart Failure/complications Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neoplasms/*complications Risk Factors Weight Loss) @article{Report(NC), name = {Report of a Joint Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council workshop on cancer cachexia research at the Royal College of Physicians, Tuesday, 2 December 2003}, author = {Steer, T. E.}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Cancer}, volume = {92}, number = {10}, pages = {1830-1833}, abstract = {A joint workshop held by Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council aimed to stimulate interest in further research into the area of cancer cachexia. The workshop was divided into four sessions: an overview of cancer cachexia, potential mechanisms involved and methodologies that might be used to understand cachexia, and also the experience of cachexia from other disease areas. The workshop identified a need to develop a multimodal therapeutic approach to cancer cachexia and a need to undertake more multidisciplinary research.}, keywords = {Cachexia/*physiopathology/*therapy *Energy Metabolism HIV Infections/complications Heart Failure/complications Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neoplasms/*complications Risk Factors Weight Loss} } A joint workshop held by Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council aimed to stimulate interest in further research into the area of cancer cachexia. The workshop was divided into four sessions: an overview of cancer cachexia, potential mechanisms involved and methodologies that might be used to understand cachexia, and also the experience of cachexia from other disease areas. The workshop identified a need to develop a multimodal therapeutic approach to cancer cachexia and a need to undertake more multidisciplinary research. |
Rennie,; Jebb,; Wright,; Coward, Secular trends in under-reporting in young people (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 2, Page(s): 241-247, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Age Factors Body Height/physiology Body Weight/physiology Child Child, Preschool Data Collection/trends *Diet Surveys *Energy Intake Energy Metabolism/physiology Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Obesity/epidemiology Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Secular trends in under-reporting in young people}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Jebb, S. A. and Wright, A. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {241-247}, abstract = {National survey data show that reported energy intake has decreased in recent decades despite a rise in the prevalence of obesity. This disparity may be due to a secular increase in under-reporting or a quantitatively greater decrease in energy expenditure. This study examines the extent of under-reporting of energy intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in young people aged 4-18 years in 1997 using published equations to calculate estimated energy requirements. It explores secular changes by comparison with the Diets of British School Children (DBSC) survey in 10-11- and 14-15-year-olds in 1983. In the NDNS, under-reporting (estimated energy requirements--energy intake) represented 21 % of energy needs in girls and 20 % in boys. The magnitude of under-reporting increased significantly with age (P<0.001) and was higher in overweight than lean individuals over 7 years of age. To compare reported energy intake in DBSC and NDNS, the estimated physical activity level from dietary records (dPAL=reported energy intake/predicted BMR) was calculated. If there were no under-reporting, dPAL would represent the subject's true activity level. However, dPAL from the NDNS was significantly lower than that from the DBSC by 8 % and 9 % in boys and girls for those aged 10-11 years, and by 14 % and 11 % for 14-15-year-olds respectively, reaching physiologically implausible levels in the 14-15-year-old girls (dPAL=1.17). If activity levels have remained constant between the two surveys, under-reporting has increased by 8-14 %. The evidence supports a secular trend towards increased under-reporting between the two surveys, but the precise magnitude cannot be quantified in the absence of historical measures of energy expenditure.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Age Factors Body Height/physiology Body Weight/physiology Child Child, Preschool Data Collection/trends *Diet Surveys *Energy Intake Energy Metabolism/physiology Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Male Obesity/epidemiology Research Support} } National survey data show that reported energy intake has decreased in recent decades despite a rise in the prevalence of obesity. This disparity may be due to a secular increase in under-reporting or a quantitatively greater decrease in energy expenditure. This study examines the extent of under-reporting of energy intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in young people aged 4-18 years in 1997 using published equations to calculate estimated energy requirements. It explores secular changes by comparison with the Diets of British School Children (DBSC) survey in 10-11- and 14-15-year-olds in 1983. In the NDNS, under-reporting (estimated energy requirements--energy intake) represented 21 % of energy needs in girls and 20 % in boys. The magnitude of under-reporting increased significantly with age (P<0.001) and was higher in overweight than lean individuals over 7 years of age. To compare reported energy intake in DBSC and NDNS, the estimated physical activity level from dietary records (dPAL=reported energy intake/predicted BMR) was calculated. If there were no under-reporting, dPAL would represent the subject's true activity level. However, dPAL from the NDNS was significantly lower than that from the DBSC by 8 % and 9 % in boys and girls for those aged 10-11 years, and by 14 % and 11 % for 14-15-year-olds respectively, reaching physiologically implausible levels in the 14-15-year-old girls (dPAL=1.17). If activity levels have remained constant between the two surveys, under-reporting has increased by 8-14 %. The evidence supports a secular trend towards increased under-reporting between the two surveys, but the precise magnitude cannot be quantified in the absence of historical measures of energy expenditure. |
Maynard,; Ness,; Abraham,; Blane,; Bates,; Gunnell, Selecting a healthy diet score: lessons from a study of diet and health in early old age (the Boyd Orr cohort) (Article) Public Health Nutr, 8, 3, Page(s): 321-326, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Diet/*standards Epidemiologic Methods Female Food Habits Fruit Humans Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Policy Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Selecting a healthy diet score: lessons from a study of diet and health in early old age (the Boyd Orr cohort)}, author = {Maynard, M. and Ness, A. R. and Abraham, L. and Blane, D. and Bates, C. J. and Gunnell, D. J.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {321-326}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe the selection and modification of an appropriate diet score to assess diet quality in early old age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort - a long-term follow-up of men and women whose families took part in a survey of diet and health in pre-war Britain. Dietary data were obtained from a 113-item food-frequency questionnaire. A nine-item Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) developed by Huijbregts and colleagues was identified from the literature and modified because some dietary variables were unavailable and to accord more closely with recommendations of the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. SUBJECTS: In total, 1475 traced, surviving cohort members aged 60 years and over. RESULTS: Modification resulted in a 12-item Healthy Diet Score (HDS). We found that about half the variation in the HDS was explained by variation in the HDI (r=0.71). There was, however, little misclassification of subjects (<10%) into extreme thirds of the distribution by the HDS compared with the HDI. Items of the score most strongly correlated with overall score were saturated fat (r=-0.57), red meat (r=-0.46), dietary fibre (r=0.58), fruit and vegetables (r=0.54) and percentage energy from carbohydrates (r=0.51). Modifying existing items had greater impact on agreement between HDI and HDS than the addition of new items. CONCLUSIONS: The selection and modification of diet scores is more complicated than often assumed. Furthermore, modest changes to an existing score can produce a score that is different from the original, and although it was not possible to test this issue, it may no longer predict subsequent health experience.}, note = {1368-9800 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Diet/*standards Epidemiologic Methods Female Food Habits Fruit Humans Male Middle Aged *Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Policy Research Support} } OBJECTIVES: To describe the selection and modification of an appropriate diet score to assess diet quality in early old age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort - a long-term follow-up of men and women whose families took part in a survey of diet and health in pre-war Britain. Dietary data were obtained from a 113-item food-frequency questionnaire. A nine-item Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) developed by Huijbregts and colleagues was identified from the literature and modified because some dietary variables were unavailable and to accord more closely with recommendations of the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. SUBJECTS: In total, 1475 traced, surviving cohort members aged 60 years and over. RESULTS: Modification resulted in a 12-item Healthy Diet Score (HDS). We found that about half the variation in the HDS was explained by variation in the HDI (r=0.71). There was, however, little misclassification of subjects (<10%) into extreme thirds of the distribution by the HDS compared with the HDI. Items of the score most strongly correlated with overall score were saturated fat (r=-0.57), red meat (r=-0.46), dietary fibre (r=0.58), fruit and vegetables (r=0.54) and percentage energy from carbohydrates (r=0.51). Modifying existing items had greater impact on agreement between HDI and HDS than the addition of new items. CONCLUSIONS: The selection and modification of diet scores is more complicated than often assumed. Furthermore, modest changes to an existing score can produce a score that is different from the original, and although it was not possible to test this issue, it may no longer predict subsequent health experience. |
McNaughton,; Mishra,; Paul,; Prynne,; Wadsworth, Supplement use is associated with health status and health-related behaviors in the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) J Nutr, 135, 7, Page(s): 1782-1789, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cohort Studies Comparative Study Demography *Diet Records *Dietary Supplements England Female *Health Behavior *Health Status Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Middle Aged Random Allocation Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Supplement use is associated with health status and health-related behaviors in the 1946 British Birth Cohort}, author = {McNaughton, S. A. and Mishra, G. D. and Paul, A. A. and Prynne, C. J. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {135}, number = {7}, pages = {1782-1789}, abstract = {Use of dietary supplements may be one of a number of health-related behaviors that cluster together. The current study investigated the underlying diet, health-related characteristics, and behaviors of users and nonusers of dietary supplements in a longitudinal study of health. Participants (n = 1776) completed a 5-d food diary including information on dietary supplement use (vitamins, minerals, and nutraceuticals) at age 53 y. Sociodemographic information and data on smoking, alcohol, and physical activity were obtained along with anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and a blood sample (nonfasting subjects). A significantly greater percentage of women reported supplement use compared with men (45.1 vs. 25.2%). Supplement use was associated with lower BMI, lower waist circumference, higher plasma folate and plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations, nonsmoking, participation in physical activity, and nonmanual social class in women and with plasma folate concentrations and participation in physical activity in men. Nonsupplement users tended to be nonconsumers of breakfast cereals, fruit, fruit juice, yogurt, oily fish, and olive oil and had lower dietary intakes of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamin C even after adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Overall, supplement users tended to differ from nonsupplement users on a range of health-related behaviors and health status indicators, although there were fewer significant associations in men. Similarly, dietary supplements users tended to have underlying diets that, were healthier and those taking supplements may be the least likely to need them. These results support the notion of a clustering of healthy behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly for women.}, note = {0022-3166 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Cohort Studies Comparative Study Demography *Diet Records *Dietary Supplements England Female *Health Behavior *Health Status Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Middle Aged Random Allocation Research Support} } Use of dietary supplements may be one of a number of health-related behaviors that cluster together. The current study investigated the underlying diet, health-related characteristics, and behaviors of users and nonusers of dietary supplements in a longitudinal study of health. Participants (n = 1776) completed a 5-d food diary including information on dietary supplement use (vitamins, minerals, and nutraceuticals) at age 53 y. Sociodemographic information and data on smoking, alcohol, and physical activity were obtained along with anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and a blood sample (nonfasting subjects). A significantly greater percentage of women reported supplement use compared with men (45.1 vs. 25.2%). Supplement use was associated with lower BMI, lower waist circumference, higher plasma folate and plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations, nonsmoking, participation in physical activity, and nonmanual social class in women and with plasma folate concentrations and participation in physical activity in men. Nonsupplement users tended to be nonconsumers of breakfast cereals, fruit, fruit juice, yogurt, oily fish, and olive oil and had lower dietary intakes of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamin C even after adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Overall, supplement users tended to differ from nonsupplement users on a range of health-related behaviors and health status indicators, although there were fewer significant associations in men. Similarly, dietary supplements users tended to have underlying diets that, were healthier and those taking supplements may be the least likely to need them. These results support the notion of a clustering of healthy behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly for women. |
Bluck,; Jones,; Coward,; Bates, The 'anomalous' absorption of labelled and unlabelled vitamin C in man (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 5, Page(s): 627-632, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Ascorbic Acid/blood/metabolism/*pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Carbon Isotopes/pharmacokinetics Comparative Study Humans Intestinal Absorption/*physiology Isotope Labeling Male Models, Biological) @article{Paper, name = {The 'anomalous' absorption of labelled and unlabelled vitamin C in man}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Jones, K. S. and Coward, W. A. and Bates, C. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, pages = {627-632}, abstract = {Previous studies of vitamin C absorption in man using stable isotope probes have given results which cannot easily be reconciled with those obtained using non-isotope measurement. In order to investigate some of the apparent paradoxes we have conducted a study using two consecutive doses of vitamin C, one labelled and one unlabelled, given 90 min apart. Compatibility of the experimental results with two feasible models was investigated. In Model 1, ingested vitamin C enters a pre-existing pool before absorption, which occurs only when a threshold is exceeded; in Model 2, ingested vitamin C is exchanged with a pre-existing flux before absorption. The key difference between these two models lies in the predicted profile of labelled material in plasma. Model 1 predicts that the second unlabelled dose will produce a secondary release of labelled vitamin C which will not be observed on the basis of Model 2. In all subjects Model 1 failed to predict the observed plasma concentration profiles for labelled and unlabelled vitamin C, but Model 2 fitted the experimental observations. We speculate on possible physiological explanations for this behaviour, but from the limited information available cannot unequivocally confirm the model structure by identifying the source of the supposed flux.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article}, keywords = {Ascorbic Acid/blood/metabolism/*pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Carbon Isotopes/pharmacokinetics Comparative Study Humans Intestinal Absorption/*physiology Isotope Labeling Male Models, Biological} } Previous studies of vitamin C absorption in man using stable isotope probes have given results which cannot easily be reconciled with those obtained using non-isotope measurement. In order to investigate some of the apparent paradoxes we have conducted a study using two consecutive doses of vitamin C, one labelled and one unlabelled, given 90 min apart. Compatibility of the experimental results with two feasible models was investigated. In Model 1, ingested vitamin C enters a pre-existing pool before absorption, which occurs only when a threshold is exceeded; in Model 2, ingested vitamin C is exchanged with a pre-existing flux before absorption. The key difference between these two models lies in the predicted profile of labelled material in plasma. Model 1 predicts that the second unlabelled dose will produce a secondary release of labelled vitamin C which will not be observed on the basis of Model 2. In all subjects Model 1 failed to predict the observed plasma concentration profiles for labelled and unlabelled vitamin C, but Model 2 fitted the experimental observations. We speculate on possible physiological explanations for this behaviour, but from the limited information available cannot unequivocally confirm the model structure by identifying the source of the supposed flux. |
Woodrow,; Oldroyd,; Wright,; Coward,; Truscott, The effect of normalisation of ECW volume as a marker of hydration in PD patients and controls (Article) Perit Dial Int, 25, Suppl 3, Page(s): S49-S51, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Constitution Extracellular Fluid/physiology Female Humans Intracellular Fluid/physiology Male Middle Aged *Peritoneal Dialysis Water-Electrolyte Balance/*physiology) @article{Paper, name = {The effect of normalisation of ECW volume as a marker of hydration in PD patients and controls}, author = {Woodrow, G. and Oldroyd, B. and Wright, A. and Coward, W. A. and Truscott, J. G.}, note = {Proceedings of the 1st Joint ISPD/EuroPD Congress, August 28-31, 2004, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Perit Dial Int}, volume = {25}, number = {Suppl 3}, pages = {S49-S51}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: We measured extraceLlular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) volumes in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and controls to determine the effect of ICW variation on ECW/ICW ratio and to compare alternative ratios of ECW to height, height2, weight, and body surface area (BSA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We measured body water compartments by deuterium oxide and bromide dilution in 29 PD patients (14 M, 15 F) and 31 controls (15 M, 16 F). RESULTS: ECW was similar in PD patients (17.58 +/- 3.58 L) and controls (17.20 +/- 2.97 L)}, note = {Proceedings of the 1st Joint ISPD/EuroPD Congress, August 28-31, 2004, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Constitution Extracellular Fluid/physiology Female Humans Intracellular Fluid/physiology Male Middle Aged *Peritoneal Dialysis Water-Electrolyte Balance/*physiology} } {OBJECTIVES: We measured extraceLlular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) volumes in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and controls to determine the effect of ICW variation on ECW/ICW ratio and to compare alternative ratios of ECW to height, height2, weight, and body surface area (BSA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We measured body water compartments by deuterium oxide and bromide dilution in 29 PD patients (14 M, 15 F) and 31 controls (15 M, 16 F). RESULTS: ECW was similar in PD patients (17.58 +/- 3.58 L) and controls (17.20 +/- 2.97 L) |
Munday,; Fulford,; Bates, Vitamin C status and collagen cross-link ratios in Gambian children (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 4, Page(s): 501-507, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Amino Acids/*urine Anthropometry Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/blood Ascorbic Acid Deficiency/*metabolism Biological Markers/blood/urine Body Mass Index Bone and Bones/*metabolism Child Child, Preschool Collagen/*metabolism Comparative Study Creatinine/urine Gambia Great Britain Humans Male Rain Seasons) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin C status and collagen cross-link ratios in Gambian children}, author = {Munday, K. and Fulford, A. J. and Bates, C. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, pages = {501-507}, abstract = {Vitamin C (ascorbate) is essential for hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues in nascent collagen, the failure of which leads to connective tissue lesions of scurvy. Of the pyridinium-type cross-links in mature collagen, pyridinoline requires more hydroxylysyl residues than does deoxypyridinoline. Our study tested the hypothesis that pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline ratios in urinary degradation products may vary with ascorbate status in man. These ratios were compared between British and Gambian prepubertal boys, mean age 8.3 years, and in Gambian boys between two seasons with contrasting ascorbate availability. The mean cross-links ratio in 216 British boys was 4.36 (SD 0.71), significantly greater (P<0.0001) than in sixty-two Gambian boys: 3.83 (SD 0.52). In the Gambians the cross-links ratio was significantly higher in the dry season (with high ascorbate intake and status) than in the rains (with low intake and status). A 7-week controlled intervention was carried out in Gambian boys during the rainy season (the 'hungry' season, when vitamin C-containing foods are virtually unavailable): 100 mg ascorbate/d was given to one group of thirty-two Gambian boys and placebo to another group. The intervention did not, however, significantly alter the cross-link ratio, possibly because the response time and/or intervention-response delay is >7 weeks. If confirmed, the putative association between ascorbate and collagen cross-link ratios in man could become the basis for a functional test for adequacy of ascorbate status.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Amino Acids/*urine Anthropometry Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/blood Ascorbic Acid Deficiency/*metabolism Biological Markers/blood/urine Body Mass Index Bone and Bones/*metabolism Child Child, Preschool Collagen/*metabolism Comparative Study Creatinine/urine Gambia Great Britain Humans Male Rain Seasons} } Vitamin C (ascorbate) is essential for hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues in nascent collagen, the failure of which leads to connective tissue lesions of scurvy. Of the pyridinium-type cross-links in mature collagen, pyridinoline requires more hydroxylysyl residues than does deoxypyridinoline. Our study tested the hypothesis that pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline ratios in urinary degradation products may vary with ascorbate status in man. These ratios were compared between British and Gambian prepubertal boys, mean age 8.3 years, and in Gambian boys between two seasons with contrasting ascorbate availability. The mean cross-links ratio in 216 British boys was 4.36 (SD 0.71), significantly greater (P<0.0001) than in sixty-two Gambian boys: 3.83 (SD 0.52). In the Gambians the cross-links ratio was significantly higher in the dry season (with high ascorbate intake and status) than in the rains (with low intake and status). A 7-week controlled intervention was carried out in Gambian boys during the rainy season (the 'hungry' season, when vitamin C-containing foods are virtually unavailable): 100 mg ascorbate/d was given to one group of thirty-two Gambian boys and placebo to another group. The intervention did not, however, significantly alter the cross-link ratio, possibly because the response time and/or intervention-response delay is >7 weeks. If confirmed, the putative association between ascorbate and collagen cross-link ratios in man could become the basis for a functional test for adequacy of ascorbate status. |
Willett, Vitamin D status and its relationship with parathyroid hormone and bone mineral status in older adolescents (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 2, Page(s): 193-203, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Bone Density/*drug effects/physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Humans Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Status Osteoporosis/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention & control Parathyroid Hormone/*blood/metabolism Research Support) @article{Review, name = {Vitamin D status and its relationship with parathyroid hormone and bone mineral status in older adolescents}, author = {Willett, A. M.}, note = {0029-6651 (Print) Journal Article Review 10.1079/PNS2005420. Apr 5. Postgraduate Symposium, PNS Conference, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, 5-8 July 2004}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {193-203}, abstract = {Osteoporosis is an important contributor to the global burden of disease, and in the UK alone results in one in three women and one in twelve men aged >50 years experiencing a fragility fracture. Optimising peak bone mass in early adulthood is thought to reduce osteoporosis risk by offsetting bone losses in later life. Ensuring sufficient vitamin D status (measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in plasma), among other factors, is believed to facilitate the achievement of optimum peak bone mass. Lower 25OHD is associated with a higher plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH). As PTH is associated with increased bone turnover and bone loss, maintenance of sufficient 25OHD is thought to have a protective effect on bone health. However, there is a lack of consensus internationally on what constitutes an optimum 25OHD concentration, and values between 30 and 80 nmol/l have been suggested. These values have been based on findings from various studies in adults in which PTH has been observed to plateau at a 25OHD concentration of >30 nmol/l; however, not all studies have found such a plateau. Although studies in younger adolescents (14-16 years) have shown an inverse relationship between PTH and 25OHD, the concentration of 25OHD required for achievement of optimum peak bone mass is unknown. The present review examines the evidence defining vitamin D insufficiency thresholds, and the relevance of such thresholds to adolescent bone health.}, note = {0029-6651 (Print) Journal Article Review 10.1079/PNS2005420. Apr 5. Postgraduate Symposium, PNS Conference, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, 5-8 July 2004}, keywords = {Adolescent Bone Density/*drug effects/physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Humans Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Status Osteoporosis/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention & control Parathyroid Hormone/*blood/metabolism Research Support} } Osteoporosis is an important contributor to the global burden of disease, and in the UK alone results in one in three women and one in twelve men aged >50 years experiencing a fragility fracture. Optimising peak bone mass in early adulthood is thought to reduce osteoporosis risk by offsetting bone losses in later life. Ensuring sufficient vitamin D status (measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in plasma), among other factors, is believed to facilitate the achievement of optimum peak bone mass. Lower 25OHD is associated with a higher plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH). As PTH is associated with increased bone turnover and bone loss, maintenance of sufficient 25OHD is thought to have a protective effect on bone health. However, there is a lack of consensus internationally on what constitutes an optimum 25OHD concentration, and values between 30 and 80 nmol/l have been suggested. These values have been based on findings from various studies in adults in which PTH has been observed to plateau at a 25OHD concentration of >30 nmol/l; however, not all studies have found such a plateau. Although studies in younger adolescents (14-16 years) have shown an inverse relationship between PTH and 25OHD, the concentration of 25OHD required for achievement of optimum peak bone mass is unknown. The present review examines the evidence defining vitamin D insufficiency thresholds, and the relevance of such thresholds to adolescent bone health. |
Thane,; Jones,; Stephen,; Seal,; Jebb, Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4-18 years (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 825-831, 2005. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Age Distribution Bread Candy *Cereals Child *Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Records Dietary Fiber Female Great Britain Humans Male Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4-18 years}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Jones, A. R. and Stephen, A. M. and Seal, C. J. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, year = {2005}, date = {2005-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {825-831}, abstract = {Inverse associations between whole-grain food consumption and risk of CVD, some cancers and type 2 diabetes have been reported. However, there are few reports of whole-grain intake, particularly among young people. The objective of the present study was to estimate whole-grain intake in a nationally representative sample of young people aged 4-18 years living in Great Britain. Whole-grain intake was estimated using 7 d weighed dietary records from 1583 young people who participated in the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey in 1997. Whole-grain intake was quantified from the consumption of all foods containing > or =10 % whole-grain content. Median whole-grain intake was 7 g/d (interquartile range 0-19 g/d), with a corresponding mean of 13 (sd 18) g/d. Intake was significantly lower among young people whose head of household had a manual occupation, but did not differ significantly by sex, age, region or season. There was no whole-grain intake for 27 % of participants. The percentages for less than one and less than three 16 g amounts of whole-grain intake per d were 70 and 94, respectively, while corresponding percentages based on 20 g amounts were 76 and 97. Foods with <51 % whole-grain content provided 28 % of whole-grain intake overall, with a higher percentage in older adolescents. The main sources of whole-grain intake were breakfast cereals (56 %) and bread (25 %). The present study provides the first quantification of absolute whole-grain intake from all significant food sources in any representative age group in the UK. Although there is some debate regarding the quantity of whole grains required for good health, whole-grain intake among British young people is low.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Age Distribution Bread Candy *Cereals Child *Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Records Dietary Fiber Female Great Britain Humans Male Research Support} } Inverse associations between whole-grain food consumption and risk of CVD, some cancers and type 2 diabetes have been reported. However, there are few reports of whole-grain intake, particularly among young people. The objective of the present study was to estimate whole-grain intake in a nationally representative sample of young people aged 4-18 years living in Great Britain. Whole-grain intake was estimated using 7 d weighed dietary records from 1583 young people who participated in the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey in 1997. Whole-grain intake was quantified from the consumption of all foods containing > or =10 % whole-grain content. Median whole-grain intake was 7 g/d (interquartile range 0-19 g/d), with a corresponding mean of 13 (sd 18) g/d. Intake was significantly lower among young people whose head of household had a manual occupation, but did not differ significantly by sex, age, region or season. There was no whole-grain intake for 27 % of participants. The percentages for less than one and less than three 16 g amounts of whole-grain intake per d were 70 and 94, respectively, while corresponding percentages based on 20 g amounts were 76 and 97. Foods with <51 % whole-grain content provided 28 % of whole-grain intake overall, with a higher percentage in older adolescents. The main sources of whole-grain intake were breakfast cereals (56 %) and bread (25 %). The present study provides the first quantification of absolute whole-grain intake from all significant food sources in any representative age group in the UK. Although there is some debate regarding the quantity of whole grains required for good health, whole-grain intake among British young people is low. |
2004 |
Woodrow,; Oldroyd,; Wright,; Coward,; Turney,; Brownjohn,; Smith,; Truscott, Abnormalities of body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients (Article) Perit Dial Int, 24, 2, Page(s): 169-175, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged *Body Fluid Compartments *Body Water Case-Control Studies Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nutritional Status *Peritoneal Dialysis Potassium/*metabolism Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Abnormalities of body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients}, author = {Woodrow, G. and Oldroyd, B. and Wright, A. and Coward, W. A. and Turney, J. H. and Brownjohn, A. M. and Smith, M. A. and Truscott, J. G.}, note = {0896-8608 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Perit Dial Int}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {169-175}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: Body composition changes occur in peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to abnormalities in nutrition and hydration. We investigated abnormalities of nutrition and hydration in PD patients compared with healthy controls by measurement of total body potassium (TBK) and body water compartments. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison study. METHODS: We measured TBK--an indicator of body cell mass--by whole body counting, total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution, and extracellular water (ECW) by bromide dilution in 29 PD patients and 32 controls. RESULTS: The absolute mean value of TBK for PD patients was not significantly lower than in controls. The ratios of observed TBK to predicted TBK from prediction formulas were compared. Equations used were those of Boddy, Bruce, Burkinshaw, and Ellis and our own equation derived from a local control database (Leeds). Observed/predicted ratios of TBK were significantly less in PD than in control subjects for all equations. Water volumes did not differ between PD and control groups. Observed/predicted ratios for TBK in PD patients correlated with serum potassium (Boddy r = 0.355}, note = {0896-8608 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aged *Body Fluid Compartments *Body Water Case-Control Studies Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nutritional Status *Peritoneal Dialysis Potassium/*metabolism Research Support} } {OBJECTIVES: Body composition changes occur in peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to abnormalities in nutrition and hydration. We investigated abnormalities of nutrition and hydration in PD patients compared with healthy controls by measurement of total body potassium (TBK) and body water compartments. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison study. METHODS: We measured TBK--an indicator of body cell mass--by whole body counting, total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution, and extracellular water (ECW) by bromide dilution in 29 PD patients and 32 controls. RESULTS: The absolute mean value of TBK for PD patients was not significantly lower than in controls. The ratios of observed TBK to predicted TBK from prediction formulas were compared. Equations used were those of Boddy, Bruce, Burkinshaw, and Ellis and our own equation derived from a local control database (Leeds). Observed/predicted ratios of TBK were significantly less in PD than in control subjects for all equations. Water volumes did not differ between PD and control groups. Observed/predicted ratios for TBK in PD patients correlated with serum potassium (Boddy r = 0.355 |
Ginty,; Prentice, Can osteoporosis be prevented with dietary strategies during adolescence? (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 1, Page(s): 5-6, 2004. (BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Bone Density/physiology Bone and Bones/metabolism Calcifediol/metabolism Calcium/metabolism *Dietary Supplements Female Humans Osteoporosis/*prevention & control Vitamin D Deficiency/complications) @article{Invitedcommentary, name = {Can osteoporosis be prevented with dietary strategies during adolescence?}, author = {Ginty, F. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0007-1145 Comment Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {5-6}, note = {0007-1145 Comment Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Bone Density/physiology Bone and Bones/metabolism Calcifediol/metabolism Calcium/metabolism *Dietary Supplements Female Humans Osteoporosis/*prevention & control Vitamin D Deficiency/complications} } |
Laskey,; Murgatroyd,; Prentice, Comparison of narrow-angle fan-beam and pencil-beam densitometers: in vivo and phantom study of the effect of bone density, scan mode, and tissue depth on spine measurements (Article) J Clin Densitom, 7, 3, Page(s): 341-348, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Bone Density Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation Female Humans Linear Models Male Middle Aged Phantoms, Imaging Reproducibility of Results Spine/*radiography) @article{Paper, name = {Comparison of narrow-angle fan-beam and pencil-beam densitometers: in vivo and phantom study of the effect of bone density, scan mode, and tissue depth on spine measurements}, author = {Laskey, M. A. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Prentice, A.}, note = {1094-6950 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Densitom}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {341-348}, abstract = {This study compared the in vivo and in vitro performances of the Lunar MD and Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers (DXAs). Ten volunteers and three different spine phantoms were studied to determine the effect of scan mode, tissue depth, and bone density on measures of spine bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), and areal bone mineral density (BMD). These studies demonstrated that the choice of scan mode was most important for the Prodigy and for subjects who were thin, obese, or had low BMD. Increase in tissue depth caused an increase in measured BMC and BMD for the MD but had a small effect on Prodigy results if the appropriate scan mode was selected. BA was dependent on the BMD for both DXA systems. Results using a hydroxyapatite phantom demonstrated that after correcting for the calibration of Lunar systems, the BMC measured by the MD and Prodigy was similar to the calculated hydroxyapatite content of the phantom. In vivo studies confirmed the in vitro findings and demonstrated that even when the appropriate scan mode was selected, the BMC, BMD, and T-scores were significantly higher on the Prodigy than MD.}, note = {1094-6950 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult *Bone Density Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation Female Humans Linear Models Male Middle Aged Phantoms, Imaging Reproducibility of Results Spine/*radiography} } This study compared the in vivo and in vitro performances of the Lunar MD and Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers (DXAs). Ten volunteers and three different spine phantoms were studied to determine the effect of scan mode, tissue depth, and bone density on measures of spine bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), and areal bone mineral density (BMD). These studies demonstrated that the choice of scan mode was most important for the Prodigy and for subjects who were thin, obese, or had low BMD. Increase in tissue depth caused an increase in measured BMC and BMD for the MD but had a small effect on Prodigy results if the appropriate scan mode was selected. BA was dependent on the BMD for both DXA systems. Results using a hydroxyapatite phantom demonstrated that after correcting for the calibration of Lunar systems, the BMC measured by the MD and Prodigy was similar to the calculated hydroxyapatite content of the phantom. In vivo studies confirmed the in vitro findings and demonstrated that even when the appropriate scan mode was selected, the BMC, BMD, and T-scores were significantly higher on the Prodigy than MD. |
Wang,; Bates,; Yan,; Harrington,; Shearer,; Prentice, Determination of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma and serum by HPLC with fluorescence detection (Article) Clin Chim Acta, 347, 1-2, Page(s): 199-207, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Antifibrinolytic Agents/*blood/chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Female Humans Indicators and Reagents Lipids/chemistry Male Quality Control Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results Spectrometry, Fluorescence Vitamin K 1/*blood/chemistry) @article{Paper, name = {Determination of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma and serum by HPLC with fluorescence detection}, author = {Wang, L. Y. and Bates, C. J. and Yan, L. and Harrington, D. J. and Shearer, M. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0009-8981 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Clin Chim Acta}, volume = {347}, number = {1-2}, pages = {199-207}, abstract = {{A modified high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, based on Davidson and Sadowski [Meth. Enzymol. 282 (1997) 408], with fluorescence detection after zinc postcolumn reduction was developed and validated for the analysis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma or serum samples. Compensation for procedural losses of vitamin K1 was made by the method of internal standardization using a proprietary vitamin K derivative. Increased sensitivity of detection by the use of a high-sensitivity Waters 440 fluorescence detector and optimized chromatography conditions increased the sensitivity to 4 fmol vitamin K1. The response was linear and free from interfering peaks and from baseline drift. It is therefore adequately sensitive for 0.25 ml or less of plasma sample. Long-term reproducibility of quality assurance (QA) samples was verified over a period of 4 months. The intraassay precision estimates of the QA samples within-run with mean vitamin K1 concentrations of 0.4, 1.4 and 3.4 nmol/l were 5.2% (n=6), 8.2% (n=6) and 3.0% (n=12), respectively, while interassay precision estimates between runs were 16% (n=22), 12% (n=21) and 8.1% (n=15), respectively. The assay accuracy was validated by comparing the results we obtained for 14 samples from the Vitamin K External Quality Assessment Scheme (KEQAS) with the consensus of the results from the other participating laboratories. Good agreement was obtained, with y=1.06x-0.09}, note = {0009-8981 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Antifibrinolytic Agents/*blood/chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Female Humans Indicators and Reagents Lipids/chemistry Male Quality Control Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results Spectrometry, Fluorescence Vitamin K 1/*blood/chemistry} } {A modified high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, based on Davidson and Sadowski [Meth. Enzymol. 282 (1997) 408], with fluorescence detection after zinc postcolumn reduction was developed and validated for the analysis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma or serum samples. Compensation for procedural losses of vitamin K1 was made by the method of internal standardization using a proprietary vitamin K derivative. Increased sensitivity of detection by the use of a high-sensitivity Waters 440 fluorescence detector and optimized chromatography conditions increased the sensitivity to 4 fmol vitamin K1. The response was linear and free from interfering peaks and from baseline drift. It is therefore adequately sensitive for 0.25 ml or less of plasma sample. Long-term reproducibility of quality assurance (QA) samples was verified over a period of 4 months. The intraassay precision estimates of the QA samples within-run with mean vitamin K1 concentrations of 0.4, 1.4 and 3.4 nmol/l were 5.2% (n=6), 8.2% (n=6) and 3.0% (n=12), respectively, while interassay precision estimates between runs were 16% (n=22), 12% (n=21) and 8.1% (n=15), respectively. The assay accuracy was validated by comparing the results we obtained for 14 samples from the Vitamin K External Quality Assessment Scheme (KEQAS) with the consensus of the results from the other participating laboratories. Good agreement was obtained, with y=1.06x-0.09 |
Reddy,; Bhattacharjee,; Schabbauer,; Hollis,; Kempf,; Tencati,; O'Connell,; Guha,; Mackman, Dexamethasone enhances LPS induction of tissue factor expression in human monocytic cells by increasing tissue factor mRNA stability (Article) J Leukoc Biol, 76, 1, Page(s): 145-151, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Base Sequence Blotting, Northern Cells, Messenger/*metabolism Research Support, P.H.S. Thromboplastin/*biosynthesis/drug effects Transcription, Genetic/drug effects Transfection Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis/drug effects) @article{Paper, name = {Dexamethasone enhances LPS induction of tissue factor expression in human monocytic cells by increasing tissue factor mRNA stability}, author = {Reddy, K. V. and Bhattacharjee, G. and Schabbauer, G. and Hollis, A. and Kempf, K. and Tencati, M. and O'Connell, M. A. and Guha, M. and Mackman, N.}, note = {0741-5400 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {J Leukoc Biol}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {145-151}, abstract = {Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (Dex), are used clinically in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Dex acts by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). It is surprising that Dex enhances bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of tissue factor (TF) expression in human monocytic cells. TF is a transmembrane glycoprotein that activates the coagulation protease cascade. In this study, we analyze the mechanism by which Dex enhances LPS-induced TF expression in human monocytic cells. We found that Dex reduced LPS-induced TF gene transcription but increased the stability of TF mRNA. Dex decreased the stability of MCP-1 mRNA and did not affect TNF-alpha mRNA stability. Finally, we showed that Dex increased the stability of a transcript consisting of the final 297 nucleotides of the TF mRNA in in vitro decay assays. This region contains AU-rich elements that regulate mRNA stability and may mediate the Dex response. Therefore, despite an inhibition of TF gene transcription, Dex enhances TF expression in human monocytic cells by increasing the stability of TF mRNA.}, note = {0741-5400 Journal Article}, keywords = {Base Sequence Blotting, Northern Cells, Messenger/*metabolism Research Support, P.H.S. Thromboplastin/*biosynthesis/drug effects Transcription, Genetic/drug effects Transfection Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis/drug effects} } Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (Dex), are used clinically in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Dex acts by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). It is surprising that Dex enhances bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of tissue factor (TF) expression in human monocytic cells. TF is a transmembrane glycoprotein that activates the coagulation protease cascade. In this study, we analyze the mechanism by which Dex enhances LPS-induced TF expression in human monocytic cells. We found that Dex reduced LPS-induced TF gene transcription but increased the stability of TF mRNA. Dex decreased the stability of MCP-1 mRNA and did not affect TNF-alpha mRNA stability. Finally, we showed that Dex increased the stability of a transcript consisting of the final 297 nucleotides of the TF mRNA in in vitro decay assays. This region contains AU-rich elements that regulate mRNA stability and may mediate the Dex response. Therefore, despite an inhibition of TF gene transcription, Dex enhances TF expression in human monocytic cells by increasing the stability of TF mRNA. |
Prentice, Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis (Article) Public Health Nutr, 7, 1A, Page(s): 227-243, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Markers/analysis *Bone Density Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage *Diet Fractures/prevention & control Humans Osteoporosis/etiology/*prevention & control Risk Factors Vitamin D/*administration & dosage World Health Organization) @article{Paper, name = {Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {7}, number = {1A}, pages = {227-243}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence on diet and nutrition relating to osteoporosis and provide recommendations for preventing osteoporosis, in particular, osteopototic fracture. APPROACH: Firstly, to review the definition, diagnosis and epidemiology of osteoporosis, to discuss the difficulties in using bone mineral density to define osteoporosis risk in a world-wide context and to propose that fragility fracture should be considered as the disease endpoint. Secondly, to provide an overview of the scientific data, the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and the conceptual difficulties in interpreting studies linking diet, nutrition and osteoporosis. The following were considered: calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and fluorine. Other potential dietary influences on bone health were also discussed, including vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes, acid-base balance, phyto-oestrogens, vegetarianism and lactose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient knowledge linking bone mineral status, growth rates or bone turnover in children and adolescents to long-term benefits in old age for these indices to be used as markers of osteoporotic disease risk. For adults, the evidence of a link between intakes of any dietary component and fracture risk is not sufficiently secure to make firm recommendations, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D. For other aspects of the diet, accumulating evidence suggests that current healthy-eating advice to decrease sodium intake, to increase potassium intake, and to consume more fresh fruits and vegetables is unlikely to be detrimental to bone health and may be beneficial.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Biological Markers/analysis *Bone Density Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage *Diet Fractures/prevention & control Humans Osteoporosis/etiology/*prevention & control Risk Factors Vitamin D/*administration & dosage World Health Organization} } OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence on diet and nutrition relating to osteoporosis and provide recommendations for preventing osteoporosis, in particular, osteopototic fracture. APPROACH: Firstly, to review the definition, diagnosis and epidemiology of osteoporosis, to discuss the difficulties in using bone mineral density to define osteoporosis risk in a world-wide context and to propose that fragility fracture should be considered as the disease endpoint. Secondly, to provide an overview of the scientific data, the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and the conceptual difficulties in interpreting studies linking diet, nutrition and osteoporosis. The following were considered: calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and fluorine. Other potential dietary influences on bone health were also discussed, including vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes, acid-base balance, phyto-oestrogens, vegetarianism and lactose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient knowledge linking bone mineral status, growth rates or bone turnover in children and adolescents to long-term benefits in old age for these indices to be used as markers of osteoporotic disease risk. For adults, the evidence of a link between intakes of any dietary component and fracture risk is not sufficiently secure to make firm recommendations, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D. For other aspects of the diet, accumulating evidence suggests that current healthy-eating advice to decrease sodium intake, to increase potassium intake, and to consume more fresh fruits and vegetables is unlikely to be detrimental to bone health and may be beneficial. |
Lomer,; Hutchinson,; Volkert,; Greenfield,; Catterall,; Thompson,; Powell, Dietary sources of inorganic microparticles and their intake in healthy subjects and patients with Crohn's disease (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 6, Page(s): 947-955, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Biocompatible Materials Calcium) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary sources of inorganic microparticles and their intake in healthy subjects and patients with Crohn's disease}, author = {Lomer, M. C. E. and Hutchinson, C. and Volkert, S. and Greenfield, S. M. and Catterall, A. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {947-955}, abstract = {Dietary microparticles are non-biological, bacterial-sized particles. Endogenous sources are derived from intestinal Ca and phosphate secretion. Exogenous sources are mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2) and mixed silicates (Psil); they are resistant to degradation and accumulate in human Peyer's patch macrophages and there is some evidence that they exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, whether their intake differs between those with and without CD has not been studied. We aimed to identify dietary microparticle sources and intakes in subjects with and without CD. Patients with inactive CD and matched general practice-based controls (ninety-one per group) completed 7 d food diaries. Intake data for dietary fibre and sucrose were compared as positive controls. All foods, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes were examined for microparticle content, and intakes of Ca and exogenous microparticles were compared between the two groups. Dietary intakes were significantly different between cases and controls for dietary fibre (12 (SD 5) v. 14 (SD 5) g/d; P=0.001) and sucrose (52 (SD 27) v. 45 (SD 18) g/d; P=0.04) but not for Ca. Estimated median TiO2 and Psil intakes (2.5 and 35 mg/individual per d respectively, totalling 10(12)-10(13) microparticles/individual per d) were broadly similar to per capita estimates and while there was wide variation in intakes between individuals there was no significant difference between subjects with CD and controls. Hence, if exposure to microparticles is associated with the inflammation of CD, then the present study rules out excess intake as the problem. Nonetheless, microparticle-containing foods have now been identified which allows a low-microparticle diet to be further assessed in CD.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Biocompatible Materials Calcium} } Dietary microparticles are non-biological, bacterial-sized particles. Endogenous sources are derived from intestinal Ca and phosphate secretion. Exogenous sources are mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2) and mixed silicates (Psil); they are resistant to degradation and accumulate in human Peyer's patch macrophages and there is some evidence that they exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, whether their intake differs between those with and without CD has not been studied. We aimed to identify dietary microparticle sources and intakes in subjects with and without CD. Patients with inactive CD and matched general practice-based controls (ninety-one per group) completed 7 d food diaries. Intake data for dietary fibre and sucrose were compared as positive controls. All foods, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes were examined for microparticle content, and intakes of Ca and exogenous microparticles were compared between the two groups. Dietary intakes were significantly different between cases and controls for dietary fibre (12 (SD 5) v. 14 (SD 5) g/d; P=0.001) and sucrose (52 (SD 27) v. 45 (SD 18) g/d; P=0.04) but not for Ca. Estimated median TiO2 and Psil intakes (2.5 and 35 mg/individual per d respectively, totalling 10(12)-10(13) microparticles/individual per d) were broadly similar to per capita estimates and while there was wide variation in intakes between individuals there was no significant difference between subjects with CD and controls. Hence, if exposure to microparticles is associated with the inflammation of CD, then the present study rules out excess intake as the problem. Nonetheless, microparticle-containing foods have now been identified which allows a low-microparticle diet to be further assessed in CD. |
Laskey,; Prentice, Do appendicular bone measurements reflect changes in the axial skeleton?: the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound measurements during lactation (Article) J Clin Densitom, 7, 3, Page(s): 296-301, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Analysis of Variance *Bone Density Calcaneus/*radiography/*ultrasonography Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Female Humans *Lactation Spine/*radiography/*ultrasonography Wrist/*radiography/*ultrasonography) @article{Paper, name = {Do appendicular bone measurements reflect changes in the axial skeleton?: the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound measurements during lactation}, author = {Laskey, M. A. and Prentice, A.}, note = {1094-6950 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Densitom}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {296-301}, abstract = {{The ability of different bone measurement techniques to monitor changes in bone mineral was studied. Lactation was used as a model because large, rapid, but reversible decreases in bone mineral content (BMC) occur in breast-feeding women. Spine and forearm dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements were made during 30 lactations. During the first 3 mo of lactation, decreases in the BMC, adjusted for area, were significant at the spine (-2.8%; standard error [SE] = 0.6; p < 0.001) but not the wrist (p = 0.40). Nonsignificant increases in normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA) and velocity of sound (VOS) were observed at the calcaneus using QUS. From peak lactation to postlactation, the BMC increases at the spine were significant (4.1%; SE = 0.6; p < 0.001) but not those at the wrist (p = 0.17). Nonsignificant decreases were observed using QUS. Eleven breast-feeding women had longitudinal calcaneal and spine DXA measurements from peak lactation to postlactation. Significant BMC increases were observed at both sites (calcaneus: 2.4%}, note = {1094-6950 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Analysis of Variance *Bone Density Calcaneus/*radiography/*ultrasonography Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Female Humans *Lactation Spine/*radiography/*ultrasonography Wrist/*radiography/*ultrasonography} } {The ability of different bone measurement techniques to monitor changes in bone mineral was studied. Lactation was used as a model because large, rapid, but reversible decreases in bone mineral content (BMC) occur in breast-feeding women. Spine and forearm dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements were made during 30 lactations. During the first 3 mo of lactation, decreases in the BMC, adjusted for area, were significant at the spine (-2.8%; standard error [SE] = 0.6; p < 0.001) but not the wrist (p = 0.40). Nonsignificant increases in normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA) and velocity of sound (VOS) were observed at the calcaneus using QUS. From peak lactation to postlactation, the BMC increases at the spine were significant (4.1%; SE = 0.6; p < 0.001) but not those at the wrist (p = 0.17). Nonsignificant decreases were observed using QUS. Eleven breast-feeding women had longitudinal calcaneal and spine DXA measurements from peak lactation to postlactation. Significant BMC increases were observed at both sites (calcaneus: 2.4% |
Thomas,; Dale,; Bunn,; Harding,; Coward,; Cole,; Weaver, Early Helicobacter pylori colonisation: the association with growth faltering in The Gambia (Article) Arch Dis Child, 89, 12, Page(s): 1149-1154, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Breath Tests Epidemiologic Methods Gambia/epidemiology Growth Disorders/epidemiology/*microbiology Helicobacter Infections/*complications/epidemiology *Helicobacter pylori Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Early Helicobacter pylori colonisation: the association with growth faltering in The Gambia}, author = {Thomas, J. E. and Dale, A. and Bunn, J. E. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Cole, T. J. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child}, volume = {89}, number = {12}, pages = {1149-1154}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the commonest causes of chronic infection of mankind, yet the natural history of acute infection is poorly understood. Some studies suggest that gastric colonisation with H pylori is associated with suboptimal nutrition and growth in childhood. AIMS: To describe the clinical features of early H pylori colonisation and assess its role in the development of infant malnutrition and growth faltering. METHODS: Two consecutive prospective longitudinal cohort studies were conducted at the Medical Research Council Laboratories in a rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. The first birth cohort of 125 infants was followed by a second of 65 children from the same community. H pylori colonisation was detected by sequential 13C urea breath tests, and infant growth was monitored by serial measurements. RESULTS: Children with early H pylori colonisation became significantly lighter, shorter, and thinner than their peers in late infancy. The association was found in both cohorts. No socioeconomic or demographic confounding variables were identified to explain this, and the weight deficit was no longer detectable when the children were aged 5-8 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that H pylori colonisation in early infancy predisposes to the development of malnutrition and growth faltering, although the effect did not persist into later childhood.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Breath Tests Epidemiologic Methods Gambia/epidemiology Growth Disorders/epidemiology/*microbiology Helicobacter Infections/*complications/epidemiology *Helicobacter pylori Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Research Support} } BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the commonest causes of chronic infection of mankind, yet the natural history of acute infection is poorly understood. Some studies suggest that gastric colonisation with H pylori is associated with suboptimal nutrition and growth in childhood. AIMS: To describe the clinical features of early H pylori colonisation and assess its role in the development of infant malnutrition and growth faltering. METHODS: Two consecutive prospective longitudinal cohort studies were conducted at the Medical Research Council Laboratories in a rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. The first birth cohort of 125 infants was followed by a second of 65 children from the same community. H pylori colonisation was detected by sequential 13C urea breath tests, and infant growth was monitored by serial measurements. RESULTS: Children with early H pylori colonisation became significantly lighter, shorter, and thinner than their peers in late infancy. The association was found in both cohorts. No socioeconomic or demographic confounding variables were identified to explain this, and the weight deficit was no longer detectable when the children were aged 5-8 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that H pylori colonisation in early infancy predisposes to the development of malnutrition and growth faltering, although the effect did not persist into later childhood. |
Browning,; Jebb,; Mishra,; Cooke,; O'Connell,; Crook,; Krebs, Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 8, Page(s): 1004-1010, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Analysis of Variance Biological Markers/blood Body Mass Index C-Reactive Protein/*analysis Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage Estrogen Replacement Therapy Female Humans Hyperlipidemia/immunology Hypertension/immunology Insulin Resistance/immunology Metabolic Syndrome X/blood/*immunology Middle Aged N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/*blood Odds Ratio Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women}, author = {Browning, L. M. and Jebb, S. A. and Mishra, G. D. and Cooke, J. H. and O'Connell, M. A. and Crook, M. A. and Krebs, J. D.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {1004-1010}, abstract = {AIMS: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of many diseases including type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Fewer studies have similarly shown sialic acid (SA) to be a predictor of obesity-related diseases, but importantly SA shows less intra-individual variability than CRP and acts as an integrated marker of the activity of a number of acute-phase proteins. This study examines the association between both CRP and SA with individual and combined features of the metabolic syndrome. SUBJECTS: In all, 257 women with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25.1 to 54.5 kg/m2 (geometric mean 33.1+/-5.8 kg/m2) and aged 19-71 y (mean 45.6+/-12.1 y) were studied. Subjects had no symptoms of intercurrent infection, known diabetes, treated dyslipidaemia, a chronic inflammatory condition, liver disease or malignancy. RESULTS: Linear regression demonstrates that both CRP and SA were positively associated with weight, BMI, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. There was a highly significant (P<0.0001) positive association of both SA and CRP with none, one, two, three or four features of the metabolic syndrome. For a 1 s.d. (4.0 mg/l) increase in CRP, there was a significant increased risk when comparing the odds of having metabolic syndrome (defined as three or more individual features) compared with the remainder of the population (odds ratio=1.7, P<0.0001), but this was not significant after adjustment for BMI. However, for a 1 s.d. (0.34 mmol/l) increase in SA, the odds of having metabolic syndrome compared with those without metabolic syndrome was 2.5 (P<0.0001), and persisted after additional adjustment for BMI (adjusted odds ratio=1.9, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: While SA and CRP are both univariately associated with individual features of the metabolic syndrome, SA, but not CRP, is significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, independent of BMI. We conclude that SA identifies a subgroup of overweight individuals with an inflammatory phenotype, who are at the greatest risk of metabolic syndrome.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aged Analysis of Variance Biological Markers/blood Body Mass Index C-Reactive Protein/*analysis Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage Estrogen Replacement Therapy Female Humans Hyperlipidemia/immunology Hypertension/immunology Insulin Resistance/immunology Metabolic Syndrome X/blood/*immunology Middle Aged N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/*blood Odds Ratio Research Support} } AIMS: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of many diseases including type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Fewer studies have similarly shown sialic acid (SA) to be a predictor of obesity-related diseases, but importantly SA shows less intra-individual variability than CRP and acts as an integrated marker of the activity of a number of acute-phase proteins. This study examines the association between both CRP and SA with individual and combined features of the metabolic syndrome. SUBJECTS: In all, 257 women with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25.1 to 54.5 kg/m2 (geometric mean 33.1+/-5.8 kg/m2) and aged 19-71 y (mean 45.6+/-12.1 y) were studied. Subjects had no symptoms of intercurrent infection, known diabetes, treated dyslipidaemia, a chronic inflammatory condition, liver disease or malignancy. RESULTS: Linear regression demonstrates that both CRP and SA were positively associated with weight, BMI, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. There was a highly significant (P<0.0001) positive association of both SA and CRP with none, one, two, three or four features of the metabolic syndrome. For a 1 s.d. (4.0 mg/l) increase in CRP, there was a significant increased risk when comparing the odds of having metabolic syndrome (defined as three or more individual features) compared with the remainder of the population (odds ratio=1.7, P<0.0001), but this was not significant after adjustment for BMI. However, for a 1 s.d. (0.34 mmol/l) increase in SA, the odds of having metabolic syndrome compared with those without metabolic syndrome was 2.5 (P<0.0001), and persisted after additional adjustment for BMI (adjusted odds ratio=1.9, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: While SA and CRP are both univariately associated with individual features of the metabolic syndrome, SA, but not CRP, is significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, independent of BMI. We conclude that SA identifies a subgroup of overweight individuals with an inflammatory phenotype, who are at the greatest risk of metabolic syndrome. |
Prentice,; Branca,; Decsi,; Michaelsen,; Fletcher,; Guesry,; Manz,; Vidailhet,; Pannemans,; Samartin, Energy and nutrient dietary reference values for children in Europe: methodological approaches and current nutritional recommendations (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, Suppl 2, Page(s): S83-S146, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Child *Child Nutrition Child) @article{Paper, name = {Energy and nutrient dietary reference values for children in Europe: methodological approaches and current nutritional recommendations}, author = {Prentice, A. and Branca, F. and Decsi, T. and Michaelsen, K. F. and Fletcher, R. J. and Guesry, P. and Manz, F. and Vidailhet, M. and Pannemans, D. and Samartin, S.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Proceedings of a Workshop held on 14-16 May 2003, Rome, Italy. "Nutrition in children and adolescents in Europe: what is the scientific basis?" Supplement editors: Koletzko B, de la Gueronniere V, Desjeux J F, Krause E.}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {92}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {S83-S146}, abstract = {The Expert Group on the Methodological Approaches and Current Nutritional Recommendations in Children and Adolescents was convened to consider the current situation across Europe with regard to dietary recommendations and reference values for children aged 2-18 years. Information was obtained for twenty-nine of the thirty-nine countries in Europe and a comprehensive compilation was made of the dietary recommendations current up to September 2002. This report presents a review of the concepts of dietary reference values and a comparison of the methodological approaches used in each country. Attention is drawn to the special considerations that are needed for establishing dietary reference values for children and adolescents. Tables are provided of the current dietary reference values for energy and for the macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, trace elements and water. Brief critiques are included to indicate the scientific foundations of the reference values for children and to offer, where possible, an explanation for the wide differences that exist between countries. This compilation demonstrated that there are considerable disparities in the perceived nutritional requirements of European children and adolescents. Although some of this diversity can be attributed to real physiological and environmental differences, most is due to differences in philosophy about the best methodological approach to use and in the way the theoretical approaches are applied. The report highlights the main methodological and technological issues that will need to be resolved before harmonization can be fully considered. Solving these issues may help to improve the quality and consistency of dietary reference values across Europe. However, there are also considerable scientific and political barriers that will need to be overcome and the question of whether harmonization of dietary reference values for children and adolescents is a desirable or achievable goal for Europe requires further consideration.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Proceedings of a Workshop held on 14-16 May 2003, Rome, Italy. "Nutrition in children and adolescents in Europe: what is the scientific basis?" Supplement editors: Koletzko B, de la Gueronniere V, Desjeux J F, Krause E.}, keywords = {Adolescent *Adolescent Nutrition Child *Child Nutrition Child} } The Expert Group on the Methodological Approaches and Current Nutritional Recommendations in Children and Adolescents was convened to consider the current situation across Europe with regard to dietary recommendations and reference values for children aged 2-18 years. Information was obtained for twenty-nine of the thirty-nine countries in Europe and a comprehensive compilation was made of the dietary recommendations current up to September 2002. This report presents a review of the concepts of dietary reference values and a comparison of the methodological approaches used in each country. Attention is drawn to the special considerations that are needed for establishing dietary reference values for children and adolescents. Tables are provided of the current dietary reference values for energy and for the macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, trace elements and water. Brief critiques are included to indicate the scientific foundations of the reference values for children and to offer, where possible, an explanation for the wide differences that exist between countries. This compilation demonstrated that there are considerable disparities in the perceived nutritional requirements of European children and adolescents. Although some of this diversity can be attributed to real physiological and environmental differences, most is due to differences in philosophy about the best methodological approach to use and in the way the theoretical approaches are applied. The report highlights the main methodological and technological issues that will need to be resolved before harmonization can be fully considered. Solving these issues may help to improve the quality and consistency of dietary reference values across Europe. However, there are also considerable scientific and political barriers that will need to be overcome and the question of whether harmonization of dietary reference values for children and adolescents is a desirable or achievable goal for Europe requires further consideration. |
Prentice,; Jebb, Energy intake/physical activity interactions in the homeostasis of body weight regulation (Article) Nutr Rev, 62, 7 Pt 2, Page(s): S98-S104, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Weight/*physiology Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Energy Intake/*physiology Energy Metabolism/physiology Evolution Exercise/*physiology Homeostasis Humans Obesity/epidemiology/*etiology/metabolism) @article{Conferenceproceedings, name = {Energy intake/physical activity interactions in the homeostasis of body weight regulation}, author = {Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0029-6643 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Fourth Nestle Nutrition Conference: loss of homeostasis in body weight regulation}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Rev}, volume = {62}, number = {7 Pt 2}, pages = {S98-S104}, abstract = {The agricultural and technological revolutions of the late 20th century have influenced both of the discretionary components of the energy balance equation, namely energy intake and physical activity. These changes act synergistically in the direction of encouraging weight gain and represent an unprecedented change in man's ecological niche. Obesity is the predictable biologic response to these external changes. This paper reviews the physiologic responses to modern diets and their effect on energy regulation. The energy density of foods is identified as a key element in influencing energy intake due to weak satiety signals that fail to compensate for very energy-dense foods. Evidence is also presented to show that interactions between energy-dense diets and low-levels of physical activity are key elements in encouraging weight gain due to an asymmetry between the hunger and satiety arms of human appetite control.}, note = {0029-6643 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Fourth Nestle Nutrition Conference: loss of homeostasis in body weight regulation}, keywords = {Body Weight/*physiology Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Energy Intake/*physiology Energy Metabolism/physiology Evolution Exercise/*physiology Homeostasis Humans Obesity/epidemiology/*etiology/metabolism} } The agricultural and technological revolutions of the late 20th century have influenced both of the discretionary components of the energy balance equation, namely energy intake and physical activity. These changes act synergistically in the direction of encouraging weight gain and represent an unprecedented change in man's ecological niche. Obesity is the predictable biologic response to these external changes. This paper reviews the physiologic responses to modern diets and their effect on energy regulation. The energy density of foods is identified as a key element in influencing energy intake due to weak satiety signals that fail to compensate for very energy-dense foods. Evidence is also presented to show that interactions between energy-dense diets and low-levels of physical activity are key elements in encouraging weight gain due to an asymmetry between the hunger and satiety arms of human appetite control. |
Moore,; Falorni,; Bini,; Fulford,; O'Connell,; Prentice, Ethnic differences in the relationship between fasting leptin and BMI in children (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 1, Page(s): 17-21, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Composition/physiology *Body Mass Index Child Comparative Study Female Gambia/ethnology Human Italy/ethnology Leptin/*blood Male Regression Analysis Sex Characteristics Support) @article{Paper, name = {Ethnic differences in the relationship between fasting leptin and BMI in children}, author = {Moore, S. E. and Falorni, A. and Bini, V. and Fulford, A. J. and O'Connell, M. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {17-21}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the relationship between fasting serum leptin levels and body mass index (BMI) in children from different ethnic groups. SUBJECTS: Children aged 6-10 y from rural Gambia (n=471) and central Italy (n=839). MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometry (z-score of BMI) and fasting serum leptin concentrations. RESULTS: The Italian children had significantly higher mean BMI z-scores than the Gambian children (males: Italy 1.58, Gambia -1.44, P< or =0.0001; females: Italy 1.33, Gambia -1.42, P< or =0.0001) and significantly higher serum leptin concentrations (males: Italy 8.86 ng ml(-1), Gambia 1.78 ng ml(-1), P< or =0.0001; females: Italy 11.31 ng ml(-1), Gambia 2.22 ng ml(-1), P< or =0.0001). A significantly different relationship was observed between z-score of BMI and serum leptin levels in the Gambian and the Italian children for both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: A different relationship exists between z-score of BMI and leptin levels in these two groups of children from very diverse ethnic backgrounds. Future studies using detailed measures of body composition and energy balance are needed to help understand this relationship.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Body Composition/physiology *Body Mass Index Child Comparative Study Female Gambia/ethnology Human Italy/ethnology Leptin/*blood Male Regression Analysis Sex Characteristics Support} } OBJECTIVE: To compare the relationship between fasting serum leptin levels and body mass index (BMI) in children from different ethnic groups. SUBJECTS: Children aged 6-10 y from rural Gambia (n=471) and central Italy (n=839). MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometry (z-score of BMI) and fasting serum leptin concentrations. RESULTS: The Italian children had significantly higher mean BMI z-scores than the Gambian children (males: Italy 1.58, Gambia -1.44, P< or =0.0001; females: Italy 1.33, Gambia -1.42, P< or =0.0001) and significantly higher serum leptin concentrations (males: Italy 8.86 ng ml(-1), Gambia 1.78 ng ml(-1), P< or =0.0001; females: Italy 11.31 ng ml(-1), Gambia 2.22 ng ml(-1), P< or =0.0001). A significantly different relationship was observed between z-score of BMI and serum leptin levels in the Gambian and the Italian children for both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: A different relationship exists between z-score of BMI and leptin levels in these two groups of children from very diverse ethnic backgrounds. Future studies using detailed measures of body composition and energy balance are needed to help understand this relationship. |
Lomer,; Kodjabashia,; Hutchinson,; Greenfield,; Thompson,; Powell, Intake of dietary iron is low in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 1, Page(s): 141-148, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorption Adult Aged Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage Biological Availability Case-Control Studies Cereals Crohn Disease/*physiopathology Female Food Habits/physiology/*psychology Heme/pharmacokinetics Humans Iron, Dietary/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics Male Middle Aged Nutritional Status/physiology Phytic Acid/administration & dosage Prospective Studies) @article{Paper, name = {Intake of dietary iron is low in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study}, author = {Lomer, M. C. E. and Kodjabashia, K. and Hutchinson, C. and Greenfield, S. M. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {141-148}, abstract = {Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often experience Fe deficiency (ID) and frequently alter their diet to relieve abdominal symptoms. The present study set out to assess whether patients with CD have dietary habits that lead to low Fe intakes and/or reduced bioavailable Fe compared with control subjects. Patients with asymptomatic CD were matched to controls (n 91/group). Dietary intakes of Fe and contributions from different food groups were compared using a 7 d food diary. Promoters and inhibitors of non-haem Fe absorption were investigated and a recently published algorithm was applied to assess bioavailable Fe. Fewer patients than controls met the reference nutrient intake for Fe (32% CD patients v. 42% controls). Overall, patients had significantly lower mean Fe intakes (by 2.3 mg/d) and Fe density (by 0.26 mg/MJ (1.1 mg/1000 kcal)) compared with controls (both P<0.001). Differences were mainly due to a preference among CD patients for low-fibre non-Fe fortified cereals, particularly breakfast cereals. In particular, control subjects had higher Fe intakes than matched CD subjects for men (P<0.001) and women less than 50 years (P=0.03). Intakes of both ascorbic acid (P<0.001) and phytic acid (P<0.01), but not animal tissue (P=1.0), were lower in patients with CD, but these had no overall effect on the predicted percentage of bioavailable Fe. Thus total bioavailable Fe was reduced in patients with CD due to lower intakes (P<0.01). Dietary Fe intakes are low in CD patients, which may contribute to an increased risk of ID and anaemia. Changing dietary advice may compromise perceived symptoms of the disease so the need for Fe supplementation should be carefully considered.}, note = {0007-1145 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, keywords = {Absorption Adult Aged Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage Biological Availability Case-Control Studies Cereals Crohn Disease/*physiopathology Female Food Habits/physiology/*psychology Heme/pharmacokinetics Humans Iron, Dietary/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics Male Middle Aged Nutritional Status/physiology Phytic Acid/administration & dosage Prospective Studies} } Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often experience Fe deficiency (ID) and frequently alter their diet to relieve abdominal symptoms. The present study set out to assess whether patients with CD have dietary habits that lead to low Fe intakes and/or reduced bioavailable Fe compared with control subjects. Patients with asymptomatic CD were matched to controls (n 91/group). Dietary intakes of Fe and contributions from different food groups were compared using a 7 d food diary. Promoters and inhibitors of non-haem Fe absorption were investigated and a recently published algorithm was applied to assess bioavailable Fe. Fewer patients than controls met the reference nutrient intake for Fe (32% CD patients v. 42% controls). Overall, patients had significantly lower mean Fe intakes (by 2.3 mg/d) and Fe density (by 0.26 mg/MJ (1.1 mg/1000 kcal)) compared with controls (both P<0.001). Differences were mainly due to a preference among CD patients for low-fibre non-Fe fortified cereals, particularly breakfast cereals. In particular, control subjects had higher Fe intakes than matched CD subjects for men (P<0.001) and women less than 50 years (P=0.03). Intakes of both ascorbic acid (P<0.001) and phytic acid (P<0.01), but not animal tissue (P=1.0), were lower in patients with CD, but these had no overall effect on the predicted percentage of bioavailable Fe. Thus total bioavailable Fe was reduced in patients with CD due to lower intakes (P<0.01). Dietary Fe intakes are low in CD patients, which may contribute to an increased risk of ID and anaemia. Changing dietary advice may compromise perceived symptoms of the disease so the need for Fe supplementation should be carefully considered. |
Mishra,; Dobson, Multiple imputation for body mass index: lessons from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (Article) Stat Med, 23, 19, Page(s): 3077-3087, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Australia Bias (Epidemiology) Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight *Data Interpretation, Statistical Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Middle Aged Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Multiple imputation for body mass index: lessons from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health}, author = {Mishra, G. D. and Dobson, A. J.}, note = {0277-6715 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Stat Med}, volume = {23}, number = {19}, pages = {3077-3087}, abstract = {In large epidemiological studies missing data can be a problem, especially if information is sought on a sensitive topic or when a composite measure is calculated from several variables each affected by missing values. Multiple imputation is the method of choice for 'filling in' missing data based on associations among variables. Using an example about body mass index from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, we identify a subset of variables that are particularly useful for imputing values for the target variables. Then we illustrate two uses of multiple imputation. The first is to examine and correct for bias when data are not missing completely at random. The second is to impute missing values for an important covariate; in this case omission from the imputation process of variables to be used in the analysis may introduce bias. We conclude with several recommendations for handling issues of missing data.}, note = {0277-6715 Journal Article}, keywords = {Australia Bias (Epidemiology) Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight *Data Interpretation, Statistical Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Middle Aged Research Support} } In large epidemiological studies missing data can be a problem, especially if information is sought on a sensitive topic or when a composite measure is calculated from several variables each affected by missing values. Multiple imputation is the method of choice for 'filling in' missing data based on associations among variables. Using an example about body mass index from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, we identify a subset of variables that are particularly useful for imputing values for the target variables. Then we illustrate two uses of multiple imputation. The first is to examine and correct for bias when data are not missing completely at random. The second is to impute missing values for an important covariate; in this case omission from the imputation process of variables to be used in the analysis may introduce bias. We conclude with several recommendations for handling issues of missing data. |
Schwenk,; Hodgson,; Wright,; Ward,; Rayner,; Grubnic,; Griffin,; Macallan, Nutrient partitioning during treatment of tuberculosis: gain in body fat mass but not in protein mass (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 6, Page(s): 1006-1012, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use *Body Composition Body Weight Densitometry, X-Ray Female Human Male Middle Aged *Nutritional Status Prospective Studies Support, Pulmonary/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism Wasting Syndrome/etiology/metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Nutrient partitioning during treatment of tuberculosis: gain in body fat mass but not in protein mass}, author = {Schwenk, A. and Hodgson, L. and Wright, A. and Ward, L. C. and Rayner, C. F. and Grubnic, S. and Griffin, G. E. and Macallan, D. C.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1006-1012}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an important cause of wasting. The functional consequences of wasting and recovery may depend on the distribution of lost and gained nutrient stores between protein and fat masses. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to study nutrient partitioning, ie, the proportion of weight change attributable to changes in fat mass (FM) versus protein mass (PM), during antimycobacterial treatment. DESIGN: Body-composition measures were made of 21 men and 9 women with pulmonary tuberculosis at baseline and after 1 and 6 mo of treatment. All subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and deuterium bromide dilution tests, and a four-compartment model of FM, total body water (TBW), bone minerals (BM), and PM was derived. The ratio of PM to FM at any time was expressed as the energy content (p-ratio). Changes in the p-ratio were related to disease severity as measured by radiologic criteria. RESULTS: Patients gained 10% in body weight (P < 0.001) from baseline to month 6. This was mainly due to a 44% gain in FM (P < 0.001); PM, BM, and TBW did not change significantly. Results were similar in men and women. The p-ratio decreased from baseline to month 1 and then fell further by month 6. Radiologic disease severity was not correlated with changes in the p-ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiological cure of tuberculosis does not restore PM within 6 mo, despite a strong anabolic response. Change in the p-ratio is a suitable parameter for use in studying the effect of disease on body composition because it allows transformation of such effects into a normal distribution across a wide range of baseline proportion between fat and protein mass.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {80 and over Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use *Body Composition Body Weight Densitometry, X-Ray Female Human Male Middle Aged *Nutritional Status Prospective Studies Support, Pulmonary/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism Wasting Syndrome/etiology/metabolism} } BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an important cause of wasting. The functional consequences of wasting and recovery may depend on the distribution of lost and gained nutrient stores between protein and fat masses. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to study nutrient partitioning, ie, the proportion of weight change attributable to changes in fat mass (FM) versus protein mass (PM), during antimycobacterial treatment. DESIGN: Body-composition measures were made of 21 men and 9 women with pulmonary tuberculosis at baseline and after 1 and 6 mo of treatment. All subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and deuterium bromide dilution tests, and a four-compartment model of FM, total body water (TBW), bone minerals (BM), and PM was derived. The ratio of PM to FM at any time was expressed as the energy content (p-ratio). Changes in the p-ratio were related to disease severity as measured by radiologic criteria. RESULTS: Patients gained 10% in body weight (P < 0.001) from baseline to month 6. This was mainly due to a 44% gain in FM (P < 0.001); PM, BM, and TBW did not change significantly. Results were similar in men and women. The p-ratio decreased from baseline to month 1 and then fell further by month 6. Radiologic disease severity was not correlated with changes in the p-ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiological cure of tuberculosis does not restore PM within 6 mo, despite a strong anabolic response. Change in the p-ratio is a suitable parameter for use in studying the effect of disease on body composition because it allows transformation of such effects into a normal distribution across a wide range of baseline proportion between fat and protein mass. |
Hutchinson,; Al-Ashgar,; Liu,; Hider,; Powell,; Geissler, Oral ferrous sulphate leads to a marked increase in pro-oxidant nontransferrin-bound iron (Article) Eur J Clin Invest, 34, 11, Page(s): 782-784, 2004. (BibTeX | Tags: Administration, Oral Adult Anemia/*blood Female Ferrous Compounds/*administration & dosage Humans Iron/*blood Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Oral ferrous sulphate leads to a marked increase in pro-oxidant nontransferrin-bound iron}, author = {Hutchinson, C. and Al-Ashgar, W. and Liu, D. Y. and Hider, R. C. and Powell, J. J. and Geissler, C. A.}, note = {0014-2972 Letter}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Invest}, volume = {34}, number = {11}, pages = {782-784}, note = {0014-2972 Letter}, keywords = {Administration, Oral Adult Anemia/*blood Female Ferrous Compounds/*administration & dosage Humans Iron/*blood Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism Research Support} } |
Bates,; Jones,; Bluck, Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 5, Page(s): 699-705, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Absorption Administration) @article{Paper, name = {Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Jones, K. S. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, pages = {699-705}, abstract = {Factors affecting absorption of physiological doses of vitamin C in man have not been widely studied, partly because few suitable tools exist to distinguish recently absorbed vitamin C from endogenous vitamin. Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C provides such a tool. Fifteen healthy non-smoking subjects aged 26-59 years were studied. Each received 30 mg l-[1-(13)C]ascorbic acid orally on two occasions, 3-4 weeks apart. The ascorbate was given alone or with Fe (100 mg as ferrous fumarate) or with red grape juice, which is rich in polyphenols. Blood was collected at frequent intervals for 1 h, and then each hour for a further 3 h. Total concentration of vitamin C was measured fluorometrically and its (13)C-isotope enrichment was measured by GC-MS after conversion to volatile trimethylsilyl esters. Peak plasma enrichment occurred within 25-50 min. No kinetic variables were significantly altered by the iron fumarate supplement. Grape juice attenuated vitamin C absorption, reaching significance at the 20 min time point. There were weak correlations between isotope enrichment and body weight or endogenous ascorbate concentration. The increment in total plasma ascorbate was smaller if calculated from isotope enrichment than from vitamin C concentration increase. The dilution pool was much larger than the plasma ascorbate pool. Further studies are needed to resolve these paradoxes. Stable isotope-labelled ascorbate is potentially useful for measurement of vitamin C absorption by human subjects.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Absorption Administration} } Factors affecting absorption of physiological doses of vitamin C in man have not been widely studied, partly because few suitable tools exist to distinguish recently absorbed vitamin C from endogenous vitamin. Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C provides such a tool. Fifteen healthy non-smoking subjects aged 26-59 years were studied. Each received 30 mg l-[1-(13)C]ascorbic acid orally on two occasions, 3-4 weeks apart. The ascorbate was given alone or with Fe (100 mg as ferrous fumarate) or with red grape juice, which is rich in polyphenols. Blood was collected at frequent intervals for 1 h, and then each hour for a further 3 h. Total concentration of vitamin C was measured fluorometrically and its (13)C-isotope enrichment was measured by GC-MS after conversion to volatile trimethylsilyl esters. Peak plasma enrichment occurred within 25-50 min. No kinetic variables were significantly altered by the iron fumarate supplement. Grape juice attenuated vitamin C absorption, reaching significance at the 20 min time point. There were weak correlations between isotope enrichment and body weight or endogenous ascorbate concentration. The increment in total plasma ascorbate was smaller if calculated from isotope enrichment than from vitamin C concentration increase. The dilution pool was much larger than the plasma ascorbate pool. Further studies are needed to resolve these paradoxes. Stable isotope-labelled ascorbate is potentially useful for measurement of vitamin C absorption by human subjects. |
Bluck,; Coward, The application of a simple algorithm to isotope ratio measurements by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Meas Sci Technol, 15, Page(s): N21-N24, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: isotope ratio, mass spectrometry, GC/C/IRMS, ratio calculation) @article{Paper, name = {The application of a simple algorithm to isotope ratio measurements by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A.}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Meas Sci Technol}, volume = {15}, pages = {N21-N24}, abstract = {A simple algorithm has been derived for the calculation of isotopic composition from gas chromatography/combustion/mass spectrometry. It has the advantage of automatically removing background contributions to the peaks, hence avoiding user subjectivity in placing the baseline. The algorithm has been tested under near ideal conditions of a perfectly resolved peak and also in the more realistic case where there is chromatographic overlap in the peak wings. Performance is shown to be superior to that obtained from the software supplied with the equipment. A spreadsheet implementation of the algorithm has been made available for download via the Internet.}, keywords = {isotope ratio, mass spectrometry, GC/C/IRMS, ratio calculation} } A simple algorithm has been derived for the calculation of isotopic composition from gas chromatography/combustion/mass spectrometry. It has the advantage of automatically removing background contributions to the peaks, hence avoiding user subjectivity in placing the baseline. The algorithm has been tested under near ideal conditions of a perfectly resolved peak and also in the more realistic case where there is chromatographic overlap in the peak wings. Performance is shown to be superior to that obtained from the software supplied with the equipment. A spreadsheet implementation of the algorithm has been made available for download via the Internet. |
Mishra,; Prynne,; Paul,; Greenberg,; Bolton-Smith, The impact of inter-generational social and regional circumstances on dietary intake patterns of British adults: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Public Health Nutr, 7, 6, Page(s): 737-744, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Female *Food Habits Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Intergenerational Relations Longitudinal Studies Male Nutrition Surveys *Social Environment) @article{Paper, name = {The impact of inter-generational social and regional circumstances on dietary intake patterns of British adults: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort}, author = {Mishra, G. D. and Prynne, C. J. and Paul, A. A. and Greenberg, D. C. and Bolton-Smith, C.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {737-744}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the extent to which an individual's childhood social circumstances and region of residence influence their dietary pattern at age 43 years and (2) to establish the extent to which an individual adopts the dietary pattern of their social and regional circumstances at age 43 years. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of a social class stratified, random sample of all legitimate, singleton births in the week of 3-9 March 1946. SETTINGS: England, Scotland and Wales. SUBJECTS: The 3187 survey members who provided sociodemographic information at age 4 years in 1950 and sociodemographic and dietary data (48-hour dietary recall) at 43 years in 1989. RESULTS: People who remained in the non-manual social class consumed significantly higher amounts of food items correlated with the factor health aware (items include high-fibre breakfast cereals, wholemeal breads, apples and bananas) than those who remained in the manual social class. Those who made the transition from manual social class in childhood to non-manual social class at age 43 years partly adopted the distinctive dietary patterns of the non-manual social classes. Consumption of items in the factors refined (items include whole-fat milk, white bread, sugar and butter) and sandwich (items include tomatoes, lettuce, onions, bacon and ham) did not differ by social class or regional mobility. CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests that although adult dietary patterns are developed as a result of childhood influences, these patterns can be modified as a result of social and regional transitions. Such changes in dietary patterns may influence susceptibility to disease.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Female *Food Habits Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Intergenerational Relations Longitudinal Studies Male Nutrition Surveys *Social Environment} } OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the extent to which an individual's childhood social circumstances and region of residence influence their dietary pattern at age 43 years and (2) to establish the extent to which an individual adopts the dietary pattern of their social and regional circumstances at age 43 years. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of a social class stratified, random sample of all legitimate, singleton births in the week of 3-9 March 1946. SETTINGS: England, Scotland and Wales. SUBJECTS: The 3187 survey members who provided sociodemographic information at age 4 years in 1950 and sociodemographic and dietary data (48-hour dietary recall) at 43 years in 1989. RESULTS: People who remained in the non-manual social class consumed significantly higher amounts of food items correlated with the factor health aware (items include high-fibre breakfast cereals, wholemeal breads, apples and bananas) than those who remained in the manual social class. Those who made the transition from manual social class in childhood to non-manual social class at age 43 years partly adopted the distinctive dietary patterns of the non-manual social classes. Consumption of items in the factors refined (items include whole-fat milk, white bread, sugar and butter) and sandwich (items include tomatoes, lettuce, onions, bacon and ham) did not differ by social class or regional mobility. CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests that although adult dietary patterns are developed as a result of childhood influences, these patterns can be modified as a result of social and regional transitions. Such changes in dietary patterns may influence susceptibility to disease. |
Sripanyakorn,; Jugdaohsingh,; Elliott,; Walker,; Mehta,; Shoukru,; Thompson,; Powell, The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 3, Page(s): 403-409, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Beer/*analysis Biological Availability Female Human Male Silicic Acid/analysis/pharmacokinetics/urine Silicon/analysis/*pharmacokinetics/urine Statistics Support) @article{Paper, name = {The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers}, author = {Sripanyakorn, S. and Jugdaohsingh, R. and Elliott, H. and Walker, C. and Mehta, P. and Shoukru, S. and Thompson, R. P. H. and Powell, J. J.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {403-409}, abstract = {Dietary Si, as soluble orthosilicic acid (OSA), may be important for the growth and development of bone and connective tissue. Beer appears to be a major contributor to Si intake, although the Si content of beer and its bioavailability in human subjects have not been well established. Here we investigated the Si content of different beers and then estimated Si absorption from beer in healthy volunteers. The Si content of seventy-six different beers was estimated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and one of the beers, used in the ingestion study, was ultrafiltered to determine OSA content. Next, following the ingestion of 0.6 litres beer (22.5 mg Si; 4.6 % (v/v) ethanol), serum and urinary Si levels were measured in nine healthy volunteers over a 6 h period. A solution of OSA was similarly investigated as a positive control and water and 4.6 % ethanol as negative controls. The mean Si level of beer was 19.2 (sd 6.6) mg/l; the median Si level was 18.0 mg/l. There was no significant difference in the Si levels of the different beers by geographical origin or type of beer. Serum and urinary Si levels increased considerably following the ingestion of beer or a solution of OSA but not with the ingestion of either 4.6 % ethanol or water. The ultrafilterability of Si from beer (about 80 %) and its absorption in volunteers (about 55 %) was comparable with that of a solution of OSA suggesting that Si in beer is present chiefly in a monomeric form and is readily bioavailable.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Beer/*analysis Biological Availability Female Human Male Silicic Acid/analysis/pharmacokinetics/urine Silicon/analysis/*pharmacokinetics/urine Statistics Support} } Dietary Si, as soluble orthosilicic acid (OSA), may be important for the growth and development of bone and connective tissue. Beer appears to be a major contributor to Si intake, although the Si content of beer and its bioavailability in human subjects have not been well established. Here we investigated the Si content of different beers and then estimated Si absorption from beer in healthy volunteers. The Si content of seventy-six different beers was estimated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and one of the beers, used in the ingestion study, was ultrafiltered to determine OSA content. Next, following the ingestion of 0.6 litres beer (22.5 mg Si; 4.6 % (v/v) ethanol), serum and urinary Si levels were measured in nine healthy volunteers over a 6 h period. A solution of OSA was similarly investigated as a positive control and water and 4.6 % ethanol as negative controls. The mean Si level of beer was 19.2 (sd 6.6) mg/l; the median Si level was 18.0 mg/l. There was no significant difference in the Si levels of the different beers by geographical origin or type of beer. Serum and urinary Si levels increased considerably following the ingestion of beer or a solution of OSA but not with the ingestion of either 4.6 % ethanol or water. The ultrafilterability of Si from beer (about 80 %) and its absorption in volunteers (about 55 %) was comparable with that of a solution of OSA suggesting that Si in beer is present chiefly in a monomeric form and is readily bioavailable. |
Jackson,; Bluck,; Coward, Use of isotopically labelled octanoic acid to assess the effect of meal size on gastric emptying (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 10, Page(s): 1003-1007, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Breath Tests/methods Carbon Isotopes Comparative Study Cross-Over Studies Deuterium Eating Female Gastric Emptying/*physiology Human Male Middle Aged Octanoic Acids/*diagnostic use Saliva/metabolism Spectrum Analysis, Mass/methods) @article{Paper, name = {Use of isotopically labelled octanoic acid to assess the effect of meal size on gastric emptying}, author = {Jackson, S. J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {1003-1007}, abstract = {{It has been proposed that the (13)C-octanoic acid breath test (OBT) provides a safe, non-radioactive means of measuring gastric emptying. However, deuterated octanoic acid provides a better marker when compared with scintigraphy, as the kinetics are less complex than those of the (13)C label. The appearance of (2)H in saliva is modelled as a two-compartment body water system, using an asymmetric triangular gastric emptying function. This study compared the (2)H-octanoic acid saliva test (OST) with the OBT in measuring altered states of gastric emptying in the nutritional context of diet manipulation. Gastric emptying was measured using the OST and OBT in a three-way crossover study involving 12 healthy male and female subjects (mean BMI = 23.4 kg/m(2), aged 24-57 years). Following an overnight fast, subjects were given an egg meal, labelled with 10 microL/kg body weight (2)H-octanoic acid and 100 microL (13)C-octanoic acid. The meal was nutritionally manipulated to provide a 1 MJ, 2 MJ or 3 MJ meal. Breath and saliva samples were collected at regular intervals for 6 h, with further saliva samples being collected over four subsequent days. (2)H isotopic enrichment in saliva and (13)C isotopic enrichment in breath were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and the data fitted to the respective gastric emptying models. The half excretion time (T(1/2) (D)), time to maximum emptying rate (T(1) (D)) and time when emptying is complete (T(2) (D)) were calculated from the (2)H saliva test data, and the lag time (T(lag) (C)), half excretion time (T(1/2) (C)), latency phase (T(lat) (C)) and ascension time (T(asc) (C)) were calculated from the (13)C breath test data. Overall, the OBT correlated well with the OST, with a significant relationship between T(1/2) (C) and T(1/2) (D), a significant relationship between T(lat) (C) and T(1) (D) and finally a significant relationship between T(asc) (C) and T(2) (D). Gastric emptying measured using the OST was significantly faster with the 1 MJ meal (DeltaT(1/2) (D) = -0.77 h vs. 2 MJ}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Breath Tests/methods Carbon Isotopes Comparative Study Cross-Over Studies Deuterium Eating Female Gastric Emptying/*physiology Human Male Middle Aged Octanoic Acids/*diagnostic use Saliva/metabolism Spectrum Analysis, Mass/methods} } {It has been proposed that the (13)C-octanoic acid breath test (OBT) provides a safe, non-radioactive means of measuring gastric emptying. However, deuterated octanoic acid provides a better marker when compared with scintigraphy, as the kinetics are less complex than those of the (13)C label. The appearance of (2)H in saliva is modelled as a two-compartment body water system, using an asymmetric triangular gastric emptying function. This study compared the (2)H-octanoic acid saliva test (OST) with the OBT in measuring altered states of gastric emptying in the nutritional context of diet manipulation. Gastric emptying was measured using the OST and OBT in a three-way crossover study involving 12 healthy male and female subjects (mean BMI = 23.4 kg/m(2), aged 24-57 years). Following an overnight fast, subjects were given an egg meal, labelled with 10 microL/kg body weight (2)H-octanoic acid and 100 microL (13)C-octanoic acid. The meal was nutritionally manipulated to provide a 1 MJ, 2 MJ or 3 MJ meal. Breath and saliva samples were collected at regular intervals for 6 h, with further saliva samples being collected over four subsequent days. (2)H isotopic enrichment in saliva and (13)C isotopic enrichment in breath were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and the data fitted to the respective gastric emptying models. The half excretion time (T(1/2) (D)), time to maximum emptying rate (T(1) (D)) and time when emptying is complete (T(2) (D)) were calculated from the (2)H saliva test data, and the lag time (T(lag) (C)), half excretion time (T(1/2) (C)), latency phase (T(lat) (C)) and ascension time (T(asc) (C)) were calculated from the (13)C breath test data. Overall, the OBT correlated well with the OST, with a significant relationship between T(1/2) (C) and T(1/2) (D), a significant relationship between T(lat) (C) and T(1) (D) and finally a significant relationship between T(asc) (C) and T(2) (D). Gastric emptying measured using the OST was significantly faster with the 1 MJ meal (DeltaT(1/2) (D) = -0.77 h vs. 2 MJ |
Hill,; Bluck,; Davies, Using a non-invasive stable isotope tracer to measure the absorption of water in humans (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 6, Page(s): 701-706, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Fluids/chemistry Deuterium/analysis/*diagnostic use Exercise Exercise Test Female Gastric Emptying Human Intestinal Absorption/*physiology Male Models, Biological Water/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Using a non-invasive stable isotope tracer to measure the absorption of water in humans}, author = {Hill, R. J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Davies, P. S.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {701-706}, abstract = {The development of solutions that prevent dehydration or promote adequate re-hydration play a vital role in preventing fatigue during exercise, however, the methods commonly used to assess the hydration ability of such solutions are invasive and often assess the components of absorption separately. This paper describes using a non-invasive deuterium tracer technique that assesses gastric emptying and intestinal absorption simultaneously to evaluate the uptake of water during rest and exercise. The kinetics of absorption are further examined by mathematical modelling of the data generated. For the rest group, 0.05 g/kg of body weight of deuterium, contained in gelatine capsules, was ingested with ordinary tap water and saliva samples were collected every 5 min for one hour while the subject remained seated. The deuterium was administered as above for the exercise group but sample collection was during one hour of exercise on a treadmill at 55% of the subject's maximum heart rate. The enrichment data for each subject were mathematically modelled and the parameters obtained were compared across groups using an independent samples t-test. Compared with the rest condition, the exercise group showed delayed absorption of water as indicated by significant differences for the modelling parameters t2, t1/2, maximum absorption rate and solution absorption amount at t1. Labelling with a deuterium tracer is a good measure of the relative rate ingested fluids are absorbed by the body. Mathematical modelling of the data generates rates of maximum absorption and allows calculation of the percentage of the solution that is absorbed at any given time during the testing period.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Fluids/chemistry Deuterium/analysis/*diagnostic use Exercise Exercise Test Female Gastric Emptying Human Intestinal Absorption/*physiology Male Models, Biological Water/*metabolism} } The development of solutions that prevent dehydration or promote adequate re-hydration play a vital role in preventing fatigue during exercise, however, the methods commonly used to assess the hydration ability of such solutions are invasive and often assess the components of absorption separately. This paper describes using a non-invasive deuterium tracer technique that assesses gastric emptying and intestinal absorption simultaneously to evaluate the uptake of water during rest and exercise. The kinetics of absorption are further examined by mathematical modelling of the data generated. For the rest group, 0.05 g/kg of body weight of deuterium, contained in gelatine capsules, was ingested with ordinary tap water and saliva samples were collected every 5 min for one hour while the subject remained seated. The deuterium was administered as above for the exercise group but sample collection was during one hour of exercise on a treadmill at 55% of the subject's maximum heart rate. The enrichment data for each subject were mathematically modelled and the parameters obtained were compared across groups using an independent samples t-test. Compared with the rest condition, the exercise group showed delayed absorption of water as indicated by significant differences for the modelling parameters t2, t1/2, maximum absorption rate and solution absorption amount at t1. Labelling with a deuterium tracer is a good measure of the relative rate ingested fluids are absorbed by the body. Mathematical modelling of the data generates rates of maximum absorption and allows calculation of the percentage of the solution that is absorbed at any given time during the testing period. |
Yan,; Zhou,; Greenberg,; Wang,; Nigdikar,; Prynne,; Prentice, Vitamin K status of older individuals in northern China is superior to that of older individuals in the UK (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 6, Page(s): 939-945, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Cereals China Comparative Study *Diet Dietary Fats/administration & dosage England Female Humans Male Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood Research Support) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin K status of older individuals in northern China is superior to that of older individuals in the UK}, author = {Yan, L. and Zhou, B. and Greenberg, D. C. and Wang, L. and Nigdikar, S. and Prynne, C. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {939-945}, abstract = {To explore whether differences in vitamin K nutrition might, at least in part, underlie differences in fracture incidence between Asian and European populations, the vitamin K status of older individuals in Shenyang, China (eighty-six men, ninety-two women) and in Cambridge, UK (sixty-seven men, sixty-seven women) was compared. Dietary information was collected by food questionnaire in Shenyang and food diary in Cambridge and used to estimate the intake and sources of phylloquinone. Fasting blood was analysed for phylloquinone, triacylglycerol, total osteocalcin (tOC) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (expressed as percentage of tOC; %ucOC). The mean intakes of green leafy vegetables were 127 (SD 90) g/d in Shenyang and 39 (SD 48) g/d in Cambridge. The estimated phylloquinone intakes (geometric means) were 247 (95% CI 226, 270) microg/d in Shenyang and 103 (95% CI 94, 112) microg/d in Cambridge. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations (geometric means) were significantly higher in the Shenyang subjects (2.17 (95% CI 1.95, 2.42) nmol/l) than in the Cambridge subjects (0.69 (95% CI 0.63, 0.76) nmol/l; P<0.001). Plasma phylloquinone concentration was positively related to phylloquinone intake in both the Shenyang (coefficient 0.17 (SE 0.08); P=0.03) and Cambridge subjects (coefficient 0.29 (SE 0.10); P=0.005). tOC concentration and %ucOC (after adjusting for tOC) were significantly lower in the Shenyang than in the Cambridge subjects (tOC 25.2 (SE 4.2)% and %ucOC 68.5 (SE 10.0)% lower respectively; P<0.001). After adjusting for tOC and triacylglycerol, %ucOC was negatively related to plasma phylloquinone concentration in both the Shenyang (coefficient -0.41 (se 0.11); P=0.0003) and Cambridge subjects (coefficient -0.17 (SE 0.07); P=0.02). The present study demonstrates that older individuals in northern China have a better vitamin K status compared with their British counterparts in Cambridge, UK.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Cereals China Comparative Study *Diet Dietary Fats/administration & dosage England Female Humans Male Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood Research Support} } To explore whether differences in vitamin K nutrition might, at least in part, underlie differences in fracture incidence between Asian and European populations, the vitamin K status of older individuals in Shenyang, China (eighty-six men, ninety-two women) and in Cambridge, UK (sixty-seven men, sixty-seven women) was compared. Dietary information was collected by food questionnaire in Shenyang and food diary in Cambridge and used to estimate the intake and sources of phylloquinone. Fasting blood was analysed for phylloquinone, triacylglycerol, total osteocalcin (tOC) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (expressed as percentage of tOC; %ucOC). The mean intakes of green leafy vegetables were 127 (SD 90) g/d in Shenyang and 39 (SD 48) g/d in Cambridge. The estimated phylloquinone intakes (geometric means) were 247 (95% CI 226, 270) microg/d in Shenyang and 103 (95% CI 94, 112) microg/d in Cambridge. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations (geometric means) were significantly higher in the Shenyang subjects (2.17 (95% CI 1.95, 2.42) nmol/l) than in the Cambridge subjects (0.69 (95% CI 0.63, 0.76) nmol/l; P<0.001). Plasma phylloquinone concentration was positively related to phylloquinone intake in both the Shenyang (coefficient 0.17 (SE 0.08); P=0.03) and Cambridge subjects (coefficient 0.29 (SE 0.10); P=0.005). tOC concentration and %ucOC (after adjusting for tOC) were significantly lower in the Shenyang than in the Cambridge subjects (tOC 25.2 (SE 4.2)% and %ucOC 68.5 (SE 10.0)% lower respectively; P<0.001). After adjusting for tOC and triacylglycerol, %ucOC was negatively related to plasma phylloquinone concentration in both the Shenyang (coefficient -0.41 (se 0.11); P=0.0003) and Cambridge subjects (coefficient -0.17 (SE 0.07); P=0.02). The present study demonstrates that older individuals in northern China have a better vitamin K status compared with their British counterparts in Cambridge, UK. |
Thane,; Bates,; Prentice, Zinc and vitamin A intake and status in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 58, 2, Page(s): 363-375, 2004. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adolescent Nutrition/physiology Age Factors Animals Child Child Nutrition/*physiology Child, Preschool Comparative Study Diet Records *Diet Surveys Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Life Style Male Nutrition Policy Risk Factors Sex Factors Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Zinc and vitamin A intake and status in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2004}, date = {2004-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {363-375}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: To examine zinc and vitamin A intake and status and associated dietary, socio-demographic, lifestyle and physiological factors in British young people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 y. SETTING: Great Britain, 1997. SUBJECTS: Complete 7-day weighed dietary records were provided by 1520 participants, while 1193 provided blood samples. RESULTS: A total of 13 and 11% of participants respectively reported low dietary intakes of zinc and vitamin A (retinol equivalents), relative to the UK lower reference nutrient intake. These percentages were not altered significantly by including contributions to intake from supplements, mainly containing vitamin A (as retinol). Likelihood of low zinc and/or vitamin A intake was more often associated with age, sex and likely under-reporting of food consumption than with other socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Low zinc and vitamin A intakes were generally less likely in those with higher consumption of dairy foods (mainly milk). Zinc and vitamin A status (assessed by plasma zinc and retinol concentrations) were adequate in almost all participants. Plasma zinc concentration was not significantly associated with zinc intake. Plasma retinol concentration was correlated with vitamin A intake (overall r=0.17, P<0.001; adjusted for age and plasma alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin concentration) and increased significantly with age (P<0.001) in both sexes. A significant association was found between plasma zinc and retinol concentrations in boys only (r=0.17}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adolescent Nutrition/physiology Age Factors Animals Child Child Nutrition/*physiology Child, Preschool Comparative Study Diet Records *Diet Surveys Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Life Style Male Nutrition Policy Risk Factors Sex Factors Socioeconomic Factors Support} } {OBJECTIVE: To examine zinc and vitamin A intake and status and associated dietary, socio-demographic, lifestyle and physiological factors in British young people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 y. SETTING: Great Britain, 1997. SUBJECTS: Complete 7-day weighed dietary records were provided by 1520 participants, while 1193 provided blood samples. RESULTS: A total of 13 and 11% of participants respectively reported low dietary intakes of zinc and vitamin A (retinol equivalents), relative to the UK lower reference nutrient intake. These percentages were not altered significantly by including contributions to intake from supplements, mainly containing vitamin A (as retinol). Likelihood of low zinc and/or vitamin A intake was more often associated with age, sex and likely under-reporting of food consumption than with other socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Low zinc and vitamin A intakes were generally less likely in those with higher consumption of dairy foods (mainly milk). Zinc and vitamin A status (assessed by plasma zinc and retinol concentrations) were adequate in almost all participants. Plasma zinc concentration was not significantly associated with zinc intake. Plasma retinol concentration was correlated with vitamin A intake (overall r=0.17, P<0.001; adjusted for age and plasma alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin concentration) and increased significantly with age (P<0.001) in both sexes. A significant association was found between plasma zinc and retinol concentrations in boys only (r=0.17 |
2003 |
Livingstone,; Robson,; Black,; Coward,; Wallace,; McKinley,; Strain,; McKenna, An evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of energy expenditure measured by heart rate and the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: basal metabolic rate for identifying mis-reporting of energy intake by adults and children: a retrospective analysis (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, 3, Page(s): 455-463, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Basal Metabolism Body Water/metabolism Child Diet Records *Diet Surveys Energy Intake/*physiology *Energy Metabolism Female Heart Rate/*physiology Human Male Mental Recall Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies *Self Disclosure Sensitivity and Specificity) @article{Paper, name = {An evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of energy expenditure measured by heart rate and the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: basal metabolic rate for identifying mis-reporting of energy intake by adults and children: a retrospective analysis}, author = {Livingstone, M. B. E. and Robson, P. J. and Black, A. E. and Coward, W. A. and Wallace, J. M. and McKinley, M. C. and Strain, J. J. and McKenna, P. G.}, note = {0954-3007 Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {455-463}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify adults and children as under- (UR), acceptable (AR), or over-reporters (OR) of energy intake (EI) using energy expenditure measured by doubly labelled water (DLW) (EE(DLW)), and to use this as a reference to determine the sensitivity and specificity of (i) EE measured by heart rate (EE(HR)), and (ii) the Goldberg cut-off technique for classifying subjects into the same categories. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a dataset comprising concurrent measurements of EE(DLW), EE(HR), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and EI by weighed record (EI(WR)) on 14 adults and 36 children. EI by diet history (EI(DH)) was also measured in the children only. EI(WR):EE(DLW) provided the reference definition of subjects as UR, AR or OR. Three strategies for classifying mis-reporters based on EE(HR) and Goldberg cut-offs were then explored. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated respectively as the proportion of UR and non-UR correctly identified. RESULTS: Approximately 80% of all subjects were AR. For EI(WR) and EI(DH) respectively, the sensitivity of EE(HR) was 0.50 and 1.00, and specificity was 0.98 and 1.00. Although designating subjects as having low, medium or high activity levels (EE(HR):BMR(meas)) and calculating cut-offs based on appropriate WHO physical activity level PALs did not change sensitivity, specificity dropped to 0.98 (EI(WR)) and 0.97 (EI(DH)). Cut-offs based on a PAL of 1.55 reduced sensitivity to 0.33 (EI(WR)) and 0.00 (EI(DH)), but specificity remained unchanged. The sensitivity of all cut-offs based on physical activity level (PALs) for EI(WR) was 0.50 (adults) and 0.25 (children). CONCLUSIONS: If the precision of EE(HR) was improved, it may be useful for identifying mis-reporters of EI.}, note = {0954-3007 Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Basal Metabolism Body Water/metabolism Child Diet Records *Diet Surveys Energy Intake/*physiology *Energy Metabolism Female Heart Rate/*physiology Human Male Mental Recall Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies *Self Disclosure Sensitivity and Specificity} } OBJECTIVE: To identify adults and children as under- (UR), acceptable (AR), or over-reporters (OR) of energy intake (EI) using energy expenditure measured by doubly labelled water (DLW) (EE(DLW)), and to use this as a reference to determine the sensitivity and specificity of (i) EE measured by heart rate (EE(HR)), and (ii) the Goldberg cut-off technique for classifying subjects into the same categories. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a dataset comprising concurrent measurements of EE(DLW), EE(HR), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and EI by weighed record (EI(WR)) on 14 adults and 36 children. EI by diet history (EI(DH)) was also measured in the children only. EI(WR):EE(DLW) provided the reference definition of subjects as UR, AR or OR. Three strategies for classifying mis-reporters based on EE(HR) and Goldberg cut-offs were then explored. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated respectively as the proportion of UR and non-UR correctly identified. RESULTS: Approximately 80% of all subjects were AR. For EI(WR) and EI(DH) respectively, the sensitivity of EE(HR) was 0.50 and 1.00, and specificity was 0.98 and 1.00. Although designating subjects as having low, medium or high activity levels (EE(HR):BMR(meas)) and calculating cut-offs based on appropriate WHO physical activity level PALs did not change sensitivity, specificity dropped to 0.98 (EI(WR)) and 0.97 (EI(DH)). Cut-offs based on a PAL of 1.55 reduced sensitivity to 0.33 (EI(WR)) and 0.00 (EI(DH)), but specificity remained unchanged. The sensitivity of all cut-offs based on physical activity level (PALs) for EI(WR) was 0.50 (adults) and 0.25 (children). CONCLUSIONS: If the precision of EE(HR) was improved, it may be useful for identifying mis-reporters of EI. |
Tsuchiya,; Bates, Comparison of vitamin C deficiency with food restriction on collagen cross-link ratios in bone, urine and skin of weanling guinea-pigs (Article) Br J Nutr, 89, 3, Page(s): 303-310, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Author Keywords: vitamin C, collagen, cross-links, guinea-pig KeyWords Plus: EHLERS-DANLOS-SYNDROME, SYNDROME TYPE-VI, LYSYL HYDROXYLASE, ASCORBIC-ACID, BIOSYNTHESIS, PYRIDINOLINE, SCURVY, AGE) @article{Paper, name = {Comparison of vitamin C deficiency with food restriction on collagen cross-link ratios in bone, urine and skin of weanling guinea-pigs}, author = {Tsuchiya, H. and Bates, C. J.}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {303-310}, abstract = {Abstract: Mild-to-moderate vitamin C depletion in weanling guinea-pigs affects pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline (collagen cross-link) ratios in femur shaft and urine, attributed to impairment of hydroxylation of collagen lysine. We investigated: (1) whether the picture at two time points is compatible with progressive accumulation of abnormal collagen; (2) whether any changes are seen in skin, where little deoxypyridinoline occurs; (3) whether total food restriction has similar effects. Male weanling Dunkin-Hartley guinea-pigs were fed diets containing either 0.5 (vitamin C-restricted) or 160.0-320.0 (vitamin C-adequate) mg vitamin C/d. Two groups receiving the vitamin C-adequate diet received it ad libitum. Two other groups received the vitamin C-adequate diet in a restricted amount, limited to that which permitted nearly the same growth rate as in the vitamin C-restricted groups. Animals were fed for 4 or 8 weeks; urine was collected, and vitamin C and collagen indices were measured. In the femur shaft, the hydroxyproline content per unit weight was unaffected by vitamin C restriction or by total food restriction. Deoxypyridinoline was increased and the pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline ratio was decreased in vitamin C-restricted groups, but not in food-restricted groups. Changes in the value of the ratio were greater after 8 than after 4 weeks. Urine indices mirrored bone indices. In skin, the main effect of vitamin C restriction was to reduce hydroxyproline. Here, the cross-link ratios changed less markedly than in bone, and there was less deoxypyridinoline. We conclude that the picture at two time points is compatible with a progressive accumulation of pyridinoline-enriched collagen in vitamin C-deprived animals, that the picture in skin differs from that of bone and urine, and that cross-link changes are not produced by total food restriction.}, keywords = {Author Keywords: vitamin C, collagen, cross-links, guinea-pig KeyWords Plus: EHLERS-DANLOS-SYNDROME, SYNDROME TYPE-VI, LYSYL HYDROXYLASE, ASCORBIC-ACID, BIOSYNTHESIS, PYRIDINOLINE, SCURVY, AGE} } Abstract: Mild-to-moderate vitamin C depletion in weanling guinea-pigs affects pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline (collagen cross-link) ratios in femur shaft and urine, attributed to impairment of hydroxylation of collagen lysine. We investigated: (1) whether the picture at two time points is compatible with progressive accumulation of abnormal collagen; (2) whether any changes are seen in skin, where little deoxypyridinoline occurs; (3) whether total food restriction has similar effects. Male weanling Dunkin-Hartley guinea-pigs were fed diets containing either 0.5 (vitamin C-restricted) or 160.0-320.0 (vitamin C-adequate) mg vitamin C/d. Two groups receiving the vitamin C-adequate diet received it ad libitum. Two other groups received the vitamin C-adequate diet in a restricted amount, limited to that which permitted nearly the same growth rate as in the vitamin C-restricted groups. Animals were fed for 4 or 8 weeks; urine was collected, and vitamin C and collagen indices were measured. In the femur shaft, the hydroxyproline content per unit weight was unaffected by vitamin C restriction or by total food restriction. Deoxypyridinoline was increased and the pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline ratio was decreased in vitamin C-restricted groups, but not in food-restricted groups. Changes in the value of the ratio were greater after 8 than after 4 weeks. Urine indices mirrored bone indices. In skin, the main effect of vitamin C restriction was to reduce hydroxyproline. Here, the cross-link ratios changed less markedly than in bone, and there was less deoxypyridinoline. We conclude that the picture at two time points is compatible with a progressive accumulation of pyridinoline-enriched collagen in vitamin C-deprived animals, that the picture in skin differs from that of bone and urine, and that cross-link changes are not produced by total food restriction. |
Stear,; Prentice,; Jones,; Cole, Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18-y-old adolescent girls (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 4, Page(s): 985-992, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: X-Ray Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method *Exercise Female Femur Femur Neck Human Lumbar Vertebrae Patient Compliance Placebos Radius Support, Adolescent *Bone Density Calcium Carbonate/administration & dosage Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Densitometry) @article{Paper, name = {Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18-y-old adolescent girls}, author = {Stear, S. J. and Prentice, A. and Jones, S. C. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {985-992}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis may be prevented or delayed by maximizing peak bone mass through diet modification and physical activity during adolescence. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether increases in calcium intake and physical activity effectively increase the bone mineral status of adolescent girls aged 16-18 y. DESIGN: We conducted a 15.5-mo study of calcium supplementation (1000 mg Ca/d as carbonate) in 144 adolescent girls aged 17.3 +/- 0.3 y ( +/- SD). The subjects were randomly allocated to an exercise (three 45-min exercise-to-music classes/wk during term time) or nonexercise group. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, spine, forearm, and hip was performed before and after intervention. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) percentage of subjects compliant with supplement taking was 70 +/- 27% and with exercise class attendance was 36 +/- 25%. Baseline calcium intake was 938 +/- 411 mg/d. Calcium supplementation significantly increased size-adjusted bone mineral content. The effect was stronger in subjects with good compliance (percentage difference +/- SE): whole body, 0.8 +/- 0.3% (P < or = 0.01); lumbar spine, 1.9 +/- 0.5% (P < or = 0.001); ultradistal radius, 1.3 +/- 0.6% (P < or = 0.05); total hip, 2.7 +/- 0.6% (P < or = 0.001); femoral neck, 2.2 +/- 0.7% (P < or = 0.001); trochanter, 4.8 +/- 0.9% (P < or = 0.001). Attendance at > 50% of the exercise sessions was significant at the total hip (1.4 +/- 0.7%; P < or = 0.05) and trochanter (2.6 +/- 1.2%; P < or = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation and exercise enhanced bone mineral status in adolescent girls. Whether this is a lasting benefit, leading to the optimization of peak bone mass and a reduction in fracture risk, needs to be determined.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {X-Ray Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method *Exercise Female Femur Femur Neck Human Lumbar Vertebrae Patient Compliance Placebos Radius Support, Adolescent *Bone Density Calcium Carbonate/administration & dosage Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Densitometry} } BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis may be prevented or delayed by maximizing peak bone mass through diet modification and physical activity during adolescence. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether increases in calcium intake and physical activity effectively increase the bone mineral status of adolescent girls aged 16-18 y. DESIGN: We conducted a 15.5-mo study of calcium supplementation (1000 mg Ca/d as carbonate) in 144 adolescent girls aged 17.3 +/- 0.3 y ( +/- SD). The subjects were randomly allocated to an exercise (three 45-min exercise-to-music classes/wk during term time) or nonexercise group. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, spine, forearm, and hip was performed before and after intervention. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) percentage of subjects compliant with supplement taking was 70 +/- 27% and with exercise class attendance was 36 +/- 25%. Baseline calcium intake was 938 +/- 411 mg/d. Calcium supplementation significantly increased size-adjusted bone mineral content. The effect was stronger in subjects with good compliance (percentage difference +/- SE): whole body, 0.8 +/- 0.3% (P < or = 0.01); lumbar spine, 1.9 +/- 0.5% (P < or = 0.001); ultradistal radius, 1.3 +/- 0.6% (P < or = 0.05); total hip, 2.7 +/- 0.6% (P < or = 0.001); femoral neck, 2.2 +/- 0.7% (P < or = 0.001); trochanter, 4.8 +/- 0.9% (P < or = 0.001). Attendance at > 50% of the exercise sessions was significant at the total hip (1.4 +/- 0.7%; P < or = 0.05) and trochanter (2.6 +/- 1.2%; P < or = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation and exercise enhanced bone mineral status in adolescent girls. Whether this is a lasting benefit, leading to the optimization of peak bone mass and a reduction in fracture risk, needs to be determined. |
Wells,; Fuller,; Wright,; Fewtrell,; Cole, Evaluation of air-displacement plethysmography in children aged 5-7 years using a three-component model of body composition (Article) Br J Nutr, 90, 3, Page(s): 699-707, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Models, Biological Plethysmography/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity Skinfold Thickness) @article{Paper, name = {Evaluation of air-displacement plethysmography in children aged 5-7 years using a three-component model of body composition}, author = {Wells, J. C. K. and Fuller, N. J. and Wright, A. and Fewtrell, M. S. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0007-1145 Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {699-707}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to evaluate air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) in children aged 5-7 years. Body-composition measurements were obtained by ADP, (2)H dilution and anthropometry in twenty-eight children. Calculation of body volume by ADP was undertaken using adult and children's equations for predicting lung volume and surface area. Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated using a three-component model. Measured FFM hydration was then compared with values from the reference child. Differences between measured and reference hydration were back-extrapolated, to calculate the error in ADP that would account for any disagreement. Propagation of error was used to distinguish the contributions of methodological precision and biological variability to total hydration variability. The use of children's equations influenced the results for lung volume but not surface area. The mean difference between measured and reference hydration was 0.6 (sd 1.7) % (P<0.10), equivalent to an error in body volume of 0.04 (sd 0.20) litres (P<0.30), and in percentage fat of 0.4 (sd 1.9) (P<0.28). The limits of agreement in individuals could be attributed to methodological precision and biological variability in hydration. It is concluded that accuracy of ADP was high for the whole group, with a mean bias of <0.5 % fat using the three-component model, and after taking into account biological variability in hydration, the limits of agreement were around +/-2 % fat in individuals. Paediatric rather than adult equations for lung volume estimation should be used.}, note = {0007-1145 Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, keywords = {*Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Models, Biological Plethysmography/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity Skinfold Thickness} } The aim of the present study was to evaluate air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) in children aged 5-7 years. Body-composition measurements were obtained by ADP, (2)H dilution and anthropometry in twenty-eight children. Calculation of body volume by ADP was undertaken using adult and children's equations for predicting lung volume and surface area. Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated using a three-component model. Measured FFM hydration was then compared with values from the reference child. Differences between measured and reference hydration were back-extrapolated, to calculate the error in ADP that would account for any disagreement. Propagation of error was used to distinguish the contributions of methodological precision and biological variability to total hydration variability. The use of children's equations influenced the results for lung volume but not surface area. The mean difference between measured and reference hydration was 0.6 (sd 1.7) % (P<0.10), equivalent to an error in body volume of 0.04 (sd 0.20) litres (P<0.30), and in percentage fat of 0.4 (sd 1.9) (P<0.28). The limits of agreement in individuals could be attributed to methodological precision and biological variability in hydration. It is concluded that accuracy of ADP was high for the whole group, with a mean bias of <0.5 % fat using the three-component model, and after taking into account biological variability in hydration, the limits of agreement were around +/-2 % fat in individuals. Paediatric rather than adult equations for lung volume estimation should be used. |
Savage,; Tan,; Acerini,; Jebb,; Agostini,; Gurnell,; Williams,; Umpleby,; Thomas,; Bell,; Dixon,; Dunne,; Boiani,; Cinti,; Vidal-Puig,; Karpe,; Chatterjee,; O'Rahilly, Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Article) Diabetes, 52, 4, Page(s): 910-917, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Abdomen Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Body Composition Carrier Proteins/genetics Fatty Acids/metabolism Fatty Acids, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists/*genetics Support) @article{, name = {Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma}, author = {Savage, D. B. and Tan, G. D. and Acerini, C. L. and Jebb, S. A. and Agostini, M. and Gurnell, M. and Williams, R. L. and Umpleby, A. M. and Thomas, E. L. and Bell, J. D. and Dixon, A. K. and Dunne, F. and Boiani, R. and Cinti, S. and Vidal-Puig, A. and Karpe, F. and Chatterjee, V. K. and O'Rahilly, S.}, note = {0012-1797 Case Reports Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Diabetes}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {910-917}, abstract = {We previously reported a syndrome of severe hyperinsulinemia and early-onset hypertension in three patients with dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. We now report the results of further detailed pathophysiological evaluation of these subjects, the identification of affected prepubertal children within one of the original families, and the effects of thiazolidinedione therapy in two subjects. These studies 1) definitively demonstrate the presence of severe peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in the affected subjects; 2) describe a stereotyped pattern of partial lipodystrophy associated with all the features of the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; 3) document abnormalities in the in vivo function of remaining adipose tissue, including the inability of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to trap and store free fatty acids postprandially and the presence of very low circulating levels of adiponectin; 4) document the presence of severe hyperinsulinemia in prepubertal carriers of the proline-467-leucine (P467L) PPAR-gamma mutation; 5) provide the first direct evidence of cellular resistance to PPAR-gamma agonists in mononuclear cells derived from the patients; and 6) report on the metabolic response to thiazolidinedione therapy in two affected subjects. Although the condition is rare, the study of humans with dominant-negative mutations in PPAR-gamma can provide important insight into the roles of this nuclear receptor in human metabolism.}, note = {0012-1797 Case Reports Journal Article}, keywords = {Abdomen Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Body Composition Carrier Proteins/genetics Fatty Acids/metabolism Fatty Acids, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists/*genetics Support} } We previously reported a syndrome of severe hyperinsulinemia and early-onset hypertension in three patients with dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. We now report the results of further detailed pathophysiological evaluation of these subjects, the identification of affected prepubertal children within one of the original families, and the effects of thiazolidinedione therapy in two subjects. These studies 1) definitively demonstrate the presence of severe peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in the affected subjects; 2) describe a stereotyped pattern of partial lipodystrophy associated with all the features of the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; 3) document abnormalities in the in vivo function of remaining adipose tissue, including the inability of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to trap and store free fatty acids postprandially and the presence of very low circulating levels of adiponectin; 4) document the presence of severe hyperinsulinemia in prepubertal carriers of the proline-467-leucine (P467L) PPAR-gamma mutation; 5) provide the first direct evidence of cellular resistance to PPAR-gamma agonists in mononuclear cells derived from the patients; and 6) report on the metabolic response to thiazolidinedione therapy in two affected subjects. Although the condition is rare, the study of humans with dominant-negative mutations in PPAR-gamma can provide important insight into the roles of this nuclear receptor in human metabolism. |
Jebb,; Lang,; Penrose, Improving communication to tackle obesity in the UK (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 62, 3, Page(s): 577-581, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Author Keywords: obesity, communication, public health KeyWords Plus: RISK-FACTORS, WEIGHT-GAIN) @article{Paper, name = {Improving communication to tackle obesity in the UK}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Lang, R. and Penrose, A.}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {577-581}, abstract = {Abstract: Obesity is a serious health issue. In the UK the prevalence of obesity has trebled in the last 20 years and today one in five adults is clinically obese. Research shows that obesity is a predictable response to an environment that favours the consumption of energy-dense foods and allows minimal physical activity. This finding implies that the efficacy of public health messages to individuals to inform their lifestyle choices will be enhanced by environmental changes that support and facilitate healthy options. The present paper focuses on the importance of communicating scientific knowledge to the stakeholders with a responsibility for tackling obesity and addresses some of the barriers that are encountered.}, keywords = {Author Keywords: obesity, communication, public health KeyWords Plus: RISK-FACTORS, WEIGHT-GAIN} } Abstract: Obesity is a serious health issue. In the UK the prevalence of obesity has trebled in the last 20 years and today one in five adults is clinically obese. Research shows that obesity is a predictable response to an environment that favours the consumption of energy-dense foods and allows minimal physical activity. This finding implies that the efficacy of public health messages to individuals to inform their lifestyle choices will be enhanced by environmental changes that support and facilitate healthy options. The present paper focuses on the importance of communicating scientific knowledge to the stakeholders with a responsibility for tackling obesity and addresses some of the barriers that are encountered. |
Murgatroyd,; Fruhbeck,; Goldberg,; Jebb,; Leahy,; Moore,; Prentice, Leptin does not respond to 48 h fat deposition or mobilization in women (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 4, Page(s): 457-462, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adult Calorimetry/methods Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism Dietary Proteins/metabolism Energy Intake Fasting/blood Female Human Leptin/*blood Lipid Mobilization/*physiology Middle Age Obesity/metabolism Time Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Leptin does not respond to 48 h fat deposition or mobilization in women}, author = {Murgatroyd, P. R. and Fruhbeck, G. and Goldberg, G. R. and Jebb, S. A. and Leahy, F. E. and Moore, M. S. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {457-462}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that acute responses of plasma leptin concentration to energy balance manipulation are mediated by fat flux. DESIGN: Ten healthy women aged 31-63 y, mass 48-113.5 kg, fat mass 8.5-62.5 kg, were studied for 3 days in a whole-body calorimeter on two occasions. After a control day (D1) during which energy balance was maintained, diet was manipulated to induce fat deposition (FD) or mobilization (FM) of 50 g/day for 2 days (D2 & D3). A difference totalling of 194+/-18.6 g fat was achieved between manipulations without significant effects on carbohydrate or protein balance. Fasting plasma leptin was measured on D2 and D4. RESULTS: After the control day plasma leptin concentration averaged 19.01+/-9.8 ng/ml, and was found to be linearly related to body fat mass. After 2 days manipulation of fat balance, leptin concentrations were 21.4+/-10.3 ng/ml (FD) and 21.2+/-11.3 ng/ml (FM). There was no significant difference between treatments in either control day or postmanipulation leptin concentrations, nor did the treatments induce any differences in glucose or insulin concentration responses. CONCLUSION: Although in states of energy balance leptin concentration is linearly related to fat mass, acute modulation of leptin concentration during energy imbalance is not mediated by fat flux.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adult Calorimetry/methods Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism Dietary Proteins/metabolism Energy Intake Fasting/blood Female Human Leptin/*blood Lipid Mobilization/*physiology Middle Age Obesity/metabolism Time Factors} } OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that acute responses of plasma leptin concentration to energy balance manipulation are mediated by fat flux. DESIGN: Ten healthy women aged 31-63 y, mass 48-113.5 kg, fat mass 8.5-62.5 kg, were studied for 3 days in a whole-body calorimeter on two occasions. After a control day (D1) during which energy balance was maintained, diet was manipulated to induce fat deposition (FD) or mobilization (FM) of 50 g/day for 2 days (D2 & D3). A difference totalling of 194+/-18.6 g fat was achieved between manipulations without significant effects on carbohydrate or protein balance. Fasting plasma leptin was measured on D2 and D4. RESULTS: After the control day plasma leptin concentration averaged 19.01+/-9.8 ng/ml, and was found to be linearly related to body fat mass. After 2 days manipulation of fat balance, leptin concentrations were 21.4+/-10.3 ng/ml (FD) and 21.2+/-11.3 ng/ml (FM). There was no significant difference between treatments in either control day or postmanipulation leptin concentrations, nor did the treatments induce any differences in glucose or insulin concentration responses. CONCLUSION: Although in states of energy balance leptin concentration is linearly related to fat mass, acute modulation of leptin concentration during energy imbalance is not mediated by fat flux. |
Gibney,; Murgatroyd,; Wright,; Jebb,; Elia, Measurement of total energy expenditure in grossly obese women: comparison of the bicarbonate-urea method with whole-body calorimetry and free-living doubly labelled water (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 6, Page(s): 641-647, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Basal Metabolism/physiology Bicarbonates/*metabolism Body Mass Index Body Water/*metabolism Calorimetry, Indirect/*methods Deuterium/diagnostic use *Energy Metabolism Female Human Obesity/*metabolism Urea/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Measurement of total energy expenditure in grossly obese women: comparison of the bicarbonate-urea method with whole-body calorimetry and free-living doubly labelled water}, author = {Gibney, E. R. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Wright, A. and Jebb, S. A. and Elia, M.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {641-647}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To establish validity of the bicarbonate-urea (BU) method against direct measurements of gaseous exchange (GE) in a whole-body indirect calorimeter and to compare BU and doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements in free-living conditions in the same group of grossly obese women. DESIGN: Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated by the BU method over 24 h concurrently with whole-body indirect calorimetry and subsequently over 5 consecutive days at home concurrently with 14 day DLW. Six women, body mass index (BMI) 52.4+/-10.4 kg/m(2) (s.d.), were studied. RESULTS: Total energy expenditure (TEE) measurements by BU and GE within the metabolic chamber were not significantly different (BU=11.79+/-1.89 MJ/day and GE=11.64+/-1.86 MJ/day; mean difference, 0.25+/-0.49 MJ/day, P>0.05). Free-living TEE derived from BU and DLW was also similar (13.28+/-1.86 and 13.86+/-2.25 MJ/day, respectively; mean difference 0.17+/-1.33 MJ/day, P<0.05). The measured physical activity level (PAL) in these very obese subjects was within the range reported in other free-living studies in less obese individuals (1.62+/-0.14 using DLW and 1.56+/-0.20 using BU). The BU method was well tolerated by the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study in grossly obese subjects, heavier than those participating in previous studies involving tracer methods, demonstrates validity of the BU against GE under controlled metabolic conditions, and the equivalence between BU and DLW under free-living conditions. The results suggest that both tracer methods are valid in this population group. This study also demonstrates the practicalities of using the BU method over 5 days, the longest application of the method so far.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Basal Metabolism/physiology Bicarbonates/*metabolism Body Mass Index Body Water/*metabolism Calorimetry, Indirect/*methods Deuterium/diagnostic use *Energy Metabolism Female Human Obesity/*metabolism Urea/*metabolism} } OBJECTIVE: To establish validity of the bicarbonate-urea (BU) method against direct measurements of gaseous exchange (GE) in a whole-body indirect calorimeter and to compare BU and doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements in free-living conditions in the same group of grossly obese women. DESIGN: Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated by the BU method over 24 h concurrently with whole-body indirect calorimetry and subsequently over 5 consecutive days at home concurrently with 14 day DLW. Six women, body mass index (BMI) 52.4+/-10.4 kg/m(2) (s.d.), were studied. RESULTS: Total energy expenditure (TEE) measurements by BU and GE within the metabolic chamber were not significantly different (BU=11.79+/-1.89 MJ/day and GE=11.64+/-1.86 MJ/day; mean difference, 0.25+/-0.49 MJ/day, P>0.05). Free-living TEE derived from BU and DLW was also similar (13.28+/-1.86 and 13.86+/-2.25 MJ/day, respectively; mean difference 0.17+/-1.33 MJ/day, P<0.05). The measured physical activity level (PAL) in these very obese subjects was within the range reported in other free-living studies in less obese individuals (1.62+/-0.14 using DLW and 1.56+/-0.20 using BU). The BU method was well tolerated by the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study in grossly obese subjects, heavier than those participating in previous studies involving tracer methods, demonstrates validity of the BU against GE under controlled metabolic conditions, and the equivalence between BU and DLW under free-living conditions. The results suggest that both tracer methods are valid in this population group. This study also demonstrates the practicalities of using the BU method over 5 days, the longest application of the method so far. |
Prentice, Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn (Article) J Nutr, 133, 5 Suppl 2, Page(s): 1693S-1699S, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bone Density/*physiology Embryo and Fetal Development Female Fetus/*physiology Human Infant, Newborn/*physiology *Micronutrients Pregnancy/*physiology) @article{Paper, name = {Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0022-3166 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {133}, number = {5 Suppl 2}, pages = {1693S-1699S}, abstract = {The fluxes of the primary bone-forming minerals, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc, across the placenta and through breast milk place considerable demands on maternal mineral economy. Increases in food consumption, elevated gastrointestinal absorption, decreased mineral excretion and mobilization of tissue stores are several possible biological strategies for meeting these extra mineral requirements. This paper presents a review of the evidence on the extent to which these strategies apply in the human situation, the mechanisms by which they occur, the limitations imposed by maternal diet and vitamin D status and the possible consequences for the growth of the infant and bone health of the mother. On the strength of current evidence it appears that pregnancy and lactation are associated with physiological adaptive changes in mineral metabolism that are independent of maternal mineral supply within the range of normal dietary intakes. These processes provide the minerals necessary for fetal growth and breast milk production without requiring an increase in maternal dietary intake or compromising maternal bone health in the long term. This may not apply to pregnant women whose mineral intakes or sunlight exposure are marginal. As a vehicle for promoting optimal growth and bone mineral content of infants, supplementation of lactating women with minerals or vitamin D is unlikely to prove effective. The situation in pregnancy is less certain. Until more studies have been conducted, a precautionary case can be made for targeted supplementation of pregnant women who have very low intakes of calcium or who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency.}, note = {0022-3166 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, keywords = {Bone Density/*physiology Embryo and Fetal Development Female Fetus/*physiology Human Infant, Newborn/*physiology *Micronutrients Pregnancy/*physiology} } The fluxes of the primary bone-forming minerals, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc, across the placenta and through breast milk place considerable demands on maternal mineral economy. Increases in food consumption, elevated gastrointestinal absorption, decreased mineral excretion and mobilization of tissue stores are several possible biological strategies for meeting these extra mineral requirements. This paper presents a review of the evidence on the extent to which these strategies apply in the human situation, the mechanisms by which they occur, the limitations imposed by maternal diet and vitamin D status and the possible consequences for the growth of the infant and bone health of the mother. On the strength of current evidence it appears that pregnancy and lactation are associated with physiological adaptive changes in mineral metabolism that are independent of maternal mineral supply within the range of normal dietary intakes. These processes provide the minerals necessary for fetal growth and breast milk production without requiring an increase in maternal dietary intake or compromising maternal bone health in the long term. This may not apply to pregnant women whose mineral intakes or sunlight exposure are marginal. As a vehicle for promoting optimal growth and bone mineral content of infants, supplementation of lactating women with minerals or vitamin D is unlikely to prove effective. The situation in pregnancy is less certain. Until more studies have been conducted, a precautionary case can be made for targeted supplementation of pregnant women who have very low intakes of calcium or who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. |
Rennie,; Hughes,; Lang,; Jebb, Nutritional management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the evidence (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 16, 2, Page(s): 97-109, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/therapeutic use Antioxidants/therapeutic use Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diet therapy/drug therapy Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage Folic Acid/administration & dosage Human *Nutrition Nutritional Status Support) @article{Paper, name = {Nutritional management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the evidence}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Hughes, J. and Lang, R. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0952-3871 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {97-109}, abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating disease and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Poor nutrient status in RA patients has been reported and some drug therapies, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prescribed to alleviate RA symptoms, may increase the requirement for some nutrients and reduce their absorption. This paper reviews the scientific evidence for the role of diet and nutrient supplementation in the management of RA, by alleviating symptoms, decreasing progression of the disease or by reducing the reliance on, or combating the side-effects of, NSAIDs. Supplementation with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consistently demonstrates an improvement in symptoms and a reduction in NSAID usage. Evidence relating to other fatty acids, antioxidants, zinc, iron, folate, other B vitamins, calcium, vitamin D and fluoride are also considered. The present evidence suggests that RA patients should consume a balanced diet rich in long-chain n-3 PUFA and antioxidants. More randomized long-term studies are needed to provide evidence for the benefits of specific nutritional supplementation and to determine optimum intake, particularly for n-3 PUFA and antioxidants.}, note = {0952-3871 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/therapeutic use Antioxidants/therapeutic use Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diet therapy/drug therapy Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage Folic Acid/administration & dosage Human *Nutrition Nutritional Status Support} } Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating disease and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Poor nutrient status in RA patients has been reported and some drug therapies, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prescribed to alleviate RA symptoms, may increase the requirement for some nutrients and reduce their absorption. This paper reviews the scientific evidence for the role of diet and nutrient supplementation in the management of RA, by alleviating symptoms, decreasing progression of the disease or by reducing the reliance on, or combating the side-effects of, NSAIDs. Supplementation with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consistently demonstrates an improvement in symptoms and a reduction in NSAID usage. Evidence relating to other fatty acids, antioxidants, zinc, iron, folate, other B vitamins, calcium, vitamin D and fluoride are also considered. The present evidence suggests that RA patients should consume a balanced diet rich in long-chain n-3 PUFA and antioxidants. More randomized long-term studies are needed to provide evidence for the benefits of specific nutritional supplementation and to determine optimum intake, particularly for n-3 PUFA and antioxidants. |
Mishra,; Brown,; Dobson, Physical and mental health: changes during menopause transition (Article) Qual Life Res, 12, 4, Page(s): 405-412, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Female Follow-Up Studies *Health Status *Health Status Indicators Hormone Replacement Therapy Human *Menopause *Mental Health Middle Age Quality of Life Support) @article{Paper, name = {Physical and mental health: changes during menopause transition}, author = {Mishra, G. D. and Brown, W. J. and Dobson, A.}, note = {0962-9343 Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Qual Life Res}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {405-412}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To measure changes in physical and mental health in six groups of women defined by menopausal status or use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). DESIGN: Longitudinal study with 2 years follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand six hundred and twenty three women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, aged 45-50 years in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the eight dimensions of the Short Form General Health Survey (SF-36) adjusted for baseline scores, lifestyle, behavioural and demographic factors. RESULTS: At baseline, mean scores for five of the eight dimensions of the SF-36 were highest (indicating better state of health or well-being) in premenopausal women. There were declines (that is, worsening health) in the SF-36 dimensions in most groups of women. Declines were largest in physical functioning (adjusted mean change of -4.9, standard error (SE) 0.7) and physical role limitation (-5.7, SE: 1.3) in women who remained peri-menopausal throughout the study period and in women taking HRT at the time of either survey (physical functioning: -5.3 (0.7), role physical limitation: -7.5 (1.2)). They were smallest in women who remained pre-menopausal (physical functioning: -3.2 (0.7); role physical limitation: -2.1 (1.1)). CONCLUSIONS: Physical aspects of general health and well-being decline during the menopausal transition. Sensitive measures and careful analysis are needed to understand why these changes are worse for peri-menopausal women and those taking HRT.}, note = {0962-9343 Journal Article}, keywords = {Female Follow-Up Studies *Health Status *Health Status Indicators Hormone Replacement Therapy Human *Menopause *Mental Health Middle Age Quality of Life Support} } OBJECTIVE: To measure changes in physical and mental health in six groups of women defined by menopausal status or use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). DESIGN: Longitudinal study with 2 years follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand six hundred and twenty three women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, aged 45-50 years in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the eight dimensions of the Short Form General Health Survey (SF-36) adjusted for baseline scores, lifestyle, behavioural and demographic factors. RESULTS: At baseline, mean scores for five of the eight dimensions of the SF-36 were highest (indicating better state of health or well-being) in premenopausal women. There were declines (that is, worsening health) in the SF-36 dimensions in most groups of women. Declines were largest in physical functioning (adjusted mean change of -4.9, standard error (SE) 0.7) and physical role limitation (-5.7, SE: 1.3) in women who remained peri-menopausal throughout the study period and in women taking HRT at the time of either survey (physical functioning: -5.3 (0.7), role physical limitation: -7.5 (1.2)). They were smallest in women who remained pre-menopausal (physical functioning: -3.2 (0.7); role physical limitation: -2.1 (1.1)). CONCLUSIONS: Physical aspects of general health and well-being decline during the menopausal transition. Sensitive measures and careful analysis are needed to understand why these changes are worse for peri-menopausal women and those taking HRT. |
Bates,; Schneede,; Mishra,; Prentice,; Mansoor, Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B12 intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, 2, Page(s): 349-357, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Analysis of Variance Cross-Sectional Studies Female Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Male Methylmalonic Acid/*blood *Nutrition Surveys Nutritional Status/physiology Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B12 intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Schneede, J. and Mishra, G. D. and Prentice, A. and Mansoor, M. A.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {349-357}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Assessment of functional vitamin B(12) status in a subset of the respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over. SETTING: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: a British nationwide cross-sectional sample of people aged 65 y and over, living either in the community or in institutions such as nursing homes, during one calendar year spanning 1994-1995. METHODS: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations were measured in plasma samples from 313 subjects (ca 14% of those originally enrolled in the survey). The results were compared with those for serum vitamin B(12), vitamin B(12) intakes and other status and intake estimates and with socio-demographic indices. RESULTS: Of the NDNS participants overall, 20% had serum vitamin B(12) concentrations<150 pmol/l. In the subset studied here, 24% of free-living and 46% of institution-living participants had MMA>0.5 micromol/l. Geometric mean MMA increased with age, from 0.25 micro mol/l in people aged 65-74 y to 0.38 micro mol/l in people aged 85+y. There was little evidence for any gender difference in MMA. It was inversely correlated with serum vitamin B(12) and with red blood cell folate; it was positively correlated directly with total homocysteine, but not significantly with serum folate or with vitamin B(12) intake. Among respondents with high MMA, a subgroup had normal serum vitamin B(12) but higher-than-average plasma urea and creatinine. Socio-demographic co-variates of MMA included receipt of State income benefits, social class of head of household, and educational attainment. These indices were not correlated with serum vitamin B(12). CONCLUSIONS: The progressive increase in MMA with age is metabolic evidence for increasing risk of functional vitamin B(12) deficiency with increasing age in older people. There is evidence that renal function is linked to high MMA in some older people. Age and renal function are thus both important when establishing upper reference limits for MMA. The socio-demographic observations suggest a link between poverty and poor functional vitamin B(12) status in older British people.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Analysis of Variance Cross-Sectional Studies Female Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Male Methylmalonic Acid/*blood *Nutrition Surveys Nutritional Status/physiology Socioeconomic Factors Support} } OBJECTIVE: Assessment of functional vitamin B(12) status in a subset of the respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over. SETTING: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: a British nationwide cross-sectional sample of people aged 65 y and over, living either in the community or in institutions such as nursing homes, during one calendar year spanning 1994-1995. METHODS: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations were measured in plasma samples from 313 subjects (ca 14% of those originally enrolled in the survey). The results were compared with those for serum vitamin B(12), vitamin B(12) intakes and other status and intake estimates and with socio-demographic indices. RESULTS: Of the NDNS participants overall, 20% had serum vitamin B(12) concentrations<150 pmol/l. In the subset studied here, 24% of free-living and 46% of institution-living participants had MMA>0.5 micromol/l. Geometric mean MMA increased with age, from 0.25 micro mol/l in people aged 65-74 y to 0.38 micro mol/l in people aged 85+y. There was little evidence for any gender difference in MMA. It was inversely correlated with serum vitamin B(12) and with red blood cell folate; it was positively correlated directly with total homocysteine, but not significantly with serum folate or with vitamin B(12) intake. Among respondents with high MMA, a subgroup had normal serum vitamin B(12) but higher-than-average plasma urea and creatinine. Socio-demographic co-variates of MMA included receipt of State income benefits, social class of head of household, and educational attainment. These indices were not correlated with serum vitamin B(12). CONCLUSIONS: The progressive increase in MMA with age is metabolic evidence for increasing risk of functional vitamin B(12) deficiency with increasing age in older people. There is evidence that renal function is linked to high MMA in some older people. Age and renal function are thus both important when establishing upper reference limits for MMA. The socio-demographic observations suggest a link between poverty and poor functional vitamin B(12) status in older British people. |
Lin,; Ginty,; Appel,; Aickin,; Bohannon,; Garnero,; Barclay,; Svetkey, The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults (Article) J Nutr, 133, 10, Page(s): 3130-3136, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: bone metabolism; calcium metabolism; DASH diet; sodium; osteoporosis placebo-controlled trial; postmenopausal women; mineral density; blood-pressure; biochemical markers; urinary calcium; protein-intake; elderly men; potassium bicarbonate; healthy- adults) @article{Paper, name = {The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults}, author = {Lin, P. H. and Ginty, F. and Appel, L. J. and Aickin, M. and Bohannon, A. and Garnero, P. and Barclay, D. and Svetkey, L. P.}, note = {Article 728HH J NUTR}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {133}, number = {10}, pages = {3130-3136}, abstract = {Dietary strategies to prevent and treat osteoporosis focus on increased intake of calcium and vitamin D. Modification of whole dietary patterns and sodium reduction may also be effective. We examined the effects of two dietary patterns and three sodium levels on bone and calcium metabolism in a randomized feeding study. A total of 186 adults, aged 23-76 y, participated. After a 2-wk run-in period, participants were assigned randomly to diets containing three levels of sodium (50, 100 and 150 mmol/d) to be consumed for 30 d in random order. Serum osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), fasting serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), urinary sodium, potassium, calcium and cAMP were measured at baseline and at the end of each sodium period. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet reduced serum OC by 8-11% and CTX by 16-18% (both P < 0.001). Urinary calcium excretion did not differ between subjects that consumed the DASH and control diets. Reducing sodium from the high to the low level significantly decreased serum OC 0.6 mug/L in subjects that consumed the DASH diet, fasting serum PTH 2.66 ng/L in control subjects and urinary calcium 0.5 mmol/24 h in both groups. There were no consistent effects of the diets or sodium levels on urinary cAMP. In conclusion, the DASH diet significantly reduced bone turnover, which if sustained may improve bone mineral status. A reduced sodium intake reduced calcium excretion in both diet groups and serum OC in the DASH group. The DASH diet and reduced sodium intake may have complementary, beneficial effects on bone health.}, note = {Article 728HH J NUTR}, keywords = {bone metabolism; calcium metabolism; DASH diet; sodium; osteoporosis placebo-controlled trial; postmenopausal women; mineral density; blood-pressure; biochemical markers; urinary calcium; protein-intake; elderly men; potassium bicarbonate; healthy- adults} } Dietary strategies to prevent and treat osteoporosis focus on increased intake of calcium and vitamin D. Modification of whole dietary patterns and sodium reduction may also be effective. We examined the effects of two dietary patterns and three sodium levels on bone and calcium metabolism in a randomized feeding study. A total of 186 adults, aged 23-76 y, participated. After a 2-wk run-in period, participants were assigned randomly to diets containing three levels of sodium (50, 100 and 150 mmol/d) to be consumed for 30 d in random order. Serum osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), fasting serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), urinary sodium, potassium, calcium and cAMP were measured at baseline and at the end of each sodium period. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet reduced serum OC by 8-11% and CTX by 16-18% (both P < 0.001). Urinary calcium excretion did not differ between subjects that consumed the DASH and control diets. Reducing sodium from the high to the low level significantly decreased serum OC 0.6 mug/L in subjects that consumed the DASH diet, fasting serum PTH 2.66 ng/L in control subjects and urinary calcium 0.5 mmol/24 h in both groups. There were no consistent effects of the diets or sodium levels on urinary cAMP. In conclusion, the DASH diet significantly reduced bone turnover, which if sustained may improve bone mineral status. A reduced sodium intake reduced calcium excretion in both diet groups and serum OC in the DASH group. The DASH diet and reduced sodium intake may have complementary, beneficial effects on bone health. |
Byles,; Mishra,; Harris,; Nair, The problems of sleep for older women: changes in health outcomes (Article) Age Ageing, 32, 2, Page(s): 154-163, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Austria/epidemiology Female Health Status Human Longitudinal Studies Middle Age *Quality of Life Questionnaires Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology) @article{Paper, name = {The problems of sleep for older women: changes in health outcomes}, author = {Byles, J. E. and Mishra, G. D. and Harris, M. A. and Nair, K.}, note = {0002-0729 Journal Article}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Age Ageing}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {154-163}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: to identify the continuance of sleeping difficulty and medication use in a cohort of older Australian women from baseline to 3-year follow-up and to explore the relationship between these factors and health-related quality of life scores, falls and other health care use. METHOD: a 3-year longitudinal survey of 10,430 Australian women aged 70-75 years at baseline. These women were participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health randomly selected from the Australian Medicare database. RESULTS: a majority of women (63%) endorsed one or more items related to sleeping difficulty at 3-year follow-up: 33% reported one item only, 16% reported two or three items, and 14% reported more than three items; 4,194 (42.4%) reporting "waking in the early hours", 2,592 (26.0%) "taking a long time to get to sleep", 2,078 (21.0%) "sleeping badly at night", 1,072 (10.8%) "lying awake most of the night" and 1,087 (11.0%) "worry keeping you awake". Total scores on the Nottingham Health Profile sleep sub-scale ranged from 0-100 and were skewed to the right. The median score was 12.57. There was a strong statistical association between reporting sleeping difficulty at baseline and at follow-up. A total of 1,532 (15%) women reported use of sleeping medication at follow-up and women were 6.5 times more likely to report use if they also reported any item of sleep difficulty. There was a moderate level of agreement (88%}, note = {0002-0729 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Austria/epidemiology Female Health Status Human Longitudinal Studies Middle Age *Quality of Life Questionnaires Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology} } {OBJECTIVE: to identify the continuance of sleeping difficulty and medication use in a cohort of older Australian women from baseline to 3-year follow-up and to explore the relationship between these factors and health-related quality of life scores, falls and other health care use. METHOD: a 3-year longitudinal survey of 10,430 Australian women aged 70-75 years at baseline. These women were participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health randomly selected from the Australian Medicare database. RESULTS: a majority of women (63%) endorsed one or more items related to sleeping difficulty at 3-year follow-up: 33% reported one item only, 16% reported two or three items, and 14% reported more than three items; 4,194 (42.4%) reporting "waking in the early hours", 2,592 (26.0%) "taking a long time to get to sleep", 2,078 (21.0%) "sleeping badly at night", 1,072 (10.8%) "lying awake most of the night" and 1,087 (11.0%) "worry keeping you awake". Total scores on the Nottingham Health Profile sleep sub-scale ranged from 0-100 and were skewed to the right. The median score was 12.57. There was a strong statistical association between reporting sleeping difficulty at baseline and at follow-up. A total of 1,532 (15%) women reported use of sleeping medication at follow-up and women were 6.5 times more likely to report use if they also reported any item of sleep difficulty. There was a moderate level of agreement (88% |
Lang,; Jebb, Who consumes whole grains, and how much? (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 62, 1, Page(s): 123-127, 2003. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged *Cereals Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage Female *Food Preferences Great Britain Health Promotion Human Male Middle Aged Sex Factors) @article{, name = {Who consumes whole grains, and how much?}, author = {Lang, R. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2003}, date = {2003-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {123-127}, abstract = {Regular consumption of whole grain foods has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, reductions in cancer mortality at certain sites and an overall reduction in premature death. Although benefits are observed at relatively low levels of intake (between two and three servings per d), the consumption of whole grain foods in some Western countries is less than one serving per d. The main sources of whole grain are wholemeal and rye breads and whole grain breakfast cereals. Typical consumers of wholegrain foods tend to be older, from a high socio-economic group, are less likely to smoke and are more likely to exercise than non-consumers. Some of these attributes may contribute to the observed health benefits. However whole grain foods are an important source of a range of nutrients as part of a healthy eating plan. There is considerable scope for strategies to promote increased consumption of whole grain foods to reduce the risk of a variety of chronic diseases.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged *Cereals Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage Female *Food Preferences Great Britain Health Promotion Human Male Middle Aged Sex Factors} } Regular consumption of whole grain foods has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, reductions in cancer mortality at certain sites and an overall reduction in premature death. Although benefits are observed at relatively low levels of intake (between two and three servings per d), the consumption of whole grain foods in some Western countries is less than one serving per d. The main sources of whole grain are wholemeal and rye breads and whole grain breakfast cereals. Typical consumers of wholegrain foods tend to be older, from a high socio-economic group, are less likely to smoke and are more likely to exercise than non-consumers. Some of these attributes may contribute to the observed health benefits. However whole grain foods are an important source of a range of nutrients as part of a healthy eating plan. There is considerable scope for strategies to promote increased consumption of whole grain foods to reduce the risk of a variety of chronic diseases. |
2002 |
Bluck,; Jones,; Bates, 2H- and 13C-labelled tracers compared for kinetic studies of ascorbic acid metabolism in man: a factor analytical approach (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 9, Page(s): 879-883, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Administration, Oral Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Carbon Isotopes/*diagnostic use Comparative Study Deuterium/*diagnostic use Factor Analysis, Statistical Human Male Mass Fragmentography Support) @article{Paper, name = {2H- and 13C-labelled tracers compared for kinetic studies of ascorbic acid metabolism in man: a factor analytical approach}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Jones, K. S. and Bates, C. J.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {879-883}, abstract = {A recent report that a (13)C stable isotope method can be used to measure the kinetics of ascorbic acid uptake and distribution in man has raised some interesting questions with regard to the physiological interpretation of the data obtained, in particular the sizes of the ascorbate distribution spaces. In order to prove that this result is not a function of the label used we have compared the behaviour of two different tracers to see if they are likely to give comparable results for the kinetic parameters. Volunteers received an oral dose of ascorbic acid, half of which was labelled with (2)H, and half of which was labelled with (13)C. Blood samples were taken over the course of the next 48 h, and ascorbic acid mass spectra measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Principal component analysis was used to investigate the number of factors required to explain the total variations observed in the ratios of the molecular isotopomer cluster over the time course of the experiment. Theoretical cracking patterns were then used as test vectors in target transformation and as the basis for subsequent combination to determine tracer/tracee ratios. Two factors were found sufficient to account for the observed cracking pattern variations within experimental error. These were identified as (1) the spectrum of unlabelled (endogenous) ascorbic acid, and (2) a linear combination of the spectra of the two labelled species used. The absence of a third factor in the decomposition indicates that there is no difference in the behaviour of the (13)C- and (2)H-labelled tracers. Target testing allowed the tracer/tracee ratios to be determined using calculated cracking patterns, and produced equivalent results to conventional methods. Our experience in this work indicates that factor analysis has a useful place in many kinetic studies of this kind, either with one or many labelled species.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Administration, Oral Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics Carbon Isotopes/*diagnostic use Comparative Study Deuterium/*diagnostic use Factor Analysis, Statistical Human Male Mass Fragmentography Support} } A recent report that a (13)C stable isotope method can be used to measure the kinetics of ascorbic acid uptake and distribution in man has raised some interesting questions with regard to the physiological interpretation of the data obtained, in particular the sizes of the ascorbate distribution spaces. In order to prove that this result is not a function of the label used we have compared the behaviour of two different tracers to see if they are likely to give comparable results for the kinetic parameters. Volunteers received an oral dose of ascorbic acid, half of which was labelled with (2)H, and half of which was labelled with (13)C. Blood samples were taken over the course of the next 48 h, and ascorbic acid mass spectra measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Principal component analysis was used to investigate the number of factors required to explain the total variations observed in the ratios of the molecular isotopomer cluster over the time course of the experiment. Theoretical cracking patterns were then used as test vectors in target transformation and as the basis for subsequent combination to determine tracer/tracee ratios. Two factors were found sufficient to account for the observed cracking pattern variations within experimental error. These were identified as (1) the spectrum of unlabelled (endogenous) ascorbic acid, and (2) a linear combination of the spectra of the two labelled species used. The absence of a third factor in the decomposition indicates that there is no difference in the behaviour of the (13)C- and (2)H-labelled tracers. Target testing allowed the tracer/tracee ratios to be determined using calculated cracking patterns, and produced equivalent results to conventional methods. Our experience in this work indicates that factor analysis has a useful place in many kinetic studies of this kind, either with one or many labelled species. |
Drammeh,; Marquis,; Funkhouser,; Bates,; Eto,; Stephensen, A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children (Article) J Nutr, 132, 12, Page(s): 3693-3699, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Child Child, Preschool Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Fruit Gambia/epidemiology Human Placebos Support) @article{Paper, name = {A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children}, author = {Drammeh, B. S. and Marquis, G. S. and Funkhouser, E. and Bates, C. and Eto, I. and Stephensen, C. B.}, note = {0022-3166 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr}, volume = {132}, number = {12}, pages = {3693-3699}, abstract = {Supplementation with carotene-rich fruits may be an effective and sustainable approach to prevent vitamin A deficiency. To test the effectiveness of mango supplementation, 176 Gambian children, aged 2 to 7 y, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 75 g of dried mango containing approximately 150 micro g retinol activity equivalents with (MF) or without (M) 5 g of fat, 5 d/wk for 4 mo or 60,000 micro g of vitamin A (A) or placebo (P) capsule at baseline. After 4 mo, plasma beta-carotene was greater in both the M (P < 0.05) and MF (P = 0.07) groups compared with the P group. After controlling for baseline plasma retinol, elevated acute phase proteins and age, plasma retinol concentrations in the A and MF, but not M, groups were higher than in the P group at the end of the study (P < 0.01). Increases in retinol concentrations, however, were small in both groups. These results support the use of dietary supplementation with dried mangoes and a source of fat as one of several concurrent strategies that can be used to help maintain vitamin A status of children in developing countries where there is a severe seasonal shortage of carotenoid-rich foods.}, note = {0022-3166 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Child Child, Preschool Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Fruit Gambia/epidemiology Human Placebos Support} } Supplementation with carotene-rich fruits may be an effective and sustainable approach to prevent vitamin A deficiency. To test the effectiveness of mango supplementation, 176 Gambian children, aged 2 to 7 y, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 75 g of dried mango containing approximately 150 micro g retinol activity equivalents with (MF) or without (M) 5 g of fat, 5 d/wk for 4 mo or 60,000 micro g of vitamin A (A) or placebo (P) capsule at baseline. After 4 mo, plasma beta-carotene was greater in both the M (P < 0.05) and MF (P = 0.07) groups compared with the P group. After controlling for baseline plasma retinol, elevated acute phase proteins and age, plasma retinol concentrations in the A and MF, but not M, groups were higher than in the P group at the end of the study (P < 0.01). Increases in retinol concentrations, however, were small in both groups. These results support the use of dietary supplementation with dried mangoes and a source of fat as one of several concurrent strategies that can be used to help maintain vitamin A status of children in developing countries where there is a severe seasonal shortage of carotenoid-rich foods. |
Yan,; Prentice,; Zhou,; Zhang,; Wang,; Stirling,; Laidlaw,; Han,; Laskey, Age- and gender-related differences in bone mineral status and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in northern Chinese men and women (Article) Bone, 30, 2, Page(s): 412-415, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Age Factors Aged Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis Biological Markers *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*chemistry/*enzymology Calcium/blood/urine Female Human Male Middle Age Mongoloid Race Osteocalcin/analysis Phosphates/blood/urine *Sex Characteristics Support) @article{Paper, name = {Age- and gender-related differences in bone mineral status and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in northern Chinese men and women}, author = {Yan, L. and Prentice, A. and Zhou, B. and Zhang, H. and Wang, X. and Stirling, D. M. and Laidlaw, A. and Han, Y. and Laskey, A.}, note = {8756-3282 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {412-415}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to provide insight into the bone mineral status and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in a Chinese population from Shenyang, in the north of China, where hip fracture incidence is low. A total of 194 healthy men and women, aged 25-35 years and 65-75 years, were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood and 24 h urine samples were collected for bone alkaline phosphatase (bAP), osteocalcin, calcium, phosphate, and free deoxypyridinoline (Dpd). Both older women and men had lower BMD compared with younger women and men by 27.2 +/- 3.0% (mean +/- SE) and 9.8 +/- 3.0% at the LS and 22.0 +/- 3.4% and 12.8 +/- 3.4% at the FN, respectively, after adjusting for bone and body size (p < 0.01). BMD at the two sites was lower in older women than in older men by 10.7 +/- 4.1% and 10.2 +/- 4.2%, respectively, after size correction (p < 0.05). Plasma bAP, osteocalcin, calcium, and phosphate concentrations were higher in older women than younger women by 69.3 +/- 9.7%, 77.2 +/- 11.1%, 7.5 +/- 2.3%, and 8.0 +/- 3.8%, respectively, and older men by 67.6 +/- 11.1%, 72.1 +/- 11.0%, 7.7 +/- 2.3%, and 23.8 +/- 3.8%, respectively (p < 0.01). However, plasma osteocalcin, calcium, and phosphate concentrations were lower in older men compared with their younger counterparts by 35.6 +/- 11.0%, 8.7 +/- 2.3%, and 14.1 +/- 3.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). Urinary calcium and phosphate output were lower in older men compared with younger men by 48.0 plus minus 10.3% and 27.6 +/- 6.9%, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas there were no differences between older and younger women. No differences in Dpd between older and younger groups were found. This study demonstrates that bone mineral status is lower in older people in Shenyang, as has been shown in populations elsewhere. The pronounced low bone mineral status in older women may be associated with increased bone turnover, which was not observed in older men.}, note = {8756-3282 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors Aged Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis Biological Markers *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*chemistry/*enzymology Calcium/blood/urine Female Human Male Middle Age Mongoloid Race Osteocalcin/analysis Phosphates/blood/urine *Sex Characteristics Support} } The aim of this study was to provide insight into the bone mineral status and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in a Chinese population from Shenyang, in the north of China, where hip fracture incidence is low. A total of 194 healthy men and women, aged 25-35 years and 65-75 years, were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood and 24 h urine samples were collected for bone alkaline phosphatase (bAP), osteocalcin, calcium, phosphate, and free deoxypyridinoline (Dpd). Both older women and men had lower BMD compared with younger women and men by 27.2 +/- 3.0% (mean +/- SE) and 9.8 +/- 3.0% at the LS and 22.0 +/- 3.4% and 12.8 +/- 3.4% at the FN, respectively, after adjusting for bone and body size (p < 0.01). BMD at the two sites was lower in older women than in older men by 10.7 +/- 4.1% and 10.2 +/- 4.2%, respectively, after size correction (p < 0.05). Plasma bAP, osteocalcin, calcium, and phosphate concentrations were higher in older women than younger women by 69.3 +/- 9.7%, 77.2 +/- 11.1%, 7.5 +/- 2.3%, and 8.0 +/- 3.8%, respectively, and older men by 67.6 +/- 11.1%, 72.1 +/- 11.0%, 7.7 +/- 2.3%, and 23.8 +/- 3.8%, respectively (p < 0.01). However, plasma osteocalcin, calcium, and phosphate concentrations were lower in older men compared with their younger counterparts by 35.6 +/- 11.0%, 8.7 +/- 2.3%, and 14.1 +/- 3.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). Urinary calcium and phosphate output were lower in older men compared with younger men by 48.0 plus minus 10.3% and 27.6 +/- 6.9%, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas there were no differences between older and younger women. No differences in Dpd between older and younger groups were found. This study demonstrates that bone mineral status is lower in older people in Shenyang, as has been shown in populations elsewhere. The pronounced low bone mineral status in older women may be associated with increased bone turnover, which was not observed in older men. |
Farooqi,; Matarese,; Lord,; Keogh,; Lawrence,; Agwu,; Sanna,; Jebb,; Perna,; Fontana,; Lechler,; DePaoli,; O'Rahilly, Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency (Article) J Clin Invest, 110, 8, Page(s): 1093-1103, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animal Case Report Child Child) @article{Paper, name = {Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency}, author = {Farooqi, I. S. and Matarese, G. and Lord, G. M. and Keogh, J. M. and Lawrence, E. and Agwu, C. and Sanna, V. and Jebb, S. A. and Perna, F. and Fontana, S. and Lechler, R. I. and DePaoli, A. M. and O'Rahilly, S.}, note = {0021-9738 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Invest}, volume = {110}, number = {8}, pages = {1093-1103}, abstract = {The wide range of phenotypic abnormalities seen in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse and their reversibility by leptin administration provide compelling evidence for the existence of multiple physiological functions of this hormone in rodents. In contrast, information regarding the roles of this hormone in humans is limited. Three morbidly obese children, who were congenitally deficient in leptin, were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human leptin for up to 4 years with sustained, beneficial effects on appetite, fat mass, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Leptin therapy resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels and, through its age-dependent effects on gonadotropin secretion, facilitated appropriately timed pubertal development. Leptin deficiency was associated with reduced numbers of circulating CD4(+) T cells and impaired T cell proliferation and cytokine release, all of which were reversed by recombinant human leptin administration. The subcutaneous administration of recombinant human leptin has major and sustained beneficial effects on the multiple phenotypic abnormalities associated with congenital human leptin deficiency.}, note = {0021-9738 Journal Article}, keywords = {Animal Case Report Child Child} } The wide range of phenotypic abnormalities seen in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse and their reversibility by leptin administration provide compelling evidence for the existence of multiple physiological functions of this hormone in rodents. In contrast, information regarding the roles of this hormone in humans is limited. Three morbidly obese children, who were congenitally deficient in leptin, were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human leptin for up to 4 years with sustained, beneficial effects on appetite, fat mass, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Leptin therapy resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels and, through its age-dependent effects on gonadotropin secretion, facilitated appropriately timed pubertal development. Leptin deficiency was associated with reduced numbers of circulating CD4(+) T cells and impaired T cell proliferation and cytokine release, all of which were reversed by recombinant human leptin administration. The subcutaneous administration of recombinant human leptin has major and sustained beneficial effects on the multiple phenotypic abnormalities associated with congenital human leptin deficiency. |
Dibba,; Prentice,; Ceesay,; Mendy,; Darboe,; Stirling,; Cole,; Poskitt, Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 3, Page(s): 681-686, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Human Male Menarche Osteocalcin/*blood Placebos Puberty Radius Rural Population) @article{Paper, name = {Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement}, author = {Dibba, B. and Prentice, A. and Ceesay, S. M. and Mendy, M. and Darboe, S. and Stirling, D. M. and Cole, T. J. and Poskitt, E. M.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {681-686}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Our randomized, placebo-controlled supplementation study of 160 rural Gambian children aged 8.3-11.9 y showed that an increase in calcium intake of 714 mg/d for 12 mo resulted in a 5% increase in forearm bone mineral acquisition and a 22% decrease in plasma osteocalcin concentration, a bone formation marker, but had no effect on height or bone dimensions. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether these results were sustained after supplement withdrawal. DESIGN: All participants were followed up 12 (FU1) and 24 (FU2) mo after supplementation ended. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Plasma osteocalcin concentration was measured at FU1. RESULTS: At follow-up, the calcium group had greater bone mineral status than did the placebo group at the midshaft radius (mean difference +/- SE), FU1: BMC (4.7 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.004), BMD (5.1 +/- 1.1%; P </= 0.0001), size-adjusted BMC (5.0 +/- 1.1%; P </= 0.0001); FU2: BMC (3.8 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.02), BMD (2.7 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.04), size-adjusted BMC (2.5 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.06). Similar differentials were observed at the distal radius but were not significant. No significant differences in plasma osteocalcin concentrations (FU1: -0.5 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.9) were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Although some of the effects of calcium supplementation were still evident at follow-up, further studies are required to determine whether short-term increases in calcium intake have lasting benefits for Gambian children.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Human Male Menarche Osteocalcin/*blood Placebos Puberty Radius Rural Population} } BACKGROUND: Our randomized, placebo-controlled supplementation study of 160 rural Gambian children aged 8.3-11.9 y showed that an increase in calcium intake of 714 mg/d for 12 mo resulted in a 5% increase in forearm bone mineral acquisition and a 22% decrease in plasma osteocalcin concentration, a bone formation marker, but had no effect on height or bone dimensions. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether these results were sustained after supplement withdrawal. DESIGN: All participants were followed up 12 (FU1) and 24 (FU2) mo after supplementation ended. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Plasma osteocalcin concentration was measured at FU1. RESULTS: At follow-up, the calcium group had greater bone mineral status than did the placebo group at the midshaft radius (mean difference +/- SE), FU1: BMC (4.7 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.004), BMD (5.1 +/- 1.1%; P </= 0.0001), size-adjusted BMC (5.0 +/- 1.1%; P </= 0.0001); FU2: BMC (3.8 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.02), BMD (2.7 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.04), size-adjusted BMC (2.5 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.06). Similar differentials were observed at the distal radius but were not significant. No significant differences in plasma osteocalcin concentrations (FU1: -0.5 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.9) were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Although some of the effects of calcium supplementation were still evident at follow-up, further studies are required to determine whether short-term increases in calcium intake have lasting benefits for Gambian children. |
Brown,; Mishra,; Dobson, Changes in physical symptoms during the menopause transition (Article) Int J Behav Med, 9, 1, Page(s): 53-67, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged Cohort Studies Female *Health Status Human Menopause/*psychology Middle Age Postmenopause/psychology Questionnaires Support) @article{Paper, name = {Changes in physical symptoms during the menopause transition}, author = {Brown, W. J. and Mishra, G. D. and Dobson, A.}, note = {1070-5503 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Int J Behav Med}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {53-67}, abstract = {This article analyzes physical symptoms experienced by mid-age Australian women in different stages of the menopause transition. A total of 8,623 women, aged 45 to 50 years in 1996, who participated the mid-age cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, completed Survey 1 in 1996 and Survey 2 in 1998. Women were assigned to 1 of 6 menopause groups according to their menopausal status at Surveys 1 and 2, and compared on symptoms experienced at Surveys 1 and 2, adjusted for lifestyle, behavioral and demographic factors. At Survey 1, the most commonly reported symptoms were headaches, back pain, stiff joints, tiredness, and difficulty sleeping. Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal or postmenopausal women to report these symptoms. Hot flushes and night sweats were more common among postmenopausal women. Compared with those who remained premenopausal, women who were in the early stages of menopause or perimenopausal were more likely to report tiredness, stiff joints, difficulty sleeping, and hot flushes at Survey 2. Women who remained perimenopausal were also more likely to report back pain and leaking urine. Compared with premenopausal women, odds ratios for night sweats increased for women in consecutive stages of the menopause transition and remained high in the postmenopausal women.}, note = {1070-5503 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Cohort Studies Female *Health Status Human Menopause/*psychology Middle Age Postmenopause/psychology Questionnaires Support} } This article analyzes physical symptoms experienced by mid-age Australian women in different stages of the menopause transition. A total of 8,623 women, aged 45 to 50 years in 1996, who participated the mid-age cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, completed Survey 1 in 1996 and Survey 2 in 1998. Women were assigned to 1 of 6 menopause groups according to their menopausal status at Surveys 1 and 2, and compared on symptoms experienced at Surveys 1 and 2, adjusted for lifestyle, behavioral and demographic factors. At Survey 1, the most commonly reported symptoms were headaches, back pain, stiff joints, tiredness, and difficulty sleeping. Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal or postmenopausal women to report these symptoms. Hot flushes and night sweats were more common among postmenopausal women. Compared with those who remained premenopausal, women who were in the early stages of menopause or perimenopausal were more likely to report tiredness, stiff joints, difficulty sleeping, and hot flushes at Survey 2. Women who remained perimenopausal were also more likely to report back pain and leaking urine. Compared with premenopausal women, odds ratios for night sweats increased for women in consecutive stages of the menopause transition and remained high in the postmenopausal women. |
Krebs,; Evans,; Cooney,; Mishra,; Fruhbeck,; Finer,; Jebb, Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with body fat loss in obese women (Article) Diabetes Obes Metab, 4, 6, Page(s): 379-387, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue Adult Blood Pressure/physiology Body Composition Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*etiology/physiopathology Female Human Insulin/blood Insulin Resistance/physiology Lipids/blood Middle Age Obesity/blood/*complications/physiopathology Risk Factors Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with body fat loss in obese women}, author = {Krebs, J. D. and Evans, S. and Cooney, L. and Mishra, G. D. and Fruhbeck, G. and Finer, N. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {1462-8902 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Diabetes Obes Metab}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {379-387}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for obesity management emphasize the improvements in health risks associated with weight losses of 5-10% initial weight. However, most of the data is derived from periods of acute weight loss and may not represent the true effect in the longer term or in obese but otherwise healthy individuals. This study examines the temporal changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with weight change over 52 weeks. METHODS: In total, 57 overweight women (age 43.7 +/- 9.1 years, mean BMI of 31.7 kg/m2, range 27.2-38.5 kg/m2) with no other significant medical history, entered a milk-based, low-energy weight loss programme for 12 weeks and were then monitored without further intervention until 52 weeks. Weight, fat mass, fasting plasma insulin, lipids and blood pressure were measured at 0, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. RESULTS: The mean weight change in sequential periods was -11.6% (p < 0.0001), +1.1% (p = 0.02) and +5.2% (p < 0.0001). The change from baseline to 1 year being -6.0% (p < 0.0001) an 11% (p < 0.0001) reduction in initial body fat mass. Initial weight loss (0-12 weeks) was positively correlated with greater longer term weight loss (0-52 weeks}, note = {1462-8902 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue Adult Blood Pressure/physiology Body Composition Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/*etiology/physiopathology Female Human Insulin/blood Insulin Resistance/physiology Lipids/blood Middle Age Obesity/blood/*complications/physiopathology Risk Factors Weight Loss} } {BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for obesity management emphasize the improvements in health risks associated with weight losses of 5-10% initial weight. However, most of the data is derived from periods of acute weight loss and may not represent the true effect in the longer term or in obese but otherwise healthy individuals. This study examines the temporal changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with weight change over 52 weeks. METHODS: In total, 57 overweight women (age 43.7 +/- 9.1 years, mean BMI of 31.7 kg/m2, range 27.2-38.5 kg/m2) with no other significant medical history, entered a milk-based, low-energy weight loss programme for 12 weeks and were then monitored without further intervention until 52 weeks. Weight, fat mass, fasting plasma insulin, lipids and blood pressure were measured at 0, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. RESULTS: The mean weight change in sequential periods was -11.6% (p < 0.0001), +1.1% (p = 0.02) and +5.2% (p < 0.0001). The change from baseline to 1 year being -6.0% (p < 0.0001) an 11% (p < 0.0001) reduction in initial body fat mass. Initial weight loss (0-12 weeks) was positively correlated with greater longer term weight loss (0-52 weeks |
Bates,; Mansoor,; Gregory,; Pentieva,; Prentice, Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 1, Page(s): 71-79, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Aged Aging/*blood Biological Markers/blood Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cysteine/blood Diet Surveys Dipeptides/blood Female Folic Acid/blood Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Male Reference Values Seasons Sex Factors Smoking/blood Vitamin B 12/blood Vitamin B 6/blood) @article{Paper, name = {Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Mansoor, M. A. and Gregory, J. and Pentieva, K. D. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {71-79}, abstract = {Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine were measured in a representative sample of 922 young people aged 4-18 years, participating in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey in mainland Britain in 1997. Both tHcy and cysteine increased markedly with age; cysteinyl-glycine less so. Neither tHcy nor cysteine differed between genders; cysteinyl-glycine was higher in males. tHcy concentrations were lowest in the winter; cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine varied only slightly with season. In respondents aged >15 years, tHcy was higher in smokers, but in respondents aged 7-11 years, tHcy was higher in those whose mothers smoked. tHcy was inversely correlated with serum folate, serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 status, but neither cysteine nor cysteinyl-glycine shared these relationships. The relationships between tHcy and B-vitamin status indices ran parallel with those of the 65 years and over survey, but at much lower tHcy concentrations for any given B-vitamin concentration. Age-adjusted tHcy was not correlated with anthropometric indices, blood pressure, haematology, plasma creatinine, urea or cholesterol, but was directly correlated with fasting triacylglycerol. We conclude that disease-risk indices, like tHcy and perhaps cysteine, if established during early life, may be modulated by diet and lifestyle, thereby providing an opportunity for public health intervention.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Aged Aging/*blood Biological Markers/blood Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cysteine/blood Diet Surveys Dipeptides/blood Female Folic Acid/blood Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Male Reference Values Seasons Sex Factors Smoking/blood Vitamin B 12/blood Vitamin B 6/blood} } Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine were measured in a representative sample of 922 young people aged 4-18 years, participating in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey in mainland Britain in 1997. Both tHcy and cysteine increased markedly with age; cysteinyl-glycine less so. Neither tHcy nor cysteine differed between genders; cysteinyl-glycine was higher in males. tHcy concentrations were lowest in the winter; cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine varied only slightly with season. In respondents aged >15 years, tHcy was higher in smokers, but in respondents aged 7-11 years, tHcy was higher in those whose mothers smoked. tHcy was inversely correlated with serum folate, serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 status, but neither cysteine nor cysteinyl-glycine shared these relationships. The relationships between tHcy and B-vitamin status indices ran parallel with those of the 65 years and over survey, but at much lower tHcy concentrations for any given B-vitamin concentration. Age-adjusted tHcy was not correlated with anthropometric indices, blood pressure, haematology, plasma creatinine, urea or cholesterol, but was directly correlated with fasting triacylglycerol. We conclude that disease-risk indices, like tHcy and perhaps cysteine, if established during early life, may be modulated by diet and lifestyle, thereby providing an opportunity for public health intervention. |
McGloin,; Livingstone,; Greene,; Webb,; Gibson,; Jebb,; Cole,; Coward,; Wright,; Prentice, Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, 2, Page(s): 200-207, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropometry Body Composition Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Deuterium/diagnostic use Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism Female Human Male Northern Ireland Obesity/*etiology Parents Support) @article{Paper, name = {Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity}, author = {McGloin, A. F. and Livingstone, M. B. E. and Greene, L. C. and Webb, S. E. and Gibson, J. M. A. and Jebb, S. A. and Cole, T. J. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {200-207}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVE: This study compared lean children at high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) of obesity and obese children (OB) to assess the relationship between their energy (EI) and fat intake and adiposity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of energy and fat intake in children, using 7-day weighed intakes validated by doubly labelled water (DLW) energy expenditure. SUBJECTS: A total of 114 pre-pubertal children, 50 HR (mean+/-s.d., 6.7+/-0.6 y, 25.7+/-4.8 kg, 21.3+/-6.6% body fat), 50 LR (mean+/-s.d., 6.6+/-0.8 y, 23.6+/-3.7 kg, 18.9+/-5.7% body fat) and 14 OB (mean+/-s.d., 6.8+/-1.0 y, 37.7+/-5.3 kg, 34.8+/-5.6% body fat). MEASUREMENTS: Body fatness was measured using deuterium dilution, total energy expenditure (TEE) by DLW and dietary intake using 7-day weighed records. RESULTS: EI was 98% of TEE in LR children, 95% in HR children and 86% in OB children. Although EI was similar in each group (LR, 7.03+/-1.26 MJ/day; HR, 7.30+/-1.46 MJ/day; OB, 7.55+/-1.67 MJ/day), obese +/-4.6%; P<0.05). There was a significant linear trend towards increasing fat intake (percentage energy) with increasing risk of obesity (P<0.05). While HR children were heavier and fatter than LR children (P<0.05), their EI and fat intake were not significantly greater (HR, 73+/-17 g, 37.3+/-4.4%). Dietary fat intake (percentage energy) was weakly but significantly related to body fatness (r(2)=0.05}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Anthropometry Body Composition Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Deuterium/diagnostic use Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism Female Human Male Northern Ireland Obesity/*etiology Parents Support} } {OBJECTIVE: This study compared lean children at high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) of obesity and obese children (OB) to assess the relationship between their energy (EI) and fat intake and adiposity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of energy and fat intake in children, using 7-day weighed intakes validated by doubly labelled water (DLW) energy expenditure. SUBJECTS: A total of 114 pre-pubertal children, 50 HR (mean+/-s.d., 6.7+/-0.6 y, 25.7+/-4.8 kg, 21.3+/-6.6% body fat), 50 LR (mean+/-s.d., 6.6+/-0.8 y, 23.6+/-3.7 kg, 18.9+/-5.7% body fat) and 14 OB (mean+/-s.d., 6.8+/-1.0 y, 37.7+/-5.3 kg, 34.8+/-5.6% body fat). MEASUREMENTS: Body fatness was measured using deuterium dilution, total energy expenditure (TEE) by DLW and dietary intake using 7-day weighed records. RESULTS: EI was 98% of TEE in LR children, 95% in HR children and 86% in OB children. Although EI was similar in each group (LR, 7.03+/-1.26 MJ/day; HR, 7.30+/-1.46 MJ/day; OB, 7.55+/-1.67 MJ/day), obese +/-4.6%; P<0.05). There was a significant linear trend towards increasing fat intake (percentage energy) with increasing risk of obesity (P<0.05). While HR children were heavier and fatter than LR children (P<0.05), their EI and fat intake were not significantly greater (HR, 73+/-17 g, 37.3+/-4.4%). Dietary fat intake (percentage energy) was weakly but significantly related to body fatness (r(2)=0.05 |
Prentice, Good nutrition vital for healthy old age (Article) Health and Ageing, Jan, Page(s): 19-21, 2002. (BibTeX | Tags: lay article) @article{Other, name = {Good nutrition vital for healthy old age}, author = {Prentice, A.}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Health and Ageing}, volume = {Jan}, pages = {19-21}, keywords = {lay article} } |
Thane,; Paul,; Bates,; Bolton-Smith,; Prentice,; Shearer, Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1): variation with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 605-613, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Antifibrinolytic Agents/*administration & dosage Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Human *Life Style Male Nutrition Surveys Seasons Social Class Support, P.H.S. Vegetables/chemistry Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1): variation with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in a national sample of British elderly people}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Paul, A. A. and Bates, C. J. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Prentice, A. and Shearer, M. J.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {605-613}, abstract = {Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) were examined according to socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in free-living British people aged 65 years and over, from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Complete 4-d weighed dietary records were obtained from 1152 participants living in private households. Using newly-available, mainly UK-specific food content data, the weighted geometric mean intake of phylloquinone was estimated at 65 (95 % CI 62, 67) microg/d for all participants, with higher intakes in men than in women (70 v. 61 microg/d respectively, P<0.01). The mean nutrient densities of phylloquinone intake were 9.3 and 10.5 microg/MJ for men and women respectively (P<0.01), after adjusting for age group, region and smoking status. Of all the participants, 59 % had phylloquinone intakes below the current guideline for adequacy of 1 microg/kg body weight per d. Participants aged 85 years and over, formerly in manual occupations, or living in Scotland or in northern England reported lower phylloquinone intakes than their comparative groups. Overall, vegetables contributed 60 % of total phylloquinone intake, with cooked green vegetables providing around 28 % of the total. Dietary supplements contributed less than 0.5 % of phylloquinone intake. Participants living in northern England or in Scotland, in particular, derived less phylloquinone from vegetables than those living in southern England.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Antifibrinolytic Agents/*administration & dosage Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Human *Life Style Male Nutrition Surveys Seasons Social Class Support, P.H.S. Vegetables/chemistry Vitamin K 1/*administration & dosage} } Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) were examined according to socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in free-living British people aged 65 years and over, from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Complete 4-d weighed dietary records were obtained from 1152 participants living in private households. Using newly-available, mainly UK-specific food content data, the weighted geometric mean intake of phylloquinone was estimated at 65 (95 % CI 62, 67) microg/d for all participants, with higher intakes in men than in women (70 v. 61 microg/d respectively, P<0.01). The mean nutrient densities of phylloquinone intake were 9.3 and 10.5 microg/MJ for men and women respectively (P<0.01), after adjusting for age group, region and smoking status. Of all the participants, 59 % had phylloquinone intakes below the current guideline for adequacy of 1 microg/kg body weight per d. Participants aged 85 years and over, formerly in manual occupations, or living in Scotland or in northern England reported lower phylloquinone intakes than their comparative groups. Overall, vegetables contributed 60 % of total phylloquinone intake, with cooked green vegetables providing around 28 % of the total. Dietary supplements contributed less than 0.5 % of phylloquinone intake. Participants living in northern England or in Scotland, in particular, derived less phylloquinone from vegetables than those living in southern England. |
Wadsworth,; Hardy,; Paul,; Marshall,; Cole, Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort (Article) Int J Epidemiol, 31, 2, Page(s): 383-390, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Anthropometry *Body Height Child Cohort Studies Diet Divorce *Health Status Human Leg/*anatomy & histology Single-Parent Family Socioeconomic Factors Sociology, Medical Support) @article{Paper, name = {Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort}, author = {Wadsworth, M. E. J. and Hardy, R. J. and Paul, A. A. and Marshall, S. F. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0300-5771 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Int J Epidemiol}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {383-390}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This is a study of the associations of adult leg and trunk length with early life height and weight, diet, socioeconomic circumstances, and health, and parental height, divorce and death. METHOD: The data used were collected in a longitudinal study of the health, development and ageing of a British national birth cohort (N = 2879 in this analysis) studied since birth in 1946. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the relationships. RESULTS: Adult leg and trunk length were each positively associated with parental height, birthweight, and weight at 4 years. Leg length was associated positively with breastfeeding and energy intake at 4 years. Trunk length was associated negatively with serious illness in childhood and possibly also parental divorce, but not with the dietary data. CONCLUSION: Adult leg length is particularly sensitive to environmental factors and diet in early childhood because that is the period of most rapid leg growth. Trunk growth is faster than leg growth after infancy and before puberty, and may be associated with the effects of serious illness and parental separation because of the child's growing sensitivity to stressful circumstances, as well as the result of the biological effects of illness.}, note = {0300-5771 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Anthropometry *Body Height Child Cohort Studies Diet Divorce *Health Status Human Leg/*anatomy & histology Single-Parent Family Socioeconomic Factors Sociology, Medical Support} } BACKGROUND: This is a study of the associations of adult leg and trunk length with early life height and weight, diet, socioeconomic circumstances, and health, and parental height, divorce and death. METHOD: The data used were collected in a longitudinal study of the health, development and ageing of a British national birth cohort (N = 2879 in this analysis) studied since birth in 1946. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the relationships. RESULTS: Adult leg and trunk length were each positively associated with parental height, birthweight, and weight at 4 years. Leg length was associated positively with breastfeeding and energy intake at 4 years. Trunk length was associated negatively with serious illness in childhood and possibly also parental divorce, but not with the dietary data. CONCLUSION: Adult leg length is particularly sensitive to environmental factors and diet in early childhood because that is the period of most rapid leg growth. Trunk growth is faster than leg growth after infancy and before puberty, and may be associated with the effects of serious illness and parental separation because of the child's growing sensitivity to stressful circumstances, as well as the result of the biological effects of illness. |
Prentice,; Moore,; Collinson,; O'Connell, Leptin and undernutrition (Article) Nutr Rev, 60, 10 Pt 2, Page(s): S56-S67, 2002. (BibTeX | Tags: Adult Child Female Human Leptin/*blood/genetics Male Nutrition Disorders/*blood/genetics Pregnancy) @article{Paper, name = {Leptin and undernutrition}, author = {Prentice, A. M. and Moore, S. E. and Collinson, A. C. and O'Connell, M. A.}, note = {0029-6643 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Rev}, volume = {60}, number = {10 Pt 2}, pages = {S56-S67}, note = {0029-6643 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adult Child Female Human Leptin/*blood/genetics Male Nutrition Disorders/*blood/genetics Pregnancy} } |
Moore,; Morgan,; Collinson,; Swain,; O'Connell,; Prentice, Leptin, malnutrition, and immune response in rural Gambian children (Article) Arch Dis Child, 87, 3, Page(s): 192-197, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antibody Formation B-Lymphocytes/immunology Child Female Gambia Human Immunity, Cellular Immunoglobulin A/analysis Leptin/blood/*immunology Male Nutrition Disorders/*immunology Rural Health Saliva/chemistry Sex Distribution Support) @article{Paper, name = {Leptin, malnutrition, and immune response in rural Gambian children}, author = {Moore, S. E. and Morgan, G. and Collinson, A. C. and Swain, J. A. and O'Connell, M. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {192-197}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The adipocyte derived hormone, leptin, has cytokine like function and may mediate the effects of starvation on immunity. Mice with congenital leptin deficiency (ob/ob) have small hypocellular thymuses and impaired cellular immunity. In humans leptin influences the differentiation of naive and memory cells in vitro, and genetic leptin deficiency has been associated with an ill defined susceptibility to infection. AIMS: To describe the in vivo relation of leptin and immune function in children. METHODS: Fasting plasma leptin concentrations, immune function (T and B cell mediated vaccine responses and delayed type hypersensitivity), and mucosal function (dual sugar permeability test and salivary sIgA concentrations) were measured in a cohort of 472 moderately undernourished rural Gambian children. RESULTS: Leptin concentrations correlated with body fat assessed by mid upper arm circumference or BMI for age Z scores, and were very low compared to well nourished European norms (males 1.8 v 11.1 ng/ml; females 2.4 v 13.8 ng/ml). No detectable relations were found between leptin concentrations and any of the measures of immune or mucosal function. CONCLUSIONS: The data confirm that leptin acts as a peripheral signal of energy restriction, but do not support an association between fasting plasma leptin levels and immune function in children of this age.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article}, keywords = {Antibody Formation B-Lymphocytes/immunology Child Female Gambia Human Immunity, Cellular Immunoglobulin A/analysis Leptin/blood/*immunology Male Nutrition Disorders/*immunology Rural Health Saliva/chemistry Sex Distribution Support} } BACKGROUND: The adipocyte derived hormone, leptin, has cytokine like function and may mediate the effects of starvation on immunity. Mice with congenital leptin deficiency (ob/ob) have small hypocellular thymuses and impaired cellular immunity. In humans leptin influences the differentiation of naive and memory cells in vitro, and genetic leptin deficiency has been associated with an ill defined susceptibility to infection. AIMS: To describe the in vivo relation of leptin and immune function in children. METHODS: Fasting plasma leptin concentrations, immune function (T and B cell mediated vaccine responses and delayed type hypersensitivity), and mucosal function (dual sugar permeability test and salivary sIgA concentrations) were measured in a cohort of 472 moderately undernourished rural Gambian children. RESULTS: Leptin concentrations correlated with body fat assessed by mid upper arm circumference or BMI for age Z scores, and were very low compared to well nourished European norms (males 1.8 v 11.1 ng/ml; females 2.4 v 13.8 ng/ml). No detectable relations were found between leptin concentrations and any of the measures of immune or mucosal function. CONCLUSIONS: The data confirm that leptin acts as a peripheral signal of energy restriction, but do not support an association between fasting plasma leptin levels and immune function in children of this age. |
Caire,; Calderon de la Barca,; Bolanos,; Valencia,; Coward,; Salazar,; Casanueva, Measurement of deuterium oxide by infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for quantifying daily milk intake in breastfed infants and maternal body fat (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 38-41, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent Adult Body Composition/*physiology Body Water/metabolism Comparative Study Deuterium Oxide/*diagnostic use Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Infant, Newborn Lactation *Milk, Human Saliva/chemistry Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/*methods Spectrum Analysis, Mass/*methods) @article{Paper, name = {Measurement of deuterium oxide by infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for quantifying daily milk intake in breastfed infants and maternal body fat}, author = {Caire, G. and Calderon de la Barca, A. M. and Bolanos, A. V. and Valencia, M. E. and Coward, W. A. and Salazar, G. and Casanueva, E.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Food Nutr Bull}, volume = {23}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {38-41}, abstract = {Measurements of deuterium oxide concentrations (DOC) in saliva by infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were compared for the calculation of infants' milk intake and maternal body fat. Deuterium oxide (30 g) was given to the mother. DOC by IRS and IRMS were 340 +/- 209 and 345 +/- 202 ppm. The mean difference between both methods (4.62 +/- 76.3) was not different from zero (p = .57). Bland and Altman analysis showed no significant overall bias (r = 0.10; p = .33), but dispersion within the limits of agreement. The mean milk intake in the infants' by IRS and IRMS were 624 +/- 296 g/day and 634 +/- 327 g/day (p = .642) and the mothers' mean body fat were 31.3 +/- 12% and 31.5 +/- 13% (p = .755). The results appear to be the same for milk intake and body fat by the two methods and no evidence of bias was found.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adolescent Adult Body Composition/*physiology Body Water/metabolism Comparative Study Deuterium Oxide/*diagnostic use Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Infant, Newborn Lactation *Milk, Human Saliva/chemistry Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/*methods Spectrum Analysis, Mass/*methods} } Measurements of deuterium oxide concentrations (DOC) in saliva by infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were compared for the calculation of infants' milk intake and maternal body fat. Deuterium oxide (30 g) was given to the mother. DOC by IRS and IRMS were 340 +/- 209 and 345 +/- 202 ppm. The mean difference between both methods (4.62 +/- 76.3) was not different from zero (p = .57). Bland and Altman analysis showed no significant overall bias (r = 0.10; p = .33), but dispersion within the limits of agreement. The mean milk intake in the infants' by IRS and IRMS were 624 +/- 296 g/day and 634 +/- 327 g/day (p = .642) and the mothers' mean body fat were 31.3 +/- 12% and 31.5 +/- 13% (p = .755). The results appear to be the same for milk intake and body fat by the two methods and no evidence of bias was found. |
Bluck,; Harding,; French,; Wright,; Halliday,; Coward, Measurement of gastric emptying in man using deuterated octanoic acid (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 2, Page(s): 127-133, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Comparative Study Deuterium/*diagnostic use Female Gamma Rays *Gastric Emptying Human Kinetics Male Octanoic Acids/*diagnostic use Radionuclide Imaging) @article{Paper, name = {Measurement of gastric emptying in man using deuterated octanoic acid}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Harding, M. and French, S. and Wright, A. and Halliday, D. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {127-133}, abstract = {Gamma scintigraphy is considered the gold standard for the measurement of gastric emptying in humans. Recently, it has been proposed that a [(13)C]octanoate breath test can be used as an alternative technique for measuring gastric emptying of the solid phase, but the results from the two methods are not directly equivalent since in the breath test the label is subject to post-absorptive processing and consequently the emptying functions cannot be observed directly. This work investigates an alternative stable isotope method using deuterated octanoate where the kinetics of redistribution between and elimination from the various body pools are much more easily modelled. Gastric emptying was studied in healthy human volunteers by simultaneous measurement using both [(13)C]octanoate and [(2)H]octanoate as well as gamma scintigraphy. Comparison of the gastric emptying functions from the deuterium method and scintigraphy indicated that the two methods gave equivalent results. The new method can therefore be used in populations considered too vulnerable to ionising radiation to allow gamma scintigraphy to be performed, or as a proxy gold standard in laboratories where scintigraphic methods are unavailable, allowing further comparisons with the breath test method to be made to validate the latter in different population groups.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Comparative Study Deuterium/*diagnostic use Female Gamma Rays *Gastric Emptying Human Kinetics Male Octanoic Acids/*diagnostic use Radionuclide Imaging} } Gamma scintigraphy is considered the gold standard for the measurement of gastric emptying in humans. Recently, it has been proposed that a [(13)C]octanoate breath test can be used as an alternative technique for measuring gastric emptying of the solid phase, but the results from the two methods are not directly equivalent since in the breath test the label is subject to post-absorptive processing and consequently the emptying functions cannot be observed directly. This work investigates an alternative stable isotope method using deuterated octanoate where the kinetics of redistribution between and elimination from the various body pools are much more easily modelled. Gastric emptying was studied in healthy human volunteers by simultaneous measurement using both [(13)C]octanoate and [(2)H]octanoate as well as gamma scintigraphy. Comparison of the gastric emptying functions from the deuterium method and scintigraphy indicated that the two methods gave equivalent results. The new method can therefore be used in populations considered too vulnerable to ionising radiation to allow gamma scintigraphy to be performed, or as a proxy gold standard in laboratories where scintigraphic methods are unavailable, allowing further comparisons with the breath test method to be made to validate the latter in different population groups. |
Clapperton,; Coward,; Bluck, Measurement of insulin sensitivity indices using 13C-glucose and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 21, Page(s): 2009-2014, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Glucose/administration & dosage/*analysis/*metabolism Glucose Tolerance Test/economics/methods Human Injections, Intravenous Insulin Resistance/*physiology Male Mass Fragmentography/*methods Middle Age Tritium/diagnostic use) @article{Paper, name = {Measurement of insulin sensitivity indices using 13C-glucose and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry}, author = {Clapperton, A. T. and Coward, W. A. and Bluck, L. J. C.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {16}, number = {21}, pages = {2009-2014}, abstract = {Important aspects of glucose metabolism can be quantified by using the minimal model of glucose kinetics to interpret the results of intravenous glucose tolerance tests. The power of this methodology can be greatly increased by the addition of stable isotopically labelled tracer to the glucose bolus dose. This allows the separation of glucose disposal from endogenous glucose production and also increases the precision of the estimates of the physiological parameters measured. Until now the tracer of choice has been deuteriated glucose and the analytical technique has been gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The consequence of this choice is that nearly 2 g of labelled material are needed and this makes the test expensive. We have investigated the use of (13)C-labelled glucose as the tracer in combination with gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) as the analytical technique. This methodology offers superior analytical precision when compared with the conventional method and so the amount of tracer used, and hence the cost, can be reduced considerably. Healthy non-obese male volunteers were recruited for a standard intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) protocol but 6,6-(2)H-glucose and 1-(13)C-glucose were administered simultaneously. Tracer/tracee ratios were derived from isotope ratio measurements of plasma glucose using both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. The results of these determinations indicated that the two tracers behaved identically under the test protocol. The combination of these results with plasma glucose and insulin concentration data allowed determination of the minimal model parameters S*g and S*i. The parameter relating to insulin-assisted glucose disposal, S*i, was found to be the same in the two techniques, but this was not the case for the non-insulin-dependent parameter S*g.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Glucose/administration & dosage/*analysis/*metabolism Glucose Tolerance Test/economics/methods Human Injections, Intravenous Insulin Resistance/*physiology Male Mass Fragmentography/*methods Middle Age Tritium/diagnostic use} } Important aspects of glucose metabolism can be quantified by using the minimal model of glucose kinetics to interpret the results of intravenous glucose tolerance tests. The power of this methodology can be greatly increased by the addition of stable isotopically labelled tracer to the glucose bolus dose. This allows the separation of glucose disposal from endogenous glucose production and also increases the precision of the estimates of the physiological parameters measured. Until now the tracer of choice has been deuteriated glucose and the analytical technique has been gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The consequence of this choice is that nearly 2 g of labelled material are needed and this makes the test expensive. We have investigated the use of (13)C-labelled glucose as the tracer in combination with gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) as the analytical technique. This methodology offers superior analytical precision when compared with the conventional method and so the amount of tracer used, and hence the cost, can be reduced considerably. Healthy non-obese male volunteers were recruited for a standard intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) protocol but 6,6-(2)H-glucose and 1-(13)C-glucose were administered simultaneously. Tracer/tracee ratios were derived from isotope ratio measurements of plasma glucose using both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS. The results of these determinations indicated that the two tracers behaved identically under the test protocol. The combination of these results with plasma glucose and insulin concentration data allowed determination of the minimal model parameters S*g and S*i. The parameter relating to insulin-assisted glucose disposal, S*i, was found to be the same in the two techniques, but this was not the case for the non-insulin-dependent parameter S*g. |
Thane,; Bates,; Prentice, Menarche and nutritional status in pubescent British girls (Article) Nutr Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 423-432, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: menarche; mineral and vitamin status; puberty serum ferritin concentration; iron status; adolescent girls; vitamin-a; infection; zinc) @article{Paper, name = {Menarche and nutritional status in pubescent British girls}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {Article 537PP NUTR RES}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Res}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {423-432}, abstract = {Status indices for vitamins, iron and other minerals were compared in eighty-nine 12- and 13-year-old British girls according to their menarcheal status. The girls were selected at random to participate in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4 to 18 years, and were either premenarcheal or postmenarcheal (i.e. had not or had experienced menarche respectively). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status and corresponding nutrient intakes, mean values for iron status indices (e.g. haemoglobin, serum ferritin and plasma iron concentrations, mean cell volume, transferrin saturation and total iron-binding capacity), status indices of other minerals (e.g. zinc, copper, selenium and magnesium) and nine vitamins in forty-eight premenarcheal girls did not differ significantly from those of forty-one postmenarcheal counterparts (each P>0.05). Mean blood lead concentration was significantly lower in postmenarcheal compared with premenarcheal girls. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.}, note = {Article 537PP NUTR RES}, keywords = {menarche; mineral and vitamin status; puberty serum ferritin concentration; iron status; adolescent girls; vitamin-a; infection; zinc} } Status indices for vitamins, iron and other minerals were compared in eighty-nine 12- and 13-year-old British girls according to their menarcheal status. The girls were selected at random to participate in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4 to 18 years, and were either premenarcheal or postmenarcheal (i.e. had not or had experienced menarche respectively). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status and corresponding nutrient intakes, mean values for iron status indices (e.g. haemoglobin, serum ferritin and plasma iron concentrations, mean cell volume, transferrin saturation and total iron-binding capacity), status indices of other minerals (e.g. zinc, copper, selenium and magnesium) and nine vitamins in forty-eight premenarcheal girls did not differ significantly from those of forty-one postmenarcheal counterparts (each P>0.05). Mean blood lead concentration was significantly lower in postmenarcheal compared with premenarcheal girls. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. |
Bates, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study (Article) Lancet, 360, 9347, Page(s): 1781-1782, 2002. (BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Antioxidants/*administration & dosage Ascorbic Acid/*administration & dosage/blood Human) @article{Letter, name = {MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study}, author = {Bates, C. J.}, note = {0140-6736 Comment Letter}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {360}, number = {9347}, pages = {1781-1782}, note = {0140-6736 Comment Letter}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Antioxidants/*administration & dosage Ascorbic Acid/*administration & dosage/blood Human} } |
Thane,; Bates,; Prentice, Oral contraceptives and nutritional status in adolescent British girls (Article) Nutr Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 449-462, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: oral contraceptives; vitamin; mineral and lipid status; adolescence iron status; serum ferritin; binding-protein; beta-carotene; vitamin-d; women; infection; parameters; markers; adults) @article{Paper, name = {Oral contraceptives and nutritional status in adolescent British girls}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A.}, note = {Article 537PP NUTR RES}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Res}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {449-462}, abstract = {Associations between oral contraceptive pill (OC) use and vitamin, mineral and lipid status were examined in 117 postmenarcheal 16-to-18-year-old British girls, from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4 to 18 years. Thirty-nine were taking OCs at the time of blood, anthropometric and sociodemographic assessment, while seventy- eight were not. After adjusting for age, body mass index and smoking, OC use was significantly associated (P<0.05) with higher plasma retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total iron-binding capacity, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. OC users also had lower concentrations of plasma beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol and HDL-cholesterol, and serum vitamin B-12. Nutritional status indices that did not differ with OC use included plasma concentrations of vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, pyridoxal phosphate, all-but-one iron status indices and zinc. In light of the observed associations, OC use should be taken into account when assessing nutritional status in adolescent girls of childbearing age. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.}, note = {Article 537PP NUTR RES}, keywords = {oral contraceptives; vitamin; mineral and lipid status; adolescence iron status; serum ferritin; binding-protein; beta-carotene; vitamin-d; women; infection; parameters; markers; adults} } Associations between oral contraceptive pill (OC) use and vitamin, mineral and lipid status were examined in 117 postmenarcheal 16-to-18-year-old British girls, from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4 to 18 years. Thirty-nine were taking OCs at the time of blood, anthropometric and sociodemographic assessment, while seventy- eight were not. After adjusting for age, body mass index and smoking, OC use was significantly associated (P<0.05) with higher plasma retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total iron-binding capacity, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. OC users also had lower concentrations of plasma beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol and HDL-cholesterol, and serum vitamin B-12. Nutritional status indices that did not differ with OC use included plasma concentrations of vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, pyridoxal phosphate, all-but-one iron status indices and zinc. In light of the observed associations, OC use should be taken into account when assessing nutritional status in adolescent girls of childbearing age. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. |
Bates,; Matthews,; West,; Morison,; Walraven, Plasma carotenoid and vitamin E concentrations in women living in a rural West African (Gambian) community (Article) Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 72, 3, Page(s): 133-141, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Canthaxanthin/blood Carotenoids/*blood Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Diet Ethnic Groups Female Gambia Human Middle Age Occupations Pregnancy Puerperium *Rural Population Seasons Support) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma carotenoid and vitamin E concentrations in women living in a rural West African (Gambian) community}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Matthews, N. and West, B. and Morison, L. and Walraven, G. E.}, note = {0300-9831 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Int J Vitam Nutr Res}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {133-141}, abstract = {Vitamin E and carotenoid pigments are important nutrients for the maintenance of health and protection of tissues against free radical damage. They also play a potential role in disease-risk-prediction and -protection, but little is known about their physiological and sociodemographic correlates and determinants, especially in a West African context. As part of a study of reproductive health in rural Gambian women, blood samples were obtained from 1286 women aged 15 to 54 years, living in the Farafenni area of The Gambia. Measurement of two forms of vitamin E and six carotenoids in plasma was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. All eight components, but especially the carotenoids: lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, exhibited a major seasonal variation, with maximum levels between May and July, corresponding to the end of the "mango" season and the beginning of the "rainy" season. Only the tocopherols varied significantly (increasing) with age. Several unexpected ethnic group differences were observed, and canthaxanthin was present at lower concentrations in women with manual occupations, compared to those with non-manual occupations. There were also significant differences associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially for the tocopherols, but fewer differences associated with marital status. The observed patterns confirm that there are important seasonal, physiological, possibly genetic, and sociodemographic determinants of these nutrients in blood plasma, which may have significance for health and longevity.}, note = {0300-9831 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Canthaxanthin/blood Carotenoids/*blood Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Diet Ethnic Groups Female Gambia Human Middle Age Occupations Pregnancy Puerperium *Rural Population Seasons Support} } Vitamin E and carotenoid pigments are important nutrients for the maintenance of health and protection of tissues against free radical damage. They also play a potential role in disease-risk-prediction and -protection, but little is known about their physiological and sociodemographic correlates and determinants, especially in a West African context. As part of a study of reproductive health in rural Gambian women, blood samples were obtained from 1286 women aged 15 to 54 years, living in the Farafenni area of The Gambia. Measurement of two forms of vitamin E and six carotenoids in plasma was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. All eight components, but especially the carotenoids: lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, exhibited a major seasonal variation, with maximum levels between May and July, corresponding to the end of the "mango" season and the beginning of the "rainy" season. Only the tocopherols varied significantly (increasing) with age. Several unexpected ethnic group differences were observed, and canthaxanthin was present at lower concentrations in women with manual occupations, compared to those with non-manual occupations. There were also significant differences associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially for the tocopherols, but fewer differences associated with marital status. The observed patterns confirm that there are important seasonal, physiological, possibly genetic, and sociodemographic determinants of these nutrients in blood plasma, which may have significance for health and longevity. |
Thane,; Bates,; Shearer,; Unadkat,; Harrington,; Paul,; Prentice,; Bolton-Smith, Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 615-622, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Antifibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage/*blood Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Human Life Style Male Nutrition Surveys Reference Values Seasons Sex Factors Social Class Support, P.H.S. Vitamin K 1/administration & dosage/*blood) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Bates, C. J. and Shearer, M. J. and Unadkat, N. and Harrington, D. J. and Paul, A. A. and Prentice, A. and Bolton-Smith, C.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {615-622}, abstract = {Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration was examined according to season, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of British people aged 65 years and over from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Values for both plasma phylloquinone concentration and phylloquinone intake were available from 1076 participants (561 men, 515 women). Eight hundred and thirty-four were living in private households, 242 in residential or nursing homes. Weighted geometric mean plasma phylloquinone concentrations were 0.36 (inner 95% range [corrected] 0.06, 2.01) and 0.24 (inner 94% range [corrected] 0.06, 0.96) nmol/l in free-living and institution samples respectively. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations did not generally differ between men and women, although values in free-living people were significantly lower during autumn and winter (October to March). Plasma phylloquinone concentration was not significantly associated with age. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in free-living men and women (r 0.18 and 0.30 respectively, both P<0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis found that 11 % of the variation in plasma phylloquinone concentration was explained by phylloquinone intake, season and plasma triacylglycerol concentration. After adjustment for age and corresponding nutrient intakes, plasma phylloquinone concentration was significantly associated (each P<0.01) with plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in free-living women but not men, and with plasma concentrations of carotenes, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols and lutein in free-living men and women. The possibility of concurrent low fat-soluble vitamin status in elderly populations may be a cause for concern.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Antifibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage/*blood Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Human Life Style Male Nutrition Surveys Reference Values Seasons Sex Factors Social Class Support, P.H.S. Vitamin K 1/administration & dosage/*blood} } Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration was examined according to season, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and phylloquinone intake in a nationally representative sample of British people aged 65 years and over from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Values for both plasma phylloquinone concentration and phylloquinone intake were available from 1076 participants (561 men, 515 women). Eight hundred and thirty-four were living in private households, 242 in residential or nursing homes. Weighted geometric mean plasma phylloquinone concentrations were 0.36 (inner 95% range [corrected] 0.06, 2.01) and 0.24 (inner 94% range [corrected] 0.06, 0.96) nmol/l in free-living and institution samples respectively. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations did not generally differ between men and women, although values in free-living people were significantly lower during autumn and winter (October to March). Plasma phylloquinone concentration was not significantly associated with age. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in free-living men and women (r 0.18 and 0.30 respectively, both P<0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis found that 11 % of the variation in plasma phylloquinone concentration was explained by phylloquinone intake, season and plasma triacylglycerol concentration. After adjustment for age and corresponding nutrient intakes, plasma phylloquinone concentration was significantly associated (each P<0.01) with plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in free-living women but not men, and with plasma concentrations of carotenes, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols and lutein in free-living men and women. The possibility of concurrent low fat-soluble vitamin status in elderly populations may be a cause for concern. |
Bluck,; Jones,; Thomas,; Liggins,; Harding,; Bingham,; Coward, Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and standard addition of intrinsically labelled standards (SAIL) - application to isoflavones in foods (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 24, Page(s): 2249-2254, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/analysis Flour Food Analysis/*methods Genistein/analysis Isoflavones/*analysis Mass Fragmentography/*methods Reference Values Soybeans/chemistry Support) @article{Paper, name = {Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and standard addition of intrinsically labelled standards (SAIL) - application to isoflavones in foods}, author = {Bluck, L. J. C. and Jones, K. S. and Thomas, J. and Liggins, J. and Harding, M. and Bingham, S. A. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom}, volume = {16}, number = {24}, pages = {2249-2254}, abstract = {We have investigated a novel application of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) for the quantitative analysis of the isoflavones in food matrices. Previous methods have been hampered by the lack of analytical standards to introduce early enough in the extraction procedure to allow compensations for losses at all stages of the procedure. In this work we have produced standard materials that can be added at the initial extraction, by intrinsically labelling soya plants by growing them in an atmosphere enriched in the stable isotope of carbon in CO(2). On analysis these plants were shown to contain phytoestrogens at a high (up to 20%) level of enrichment. The dried plant material has been used to estimate the isoflavone concentrations of a set of spiked flours. For daidzein the methodology was shown to produce results comparable to those achieved by GC/MS techniques. The method was less successful for genistein, possibly due to the greater fragility of this compound under the conditions required for the analysis.}, note = {0951-4198 Journal Article}, keywords = {Carbon Isotopes/diagnostic use Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/analysis Flour Food Analysis/*methods Genistein/analysis Isoflavones/*analysis Mass Fragmentography/*methods Reference Values Soybeans/chemistry Support} } We have investigated a novel application of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) for the quantitative analysis of the isoflavones in food matrices. Previous methods have been hampered by the lack of analytical standards to introduce early enough in the extraction procedure to allow compensations for losses at all stages of the procedure. In this work we have produced standard materials that can be added at the initial extraction, by intrinsically labelling soya plants by growing them in an atmosphere enriched in the stable isotope of carbon in CO(2). On analysis these plants were shown to contain phytoestrogens at a high (up to 20%) level of enrichment. The dried plant material has been used to estimate the isoflavone concentrations of a set of spiked flours. For daidzein the methodology was shown to produce results comparable to those achieved by GC/MS techniques. The method was less successful for genistein, possibly due to the greater fragility of this compound under the conditions required for the analysis. |
Bates,; Thane,; Prentice,; Delves,; Gregory, Selenium status and associated factors in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 y (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 56, 9, Page(s): 873-881, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Age Factors Analysis of Variance Child Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Surveys Female Glutathione Peroxidase/blood Great Britain Human Male *Nutrition Surveys Regression Analysis Selenium/*blood Sex Factors Smoking/blood Social Class) @article{Paper, name = {Selenium status and associated factors in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 y}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Thane, C. W. and Prentice, A. and Delves, H. T. and Gregory, J.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, pages = {873-881}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Assessment of selenium status to provide normative reference values, and investigation of associated socio-demographic factors, in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y. SETTING: National Diet and Nutrition Survey-a nationwide cross-sectional sample of young people aged 4-18 y living in mainland Britain in 1997. METHODS: Selenium status was measured, mainly in fasting blood samples, by plasma selenium concentration in 1127 participants, by red blood cell (RBC) selenium concentration in 1112, and by whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in 658. RESULTS: No evidence of severe selenium deficiency or toxicity was observed. Plasma selenium concentration was directly correlated with RBC selenium concentration, and both were associated directly, although less strongly, with GPx activity. Plasma and RBC selenium concentrations increased significantly with age, with RBC concentrations significantly higher in older girls than boys. Region of domicile exhibited a significant relationship. Associations also occurred with parental occupational social class, selenium concentrations being higher in more socially advantaged children. Black and Indian children had considerably higher concentrations than Caucasian children. Concentrations, especially of plasma selenium, were significantly lower in children either (or both) of whose parents were smokers, although, unexpectedly, there was no evidence that children who themselves smoked had lower levels. CONCLUSIONS: The observed associations between selenium status indices and age, gender, social class, parental smoking and ethnic group indicate a complex network of biological factors which determine selenium concentrations in blood components, and which thus need to be controlled for when using these indices to assess selenium status in young people. SPONSORSHIP: The survey was commissioned jointly by the Department of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, whose responsibility has since been transferred to the Food Standards Agency. Support for the further analysis presented in this paper was provided by the Department of Health.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Age Factors Analysis of Variance Child Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Surveys Female Glutathione Peroxidase/blood Great Britain Human Male *Nutrition Surveys Regression Analysis Selenium/*blood Sex Factors Smoking/blood Social Class} } OBJECTIVE: Assessment of selenium status to provide normative reference values, and investigation of associated socio-demographic factors, in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y. SETTING: National Diet and Nutrition Survey-a nationwide cross-sectional sample of young people aged 4-18 y living in mainland Britain in 1997. METHODS: Selenium status was measured, mainly in fasting blood samples, by plasma selenium concentration in 1127 participants, by red blood cell (RBC) selenium concentration in 1112, and by whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in 658. RESULTS: No evidence of severe selenium deficiency or toxicity was observed. Plasma selenium concentration was directly correlated with RBC selenium concentration, and both were associated directly, although less strongly, with GPx activity. Plasma and RBC selenium concentrations increased significantly with age, with RBC concentrations significantly higher in older girls than boys. Region of domicile exhibited a significant relationship. Associations also occurred with parental occupational social class, selenium concentrations being higher in more socially advantaged children. Black and Indian children had considerably higher concentrations than Caucasian children. Concentrations, especially of plasma selenium, were significantly lower in children either (or both) of whose parents were smokers, although, unexpectedly, there was no evidence that children who themselves smoked had lower levels. CONCLUSIONS: The observed associations between selenium status indices and age, gender, social class, parental smoking and ethnic group indicate a complex network of biological factors which determine selenium concentrations in blood components, and which thus need to be controlled for when using these indices to assess selenium status in young people. SPONSORSHIP: The survey was commissioned jointly by the Department of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, whose responsibility has since been transferred to the Food Standards Agency. Support for the further analysis presented in this paper was provided by the Department of Health. |
Bates,; Thane,; Prentice,; Delves, Selenium status and its correlates in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Trace Elem Med Biol, 16, 1, Page(s): 1-8, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Selenium status and its correlates in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Thane, C. W. and Prentice, A. and Delves, H. T.}, note = {0946-672x Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {J Trace Elem Med Biol}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {Plasma selenium (Se) concentrations were measured in 1134 British people aged 65 years and over, living in mainland Britain during 1994-1995. Eight hundred and eighty-three lived in the community ("free-living"), while the remainder lived in institutions (residential and nursing homes). The overall mean plasma Se concentrations was 0.90 micromol/l (inner 95% range 0.50-1.36 micromol/l). Free-living people had significantly higher values than counterparts living in institutions, and there was an overall inverse correlation with age. Plasma Se varied with season (lower from October to December than at other times of the year), while values were higher in southern Britain than in the North. Socio-economic associations also existed (lower plasma Se in people receiving state benefits or with poorer educational attainment), while smokers had lower values than non-smokers. Several indices of poor health status or of medicine use were correlated with lower plasma Se, which was also predicted by several biochemical or haematological indices of infection or inflammation. Plasma Se was strongly and directly correlated with plasma albumin, zinc, cholesterol, vitamin C, several carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, pyridoxal phosphate, and with blood haemoglobin and several anthropometric indices. All relationships were independent of age and gender, and are consistent with the view that plasma Se levels are higher in fit and well-nourished elderly people and lower in those who are frail, poorly-nourished and unwell. Whole-blood glutathione peroxidase generally did not share these relationships, was only very weakly correlated with plasma Se, and appeared to be less useful as a status indicator in this population group.}, note = {0946-672x Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged} } Plasma selenium (Se) concentrations were measured in 1134 British people aged 65 years and over, living in mainland Britain during 1994-1995. Eight hundred and eighty-three lived in the community ("free-living"), while the remainder lived in institutions (residential and nursing homes). The overall mean plasma Se concentrations was 0.90 micromol/l (inner 95% range 0.50-1.36 micromol/l). Free-living people had significantly higher values than counterparts living in institutions, and there was an overall inverse correlation with age. Plasma Se varied with season (lower from October to December than at other times of the year), while values were higher in southern Britain than in the North. Socio-economic associations also existed (lower plasma Se in people receiving state benefits or with poorer educational attainment), while smokers had lower values than non-smokers. Several indices of poor health status or of medicine use were correlated with lower plasma Se, which was also predicted by several biochemical or haematological indices of infection or inflammation. Plasma Se was strongly and directly correlated with plasma albumin, zinc, cholesterol, vitamin C, several carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, pyridoxal phosphate, and with blood haemoglobin and several anthropometric indices. All relationships were independent of age and gender, and are consistent with the view that plasma Se levels are higher in fit and well-nourished elderly people and lower in those who are frail, poorly-nourished and unwell. Whole-blood glutathione peroxidase generally did not share these relationships, was only very weakly correlated with plasma Se, and appeared to be less useful as a status indicator in this population group. |
Prynne,; Paul,; Mishra,; Hardy,; Bolton-Smith,; Wadsworth, Sociodemographic inequalities in the diet of young children in the 1946 British birth cohort (Article) Public Health Nutr, 5, 6, Page(s): 733-745, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet/economics/statistics & numerical data Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Female Fruit Great Britain Human Male Nutrition Surveys *Social Class Support) @article{Paper, name = {Sociodemographic inequalities in the diet of young children in the 1946 British birth cohort}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and Paul, A. A. and Mishra, G. D. and Hardy, R. J. and Bolton-Smith, C. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {733-745}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there was food and nutrient equality across occupational social classes and geographical region for members of the 1946 British birth cohort at age 4 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of selected food groups, energy and nutrients from one-day recall diet records. SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales in 1950. SUBJECTS: Nationally representative sample of 4419 children aged 4 years in 1950 from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort). RESULTS: Significant food and nutrient inequalities occurred by region and occupational social class of the father. Disparity in fruit and vegetable consumption primarily led to the nutrient differences, especially with respect to lower vitamin C and carotene intakes in children from Scotland and from a manual social class background. Lower energy intake in Scottish children was attributable to inequality in the consumption of foods providing fat, and also to the retention of the traditional Scottish diet that included porridge and soups. Consumption of some rationed foods -- bacon, orange juice and tea -- was inequitably distributed by father's social class, but others, in particular meat and spreading fats, were consumed more uniformly. In contrast to fruits and vegetables, which showed marked sociodemographic disparities, other non-rationed foods such as bread and potatoes were consumed universally. CONCLUSION: Local cultural norms may have played as strong a part in sociodemographic differences in the diet of children in the early 1950s as did the strict, post-war food rationing that prevailed. In consequence, nutritional equality was not achieved, and the relatively low intake of antioxidant vitamins during early childhood in certain population groups may have compromised health in the long term.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet/economics/statistics & numerical data Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Energy Intake Female Fruit Great Britain Human Male Nutrition Surveys *Social Class Support} } OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there was food and nutrient equality across occupational social classes and geographical region for members of the 1946 British birth cohort at age 4 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of selected food groups, energy and nutrients from one-day recall diet records. SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales in 1950. SUBJECTS: Nationally representative sample of 4419 children aged 4 years in 1950 from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort). RESULTS: Significant food and nutrient inequalities occurred by region and occupational social class of the father. Disparity in fruit and vegetable consumption primarily led to the nutrient differences, especially with respect to lower vitamin C and carotene intakes in children from Scotland and from a manual social class background. Lower energy intake in Scottish children was attributable to inequality in the consumption of foods providing fat, and also to the retention of the traditional Scottish diet that included porridge and soups. Consumption of some rationed foods -- bacon, orange juice and tea -- was inequitably distributed by father's social class, but others, in particular meat and spreading fats, were consumed more uniformly. In contrast to fruits and vegetables, which showed marked sociodemographic disparities, other non-rationed foods such as bread and potatoes were consumed universally. CONCLUSION: Local cultural norms may have played as strong a part in sociodemographic differences in the diet of children in the early 1950s as did the strict, post-war food rationing that prevailed. In consequence, nutritional equality was not achieved, and the relatively low intake of antioxidant vitamins during early childhood in certain population groups may have compromised health in the long term. |
Walczyk,; Coward,; Schoeller,; Preston,; Dainty,; Turnlund,; Iyengar, Stable isotope techniques in human nutrition research: concerted action is needed (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 69-75, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bias (Epidemiology) Biological Availability Human Isotope Labeling/*standards Isotopes/*diagnostic use *Nutrition Radioactive Tracers Reference Standards Research Spectrum Analysis, Mass) @article{Paper, name = {Stable isotope techniques in human nutrition research: concerted action is needed}, author = {Walczyk, T. and Coward, W. A. and Schoeller, D. A. and Preston, T. and Dainty, J. and Turnlund, J. R. and Iyengar, V.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Food Nutr Bull}, volume = {23}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {69-75}, abstract = {Use of stable isotopes in applied nutrition has been a developing field for over 60 years. The past 20 years has seen improvements in computer and mass-spectrometer technology that has opened up even greater possibilities in the understanding of human metabolism. While improvements in technology can bring great opportunities, it can also cause problems if there is no consensus among the stable isotope user-community on standardization of new techniques and methods. Users of stable isotopes have traditionally been split into two groups; those who work with heavy isotopes (e.g., 58Fe, 70Zn) and those who work with light isotopes (e.g., 2H218O). Standardization issues have been addressed by the light isotope users and awareness of this type of problem is starting to emerge within the heavy isotope community.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Bias (Epidemiology) Biological Availability Human Isotope Labeling/*standards Isotopes/*diagnostic use *Nutrition Radioactive Tracers Reference Standards Research Spectrum Analysis, Mass} } Use of stable isotopes in applied nutrition has been a developing field for over 60 years. The past 20 years has seen improvements in computer and mass-spectrometer technology that has opened up even greater possibilities in the understanding of human metabolism. While improvements in technology can bring great opportunities, it can also cause problems if there is no consensus among the stable isotope user-community on standardization of new techniques and methods. Users of stable isotopes have traditionally been split into two groups; those who work with heavy isotopes (e.g., 58Fe, 70Zn) and those who work with light isotopes (e.g., 2H218O). Standardization issues have been addressed by the light isotope users and awareness of this type of problem is starting to emerge within the heavy isotope community. |
Wells,; Coward,; Cole,; Davies, The contribution of fat and fat-free tissue to body mass index in contemporary children and the reference child (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, 10, Page(s): 1323-1328, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*physiology *Body Composition Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) England/epidemiology Female Human Infant Male Nutritional Status Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology Reference Values) @article{Paper, name = {The contribution of fat and fat-free tissue to body mass index in contemporary children and the reference child}, author = {Wells, J. C. K. and Coward, W. A. and Cole, T. J. and Davies, P. S. W.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1323-1328}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to assess the prevalence of childhood obesity in populations, and to infer risk of subsequent obesity-related disease. However, BMI does not measure fat directly, and its relationship with body fatness is not necessarily stable over time. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that contemporary children have different fatness for a given BMI value compared to the reference child of two decades ago. DESIGN: Comparison of children from Cambridge, UK with the reference child of Fomon and colleagues (Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 1169-1175). SUBJECTS: A total of 212 children aged 1-10.99 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was assessed by deuterium dilution. Fat-free mass and fat mass were both adjusted for height to give fat-free mass index and fat mass index. RESULTS: Contemporary Cambridge children have similar mean BMI values to the reference child. However, both boys and girls have significantly greater mean fatness and significantly lower mean fat-free mass than the reference child after taking height into account. Contemporary Cambridge children have greater fatness for a given BMI value than the reference child. CONCLUSION: BMI-based assessments of nutritional status may be under-estimating the increase in children's fatness. Any change over time in the relationship between BMI and body fatness will create a mismatch between (1) current estimates of childhood obesity and (2) predicted risk of future adult illness, calculated on the basis of longitudinal cohorts recruited in childhood several decades ago. However, an alternative interpretation is that the reference data are inappropriate. Caution should therefore be used in generalizing from this study, and further investigations of the issue are required.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*physiology *Body Composition Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) England/epidemiology Female Human Infant Male Nutritional Status Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology Reference Values} } BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to assess the prevalence of childhood obesity in populations, and to infer risk of subsequent obesity-related disease. However, BMI does not measure fat directly, and its relationship with body fatness is not necessarily stable over time. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that contemporary children have different fatness for a given BMI value compared to the reference child of two decades ago. DESIGN: Comparison of children from Cambridge, UK with the reference child of Fomon and colleagues (Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 1169-1175). SUBJECTS: A total of 212 children aged 1-10.99 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was assessed by deuterium dilution. Fat-free mass and fat mass were both adjusted for height to give fat-free mass index and fat mass index. RESULTS: Contemporary Cambridge children have similar mean BMI values to the reference child. However, both boys and girls have significantly greater mean fatness and significantly lower mean fat-free mass than the reference child after taking height into account. Contemporary Cambridge children have greater fatness for a given BMI value than the reference child. CONCLUSION: BMI-based assessments of nutritional status may be under-estimating the increase in children's fatness. Any change over time in the relationship between BMI and body fatness will create a mismatch between (1) current estimates of childhood obesity and (2) predicted risk of future adult illness, calculated on the basis of longitudinal cohorts recruited in childhood several decades ago. However, an alternative interpretation is that the reference data are inappropriate. Caution should therefore be used in generalizing from this study, and further investigations of the issue are required. |
Jones,; Bluck,; McLeod,; Bates, The rate of appearance and disappearance of ascorbate (vitamin C) in plasma of orally-dosed humans, studied by stable isotope probes (Article) Free Radic Res, 36, Suppl 1, Page(s): 39-40, 2002. (BibTeX | Tags: ascorbic acid; bioavailability; isotope; vitamin C acid) @article{Abstract, name = {The rate of appearance and disappearance of ascorbate (vitamin C) in plasma of orally-dosed humans, studied by stable isotope probes}, author = {Jones, K. S. and Bluck, L. J. C. and McLeod, G. S. and Bates, C. J.}, note = {Meeting Abstract S 611VQ FREE RADICAL RES}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Free Radic Res}, volume = {36}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {39-40}, note = {Meeting Abstract S 611VQ FREE RADICAL RES}, keywords = {ascorbic acid; bioavailability; isotope; vitamin C acid} } |
Cisse,; Bluck,; Diaham,; Dossou,; Guiro,; Wade, Use of Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) for determination of breast milk output by the deuterium dilution method among Senegalese women (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 138-141, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Body Composition/physiology Body Water/metabolism Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Lactation/*physiology Milk, Human/*chemistry/secretion Models, Biological Saliva/chemistry Senegal Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/economics/*methods Spectrum Analysis, Mass/methods Support) @article{Paper, name = {Use of Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) for determination of breast milk output by the deuterium dilution method among Senegalese women}, author = {Cisse, A. S. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Diaham, B. and Dossou, N. and Guiro, A. T. and Wade, S.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Food Nutr Bull}, volume = {23}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {138-141}, abstract = {Breastmilk output can be estimated from the mother's total body water and water turnover rates after oral administration of deuterium oxide. Usually the deuterium enrichments are determined using a isotope ratio mass spectrometer, which is expensive and requires a specialist for operation and maintenance. Such equipment is difficult to set up in developing countries. A less expensive method was developed which uses a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) for deuterium enrichment analysis. This study evaluated the constraints of using FTIR to study lactating women in Senegal. The deuterium isotope method was found to be adequate for free living subjects and presented few constraints except for the duration of the saliva sampling (14 days). The method offers the opportunity to determine simultaneously breastmilk output, mother's body composition, and breastfeeding practices. Deuterium sample enrichments measured with FTIR were fast and easy, but for spectrum quality some environmental control is required to optimize the results.}, note = {0379-5721 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Body Composition/physiology Body Water/metabolism Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Lactation/*physiology Milk, Human/*chemistry/secretion Models, Biological Saliva/chemistry Senegal Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/economics/*methods Spectrum Analysis, Mass/methods Support} } Breastmilk output can be estimated from the mother's total body water and water turnover rates after oral administration of deuterium oxide. Usually the deuterium enrichments are determined using a isotope ratio mass spectrometer, which is expensive and requires a specialist for operation and maintenance. Such equipment is difficult to set up in developing countries. A less expensive method was developed which uses a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) for deuterium enrichment analysis. This study evaluated the constraints of using FTIR to study lactating women in Senegal. The deuterium isotope method was found to be adequate for free living subjects and presented few constraints except for the duration of the saliva sampling (14 days). The method offers the opportunity to determine simultaneously breastmilk output, mother's body composition, and breastfeeding practices. Deuterium sample enrichments measured with FTIR were fast and easy, but for spectrum quality some environmental control is required to optimize the results. |
Cole,; Paul,; Whitehead, Weight reference charts for British long-term breastfed infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 91, 12, Page(s): 1296-1300, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Breast Feeding Female Great Britain *Growth Human Infant Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Male Reference Values) @article{Paper, name = {Weight reference charts for British long-term breastfed infants}, author = {Cole, T. J. and Paul, A. A. and Whitehead, R. G.}, note = {0803-5253 Journal Article}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Acta Paediatr}, volume = {91}, number = {12}, pages = {1296-1300}, abstract = {AIM: To produce a modification of the British 1990 weight reference reflecting the growth of long-term breastfed infants. METHODS: 120 infants from the Cambridge Infant Growth Study fed breast milk (with no formula) for at least 24 wk, with solids introduced at a mean age of 15 wk, were weighed every 4 wk from birth to 52 wk. Weights were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) for gender and age post-term based on the revised British 1990 reference, averaged and smoothed across age, and then converted back to weights to provide modified median weight curves by gender. Other centile curves were constructed assuming the same variability and skewness by age as for the British reference. RESULTS: Long-term breastfed infants were slightly heavier than the reference at birth and crossed centiles upwards to reach +0.3 SDS at 2 mo, but subsequently crossed centiles downwards to -0.2 SDS by 12 mo. CONCLUSION: The British 1990 reference, although better than previous growth standards, reflects the growth of long-term breastfed infants only imperfectly, with mean weight falling by 0.5 SDS from 2 to 12 mo. The provision of breastfeeding-specific centiles, either as a transparent overlay or as an alternative chart, should be useful for professionals and parents to monitor the weight of long-term breastfed infants.}, note = {0803-5253 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Breast Feeding Female Great Britain *Growth Human Infant Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Male Reference Values} } AIM: To produce a modification of the British 1990 weight reference reflecting the growth of long-term breastfed infants. METHODS: 120 infants from the Cambridge Infant Growth Study fed breast milk (with no formula) for at least 24 wk, with solids introduced at a mean age of 15 wk, were weighed every 4 wk from birth to 52 wk. Weights were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) for gender and age post-term based on the revised British 1990 reference, averaged and smoothed across age, and then converted back to weights to provide modified median weight curves by gender. Other centile curves were constructed assuming the same variability and skewness by age as for the British reference. RESULTS: Long-term breastfed infants were slightly heavier than the reference at birth and crossed centiles upwards to reach +0.3 SDS at 2 mo, but subsequently crossed centiles downwards to -0.2 SDS by 12 mo. CONCLUSION: The British 1990 reference, although better than previous growth standards, reflects the growth of long-term breastfed infants only imperfectly, with mean weight falling by 0.5 SDS from 2 to 12 mo. The provision of breastfeeding-specific centiles, either as a transparent overlay or as an alternative chart, should be useful for professionals and parents to monitor the weight of long-term breastfed infants. |
Prentice, What are the dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D? (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 70, 2, Page(s): 83-88, 2002. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Calcium/metabolism/*physiology *Dietary Supplements Human Vitamin D/metabolism/*physiology) @article{Paper, name = {What are the dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D?}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0171-967x Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2002}, date = {2002-01-01}, journal = {Calcif Tissue Int}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {83-88}, abstract = {Dietary recommendations for calcium and vitamin D vary considerably among different advisory bodies. This lack of consensus reflects the different criteria used as a basis for estimating average requirements and population reference values. For calcium (Ca) many have used a factorial approach, where estimates of skeletal accretion rates are coupled with assumptions about Ca absorption and excretion on typical diets. Others have used data derived experimentally from balance studies. A recent refinement of this approach involves the mathematical modelling of balance data to estimate a Ca intake above which Ca retention is maximal or desirable. A third approach was used by a NIH Consensus Conference in 1994, based on the concept of an optimal Ca intake for bone health, in terms of reduced risk of osteoporosis in later life. Although taken up by several special-interest groups, this approach has yet to be adopted fully by any committee advising on nutrition policy because of the lack of quantitative data on which to base estimates of average calcium requirements. Differences in vitamin D recommendations reflect subtle differences in philosophy about how to indicate that while endogenous synthesis is the main source of vitamin D for people with adequate sunshine exposure, there are vulnerable groups that rely on the diet to supply their vitamin D requirements. In addition, they reflect uncertainties about the relationship between vitamin D status and health outcomes.}, note = {0171-967x Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Calcium/metabolism/*physiology *Dietary Supplements Human Vitamin D/metabolism/*physiology} } Dietary recommendations for calcium and vitamin D vary considerably among different advisory bodies. This lack of consensus reflects the different criteria used as a basis for estimating average requirements and population reference values. For calcium (Ca) many have used a factorial approach, where estimates of skeletal accretion rates are coupled with assumptions about Ca absorption and excretion on typical diets. Others have used data derived experimentally from balance studies. A recent refinement of this approach involves the mathematical modelling of balance data to estimate a Ca intake above which Ca retention is maximal or desirable. A third approach was used by a NIH Consensus Conference in 1994, based on the concept of an optimal Ca intake for bone health, in terms of reduced risk of osteoporosis in later life. Although taken up by several special-interest groups, this approach has yet to be adopted fully by any committee advising on nutrition policy because of the lack of quantitative data on which to base estimates of average calcium requirements. Differences in vitamin D recommendations reflect subtle differences in philosophy about how to indicate that while endogenous synthesis is the main source of vitamin D for people with adequate sunshine exposure, there are vulnerable groups that rely on the diet to supply their vitamin D requirements. In addition, they reflect uncertainties about the relationship between vitamin D status and health outcomes. |
2001 |
Prentice,; Jebb, Beyond body mass index (Article) Obes Rev, 2, 3, Page(s): 141-147, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue Aging Body Composition Body Constitution *Body Mass Index Body Weight Exercise False Positive Reactions Human Military Personnel Obesity/*diagnosis Racial Stocks Sports Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Beyond body mass index}, author = {Prentice, A. M. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {1467-7881 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Obes Rev}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {141-147}, abstract = {Body mass index (BMI) is the cornerstone of the current classification system for obesity and its advantages are widely exploited across disciplines ranging from international surveillance to individual patient assessment. However, like all anthropometric measurements, it is only a surrogate measure of body fatness. Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat, and it is the amount of this excess fat that correlates with ill-health. We propose therefore that much greater attention should be paid to the development of databases and standards based on the direct measurement of body fat in populations, rather than on surrogate measures. In support of this argument we illustrate a wide range of conditions in which surrogate anthropometric measures (especially BMI) provide misleading information about body fat content. These include: infancy and childhood; ageing; racial differences; athletes; military and civil forces personnel; weight loss with and without exercise; physical training; and special clinical circumstances. We argue that BMI continues to serve well for many purposes, but that the time is now right to initiate a gradual evolution beyond BMI towards standards based on actual measurements of body fat mass.}, note = {1467-7881 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue Aging Body Composition Body Constitution *Body Mass Index Body Weight Exercise False Positive Reactions Human Military Personnel Obesity/*diagnosis Racial Stocks Sports Weight Loss} } Body mass index (BMI) is the cornerstone of the current classification system for obesity and its advantages are widely exploited across disciplines ranging from international surveillance to individual patient assessment. However, like all anthropometric measurements, it is only a surrogate measure of body fatness. Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat, and it is the amount of this excess fat that correlates with ill-health. We propose therefore that much greater attention should be paid to the development of databases and standards based on the direct measurement of body fat in populations, rather than on surrogate measures. In support of this argument we illustrate a wide range of conditions in which surrogate anthropometric measures (especially BMI) provide misleading information about body fat content. These include: infancy and childhood; ageing; racial differences; athletes; military and civil forces personnel; weight loss with and without exercise; physical training; and special clinical circumstances. We argue that BMI continues to serve well for many purposes, but that the time is now right to initiate a gradual evolution beyond BMI towards standards based on actual measurements of body fat mass. |
McDevitt,; Bott,; Harding,; Coward,; Bluck,; Prentice, De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 6, Page(s): 737-746, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Composition Calorimetry) @article{Paper, name = {De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women}, author = {McDevitt, R. M. and Bott, S. J. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {737-746}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The results of previous studies suggest that de novo lipogenesis may play an important role in the etiology of obesity, particularly during overconsumption of different carbohydrates. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that de novo lipogenesis would increase during overfeeding, would vary depending on the type of carbohydrate consumed, and would be greater in obese than in lean women. DESIGN: De novo lipogenesis was measured during 96 h of overfeeding by 50% with either sucrose or glucose and during an energy balance treatment (control) in 8 lean and 5 obese women. De novo lipogenesis was determined by measuring the amount of deuterium incorporation into plasma triacylglycerols. Fat and carbohydrate balance were measured simultaneously by continuous whole-body calorimetry. RESULTS: De novo lipogenesis did not differ significantly between lean and obese subjects, except with the control treatment, for which de novo lipogenesis was greater in the obese subjects. De novo lipogenesis was 2- to 3-fold higher after overfeeding by 50% than after the control treatment in all subjects. The type of carbohydrate overfeeding (sucrose or glucose) had no significant effect on de novo lipogenesis in either subject group. Estimated amounts of absolute VLDL production ranged from a minimum of 2 g/d (control) to a maximum of 10 g/d after overfeeding. This compares with a mean fat balance of approximately 275 g after 96 h of overfeeding. Individual subjects showed characteristic amounts of de novo lipogenesis, suggesting constitutive (possibly genetic) differences. CONCLUSION: De novo lipogenesis increases after overfeeding with glucose and sucrose to the same extent in lean and obese women but does not contribute greatly to total fat balance.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {Body Composition Calorimetry} } BACKGROUND: The results of previous studies suggest that de novo lipogenesis may play an important role in the etiology of obesity, particularly during overconsumption of different carbohydrates. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that de novo lipogenesis would increase during overfeeding, would vary depending on the type of carbohydrate consumed, and would be greater in obese than in lean women. DESIGN: De novo lipogenesis was measured during 96 h of overfeeding by 50% with either sucrose or glucose and during an energy balance treatment (control) in 8 lean and 5 obese women. De novo lipogenesis was determined by measuring the amount of deuterium incorporation into plasma triacylglycerols. Fat and carbohydrate balance were measured simultaneously by continuous whole-body calorimetry. RESULTS: De novo lipogenesis did not differ significantly between lean and obese subjects, except with the control treatment, for which de novo lipogenesis was greater in the obese subjects. De novo lipogenesis was 2- to 3-fold higher after overfeeding by 50% than after the control treatment in all subjects. The type of carbohydrate overfeeding (sucrose or glucose) had no significant effect on de novo lipogenesis in either subject group. Estimated amounts of absolute VLDL production ranged from a minimum of 2 g/d (control) to a maximum of 10 g/d after overfeeding. This compares with a mean fat balance of approximately 275 g after 96 h of overfeeding. Individual subjects showed characteristic amounts of de novo lipogenesis, suggesting constitutive (possibly genetic) differences. CONCLUSION: De novo lipogenesis increases after overfeeding with glucose and sucrose to the same extent in lean and obese women but does not contribute greatly to total fat balance. |
Sonko,; Prentice,; Coward,; Murgatroyd,; Goldberg, Dose-response relationship between fat ingestion and oxidation: quantitative estimation using whole-body calorimetry and 13C isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 55, 1, Page(s): 10-18, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Breath Tests Calorimetry, Indirect/methods Carbon Dioxide/analysis Carbon Isotopes Corn Oil/*administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage/*metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Energy Metabolism Female Human Kinetics Lipids/*metabolism Lipolysis Male Nonlinear Dynamics Oxidation-Reduction Postprandial Period Support) @article{Paper, name = {Dose-response relationship between fat ingestion and oxidation: quantitative estimation using whole-body calorimetry and 13C isotope ratio mass spectrometry}, author = {Sonko, B. J. and Prentice, A. M. and Coward, W. A. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Goldberg, G. R.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {10-18}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine dose-dependent relationship between ingested fat and its oxidation in the immediate post-prandial period in humans. DESIGN: Subjects were randomly selected for the study at the Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK. Subjects ingested naturally enriched 13C corn-oil doses (range 20-140g) in a whole-body indirect calorimeter, and were studied for 8 h. Ingested fat oxidation was estimated from the subject's breath 13C enrichment and total carbon dioxide production. Total fat and carbohydrate oxidation were estimated from non-protein oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges. Endogenous fat oxidation was estimated as the difference between total fat and ingested fat oxidation. RESULTS: The amount of fat dose oxidized was nonlinearly related to the amount ingested. On average, 25.6+/-2.7% of the mean fat dose was oxidized. A significant (r = - 0.72, P < 0.001) inverse correlation was found between the amount of fat dose and the proportion oxidized. Endogenous carbohydrate oxidation was negatively and significantly correlated to fat dose oxidized (r= -0.61, P < 0.01), but it was not correlated to endogenous fat oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: There was a nonlinear relationship between amount of fat dose and its quantity that was oxidized in the immediate post-prandial period. The inverse relationship between the size of the fat load and the proportion that was oxidized post-prandially implies increased dietary fat storage beyond about 50 g in a normal resting adult. This has important implications for 13CO2-based studies.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Breath Tests Calorimetry, Indirect/methods Carbon Dioxide/analysis Carbon Isotopes Corn Oil/*administration & dosage Dietary Fats/administration & dosage/*metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Energy Metabolism Female Human Kinetics Lipids/*metabolism Lipolysis Male Nonlinear Dynamics Oxidation-Reduction Postprandial Period Support} } OBJECTIVE: To determine dose-dependent relationship between ingested fat and its oxidation in the immediate post-prandial period in humans. DESIGN: Subjects were randomly selected for the study at the Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK. Subjects ingested naturally enriched 13C corn-oil doses (range 20-140g) in a whole-body indirect calorimeter, and were studied for 8 h. Ingested fat oxidation was estimated from the subject's breath 13C enrichment and total carbon dioxide production. Total fat and carbohydrate oxidation were estimated from non-protein oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges. Endogenous fat oxidation was estimated as the difference between total fat and ingested fat oxidation. RESULTS: The amount of fat dose oxidized was nonlinearly related to the amount ingested. On average, 25.6+/-2.7% of the mean fat dose was oxidized. A significant (r = - 0.72, P < 0.001) inverse correlation was found between the amount of fat dose and the proportion oxidized. Endogenous carbohydrate oxidation was negatively and significantly correlated to fat dose oxidized (r= -0.61, P < 0.01), but it was not correlated to endogenous fat oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: There was a nonlinear relationship between amount of fat dose and its quantity that was oxidized in the immediate post-prandial period. The inverse relationship between the size of the fat load and the proportion that was oxidized post-prandially implies increased dietary fat storage beyond about 50 g in a normal resting adult. This has important implications for 13CO2-based studies. |
Collinson,; Laskey,; Dibba,; Prentice, Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a new insight into geophagy (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 32, 5, Page(s): 615-616, 2001. (BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Bone Density Child Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods Female Human Male *Soil) @article{Paper, name = {Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a new insight into geophagy}, author = {Collinson, A. C. and Laskey, M. A. and Dibba, B. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {615-616}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Bone Density Child Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods Female Human Male *Soil} } |
Bates,; Cole,; Mansoor,; Pentieva,; Finch, Geographical variations in nutrition-related vascular risk factors in the UK: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Nutr Health Aging, 5, 4, Page(s): 220-225, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid/blood Carotenoids/blood Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Surveys Female Food Habits Fruit Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Micronutrients/blood Nutritional Status Risk Factors Smoking Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Geographical variations in nutrition-related vascular risk factors in the UK: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Cole, T. J. and Mansoor, M. A. and Pentieva, K. D. and Finch, S.}, note = {1279-7707 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr Health Aging}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {220-225}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is a strong north-south gradient of vascular disease in Britain, whose aetiology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis, in a cross-sectional survey of older people, that intakes and status indices for protective micronutrients, particularly those for which fruit and vegetables are rich sources, also vary on a north-south axis. DESIGN: The 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of People Aged 65 Years and Over has provided a uniquely appropriate data-set for this purpose. The analysis, confined to free-living participants, compared nutrient intakes and status between people living in the north of Britain, from Scotland to Humberside, with those living south of the Wash, excluding the Midlands and Wales. RESULTS: Highly significant north-south differences, especially for vitamin C, but also to a significant extent for B-vitamins and carotenoids, indicated a more vitamin-rich diet, with more frequent use of vitamin supplements, in the south. Vitamin D status and fibre intakes were also higher in the south; sodium intake was greater in the north. Blood lipid indices did not, however, differ between north and south. North-south differences in the likelihood of receiving income support, of having manual socio-economic status and of smoking habit, appeared to be significant underlying socio-demographic factors. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that for older British people, differences in nutrient intake and status indices between the north and south of Britain run parallel with, and may contribute to, the north-south axis of vascular disease risk.}, note = {1279-7707 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid/blood Carotenoids/blood Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet Diet Surveys Female Food Habits Fruit Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Micronutrients/blood Nutritional Status Risk Factors Smoking Socioeconomic Factors Support} } BACKGROUND: There is a strong north-south gradient of vascular disease in Britain, whose aetiology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis, in a cross-sectional survey of older people, that intakes and status indices for protective micronutrients, particularly those for which fruit and vegetables are rich sources, also vary on a north-south axis. DESIGN: The 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of People Aged 65 Years and Over has provided a uniquely appropriate data-set for this purpose. The analysis, confined to free-living participants, compared nutrient intakes and status between people living in the north of Britain, from Scotland to Humberside, with those living south of the Wash, excluding the Midlands and Wales. RESULTS: Highly significant north-south differences, especially for vitamin C, but also to a significant extent for B-vitamins and carotenoids, indicated a more vitamin-rich diet, with more frequent use of vitamin supplements, in the south. Vitamin D status and fibre intakes were also higher in the south; sodium intake was greater in the north. Blood lipid indices did not, however, differ between north and south. North-south differences in the likelihood of receiving income support, of having manual socio-economic status and of smoking habit, appeared to be significant underlying socio-demographic factors. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that for older British people, differences in nutrient intake and status indices between the north and south of Britain run parallel with, and may contribute to, the north-south axis of vascular disease risk. |
Bates, Intake and status in healthy Havana men, 2 years after the Cuban epidemic neuropathy (Article) Br J Nutr, 85, 6, Page(s): 641-642, 2001. (BibTeX | Tags: Adult Cuba/epidemiology *Disease Outbreaks *Eating Human Male *Nutritional Status Optic Nerve Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology) @article{Paper, name = {Intake and status in healthy Havana men, 2 years after the Cuban epidemic neuropathy}, author = {Bates, C. J.}, note = {0007-1145 Comment Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {641-642}, note = {0007-1145 Comment Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Cuba/epidemiology *Disease Outbreaks *Eating Human Male *Nutritional Status Optic Nerve Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology} } |
Farooqi,; Keogh,; Kamath,; Jones,; Gibson,; Trussell,; Jebb,; Lip,; O'Rahilly, Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity (Article) Nature, 414, 6859, Page(s): 34-35, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adult Body Mass Index Energy Metabolism Evolution Female Frameshift Mutation Heterozygote Human Leptin/blood/*deficiency/genetics Male Middle Age Obesity/blood/*etiology/genetics) @article{Paper, name = {Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity}, author = {Farooqi, I. S. and Keogh, J. M. and Kamath, S. and Jones, S. and Gibson, W. T. and Trussell, R. and Jebb, S. A. and Lip, G. Y. and O'Rahilly, S.}, note = {0028-0836 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {414}, number = {6859}, pages = {34-35}, abstract = {The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is crucial for energy homeostasis in mammals; mice and humans without it suffer from a voracious appetite and extreme obesity. The effect on energy balance of variations in plasma leptin above a minimal threshold is uncertain, however, particularly in humans. Here we examine a group of individuals who are genetically partially deficient in leptin, and show that differences in circulating leptin levels within the range found in normal human populations can directly influence the laying down of fat tissue (adiposity).}, note = {0028-0836 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*metabolism Adult Body Mass Index Energy Metabolism Evolution Female Frameshift Mutation Heterozygote Human Leptin/blood/*deficiency/genetics Male Middle Age Obesity/blood/*etiology/genetics} } The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is crucial for energy homeostasis in mammals; mice and humans without it suffer from a voracious appetite and extreme obesity. The effect on energy balance of variations in plasma leptin above a minimal threshold is uncertain, however, particularly in humans. Here we examine a group of individuals who are genetically partially deficient in leptin, and show that differences in circulating leptin levels within the range found in normal human populations can directly influence the laying down of fat tissue (adiposity). |
Jebb,; Prentice, Single definition of overweight and obesity should be used (Article) Br Med J, 323, 7319, Page(s): 999, 2001. (BibTeX | Tags: Body Weight Child Great Britain Human Obesity/*diagnosis Reference Standards) @article{Letter, name = {Single definition of overweight and obesity should be used}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0959-8138 Comment Letter}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Br Med J}, volume = {323}, number = {7319}, pages = {999}, note = {0959-8138 Comment Letter}, keywords = {Body Weight Child Great Britain Human Obesity/*diagnosis Reference Standards} } |
Woodrow,; Oldroyd,; Wright,; Coward,; Turney,; Brownjohn,; Truscott,; Smith, The measurement of total body potassium in patients on peritoneal dialysis (Article) Perit Dial Int, 21, Suppl 3, Page(s): S163-S167, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Body Composition Body Water Extracellular Space Female Human Male Middle Age *Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory Potassium/*analysis Potassium Isotopes/analysis Support) @article{Paper, name = {The measurement of total body potassium in patients on peritoneal dialysis}, author = {Woodrow, G. and Oldroyd, B. and Wright, A. and Coward, W. A. and Turney, J. H. and Brownjohn, A. M. and Truscott, J. G. and Smith, M. A.}, note = {0896-8608 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Perit Dial Int}, volume = {21}, number = {Suppl 3}, pages = {S163-S167}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity of measuring total body potassium (TBK) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and body cell mass (BCM) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: We studied 29 patients on PD (14 men, 15 women) and 30 controls (15 men, 15 women). We calculated TBK by using a whole-body counter to measure 1.46 MeV gamma-ray emissions from naturally occurring 40K. We measured total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution, and extracellular water (ECW) from bromide dilution. These measurements allowed us to estimate intracellular water (ICW), fat-free mass dilution (FFM(Dilution)), and body cell mass dilution (BCM(Dilution)). RESULTS: The FFM(TBK) in male PD patients (55.7 +/- 7.0 kg) did not differ from that in male controls (57.0 +/- 10.9 kg). The FFM(TBK) in female PD patients (38.4 +/- 6.8 kg) was less than that in female controls (44.7 +/- 4.5, p < 0.01). The FFM(Dilution) did not differ from the FFM(TBK). Correlation of FFM(TBK) and FFM(Dilution) was r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for all subjects; r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for PD patients; and r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for controls. Bland-Altman comparison of FFM(Dilution) with FFM(TBK) in individuals showed bias 0.6 kg, range -8.5 kg to 9.7 kg for the whole group; bias 1.4 kg, range -7.9 kg to 10.7 kg for PD patients; and bias -0.2 kg, range -9.0 kg to 8.6 kg for controls. The BCM(TBK) in male PD patients (30.1 +/- 4.5 kg) did not differ from that in male controls (31.9 +/- 6.2 kg).The BCM(TBK) in female PD patients (19.0 +/- 4.4 kg) was less than that in female controls (23.1 +/- 2.9 kg, p < 0.01). The BCM(Dilution) results did not differ from those for the BCM(TBK). Correlation of BCM(TBK) and BCM(Dilution) was r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for all subjects; r = 0.87, p < 0.0001 for PD patients; and r = 0.93, p < 0.0001 for controls. Bland-Altman comparison of BCM(Dilution) with BCM(TBK) in individuals showed bias 0.1 kg, range -5.9 kg to 6.1 kg for the whole group; bias 0.0 kg, range -6.9 kg to 6.9 kg for PD patients; and bias 0.1 kg, range -5.0 kg to 5.2 kg for controls. The [K+]ICW did not differ between PD patients and controls (148.0 +/- 25.1 mmol/L vs 148.1 +/- 14.3 mmol/L}, note = {0896-8608 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Body Composition Body Water Extracellular Space Female Human Male Middle Age *Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory Potassium/*analysis Potassium Isotopes/analysis Support} } {OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity of measuring total body potassium (TBK) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and body cell mass (BCM) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: We studied 29 patients on PD (14 men, 15 women) and 30 controls (15 men, 15 women). We calculated TBK by using a whole-body counter to measure 1.46 MeV gamma-ray emissions from naturally occurring 40K. We measured total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution, and extracellular water (ECW) from bromide dilution. These measurements allowed us to estimate intracellular water (ICW), fat-free mass dilution (FFM(Dilution)), and body cell mass dilution (BCM(Dilution)). RESULTS: The FFM(TBK) in male PD patients (55.7 +/- 7.0 kg) did not differ from that in male controls (57.0 +/- 10.9 kg). The FFM(TBK) in female PD patients (38.4 +/- 6.8 kg) was less than that in female controls (44.7 +/- 4.5, p < 0.01). The FFM(Dilution) did not differ from the FFM(TBK). Correlation of FFM(TBK) and FFM(Dilution) was r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for all subjects; r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for PD patients; and r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for controls. Bland-Altman comparison of FFM(Dilution) with FFM(TBK) in individuals showed bias 0.6 kg, range -8.5 kg to 9.7 kg for the whole group; bias 1.4 kg, range -7.9 kg to 10.7 kg for PD patients; and bias -0.2 kg, range -9.0 kg to 8.6 kg for controls. The BCM(TBK) in male PD patients (30.1 +/- 4.5 kg) did not differ from that in male controls (31.9 +/- 6.2 kg).The BCM(TBK) in female PD patients (19.0 +/- 4.4 kg) was less than that in female controls (23.1 +/- 2.9 kg, p < 0.01). The BCM(Dilution) results did not differ from those for the BCM(TBK). Correlation of BCM(TBK) and BCM(Dilution) was r = 0.90, p < 0.0001 for all subjects; r = 0.87, p < 0.0001 for PD patients; and r = 0.93, p < 0.0001 for controls. Bland-Altman comparison of BCM(Dilution) with BCM(TBK) in individuals showed bias 0.1 kg, range -5.9 kg to 6.1 kg for the whole group; bias 0.0 kg, range -6.9 kg to 6.9 kg for PD patients; and bias 0.1 kg, range -5.0 kg to 5.2 kg for controls. The [K+]ICW did not differ between PD patients and controls (148.0 +/- 25.1 mmol/L vs 148.1 +/- 14.3 mmol/L |
Sheiham,; Steele,; Marcenes,; Lowe,; Finch,; Bates,; Prentice,; Walls, The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people (Article) J Dent Res, 80, 2, Page(s): 408-413, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Ascorbic Acid Deficiency/blood/etiology Deficiency Diseases/blood/*etiology Dental Health Surveys Energy Intake Female Geriatric Assessment Human Linear Models Male Micronutrients/deficiency Mouth, Edentulous/*complications/physiopathology Nutrition Assessment *Nutritional Status Support) @article{Paper, name = {The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people}, author = {Sheiham, A. and Steele, J. G. and Marcenes, W. and Lowe, C. and Finch, S. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Walls, A. W.}, note = {0022-0345 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {J Dent Res}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {408-413}, abstract = {Dental health status may influence nutrition. The objective of this part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey was to assess if there is a relationship between dental status in people 65 years and older and intake of certain nutrients and any link between dental status and blood-derived values of key nutrients. Random national samples of independently living subjects and those living in institutions had dental examinations, interviews, four-day food diaries, and blood and urine analyzed. In the sample living independently, intakes of most nutrients were lower in edentate than dentate subjects. Intake of non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-heme iron, niacin, and vitamin C was significantly lower in edentate subjects. People with 21 or more teeth consumed more of most nutrients, particularly of non-starch polysaccharide. This relationship in intake was not apparent in the hematological analysis. Plasma ascorbate and plasma retinol were the only analytes significantly associated with dental status.}, note = {0022-0345 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Ascorbic Acid Deficiency/blood/etiology Deficiency Diseases/blood/*etiology Dental Health Surveys Energy Intake Female Geriatric Assessment Human Linear Models Male Micronutrients/deficiency Mouth, Edentulous/*complications/physiopathology Nutrition Assessment *Nutritional Status Support} } Dental health status may influence nutrition. The objective of this part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey was to assess if there is a relationship between dental status in people 65 years and older and intake of certain nutrients and any link between dental status and blood-derived values of key nutrients. Random national samples of independently living subjects and those living in institutions had dental examinations, interviews, four-day food diaries, and blood and urine analyzed. In the sample living independently, intakes of most nutrients were lower in edentate than dentate subjects. Intake of non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-heme iron, niacin, and vitamin C was significantly lower in edentate subjects. People with 21 or more teeth consumed more of most nutrients, particularly of non-starch polysaccharide. This relationship in intake was not apparent in the hematological analysis. Plasma ascorbate and plasma retinol were the only analytes significantly associated with dental status. |
Prentice, The relative contribution of diet and genotype to bone development (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 60, 1, Page(s): 45-52, 2001. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bone Density/genetics/*physiology Bone Development/genetics/*physiology Calcification, Physiologic/genetics/*physiology *Diet Genotype Human Osteoporosis/*etiology/genetics Phenotype Prospective Studies) @article{Paper, name = {The relative contribution of diet and genotype to bone development}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {45-52}, abstract = {The present review addresses the relative contribution of diet and genotype to variability in human bone growth and mineralisation in the context of the aetiology of osteoporosis. Heritability studies indicate that 60-70 % of the variability in bone mineral mass or bone mineral density (BMD) can be accounted for by genetic variation. Cross-trait analyses suggest that a proportion of this variation reflects genetic influences on bone and body size, such as height and lean body mass. Candidate-gene studies have demonstrated associations between several genetic polymorphisms and bone mineral mass but, as yet, genotype determinations have proved unhelpful in identifying individuals at increased risk of osteoporosis. Variations in diet and other environmental factors contribute 30-40 % to total phenotypic variance in bone mineral mass or BMD. Correlations between intakes of individual nutrients and BMD have been reported, but these relationships are subject to confounding due to size. However, no specific dietary factor has been identified from prospective and twin studies as making a significant contribution to environmental variability in BMD or bone loss. This finding may reflect the difficulties in quantifying environmental exposures. both current and over a lifetime. In addition, the influence of diet on bone health may depend on the genotype of the individual. Optimisation of nutrition and lifestyle remains an attractive strategy for the reduction of fracture risk, but more research is required to fully define optimal dietary requirements.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Bone Density/genetics/*physiology Bone Development/genetics/*physiology Calcification, Physiologic/genetics/*physiology *Diet Genotype Human Osteoporosis/*etiology/genetics Phenotype Prospective Studies} } The present review addresses the relative contribution of diet and genotype to variability in human bone growth and mineralisation in the context of the aetiology of osteoporosis. Heritability studies indicate that 60-70 % of the variability in bone mineral mass or bone mineral density (BMD) can be accounted for by genetic variation. Cross-trait analyses suggest that a proportion of this variation reflects genetic influences on bone and body size, such as height and lean body mass. Candidate-gene studies have demonstrated associations between several genetic polymorphisms and bone mineral mass but, as yet, genotype determinations have proved unhelpful in identifying individuals at increased risk of osteoporosis. Variations in diet and other environmental factors contribute 30-40 % to total phenotypic variance in bone mineral mass or BMD. Correlations between intakes of individual nutrients and BMD have been reported, but these relationships are subject to confounding due to size. However, no specific dietary factor has been identified from prospective and twin studies as making a significant contribution to environmental variability in BMD or bone loss. This finding may reflect the difficulties in quantifying environmental exposures. both current and over a lifetime. In addition, the influence of diet on bone health may depend on the genotype of the individual. Optimisation of nutrition and lifestyle remains an attractive strategy for the reduction of fracture risk, but more research is required to fully define optimal dietary requirements. |
Levine,; Weisell,; Chevassus,; Martinez,; Burlingame,; Coward, The work burden of women (Article) Science, 294, 5543, Page(s): 812, 2001. (BibTeX | Tags: P.H.S. *Women, Working *Work) @article{Paper, name = {The work burden of women}, author = {Levine, J. A. and Weisell, R. and Chevassus, S. and Martinez, C. D. and Burlingame, B. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0036-8075 Journal Article}, year = {2001}, date = {2001-01-01}, journal = {Science}, volume = {294}, number = {5543}, pages = {812}, note = {0036-8075 Journal Article}, keywords = {P.H.S. *Women, Working *Work} } |
2000 |
Rennie,; Rowsell,; Jebb,; Holburn,; Wareham, A combined heart rate and movement sensor: proof of concept and preliminary testing study (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 54, 5, Page(s): 409-414, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Body Mass Index Calorimetry Comparative Study Energy Metabolism Exercise Test Female *Heart Rate Human Male Middle Age Monitoring, Ambulatory *Monitoring, Physiologic *Movement) @article{Paper, name = {A combined heart rate and movement sensor: proof of concept and preliminary testing study}, author = {Rennie, K. L. and Rowsell, T. and Jebb, S. A. and Holburn, D. and Wareham, N. J.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {409-414}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Heart rate monitoring has previously been used as a technique for measuring energy expenditure (EE) in field studies. However, the combination of heart rate monitoring with movement sensoring could have theoretical advantages compared to either method used alone. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop and validate a new combined heart rate monitor and movement sensor instrument (HR+M) for measuring EE. METHODS: The HR+M instrument is a single-piece instrument worn around the chest which records minute-by-minute heart rate and movement. Eight subjects underwent an individual calibration in which EE and heart rate were measured at rest and during a sub-maximal bicycle ergometer test. They then wore the HR+M for 24 hours in a whole-body calorimeter and underwent a standard protocol including periods of physical activity and inactivity. Minute-by-minute heart rate was converted to EE using individual calibration curves with the motion data discriminating between periods of inactivity and activity at low heart rate levels. EE was also calculated using the HRFlex method which relies on heart rate alone. Both estimates of EE were compared to EE measured in the whole-body calorimeter. RESULTS: The mean percentage error of the HR+M method calculating TEE compared with the gold standard of the calorimeter measurement was 0.00% (95% CI of the mean error -0.25, 1. 25). The HRFlex method using the heart rate information alone resulted in a mean percentage error of 16.5% (95% CI of the mean error -0.57, 1.76). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary test of HR+M demonstrates its ability to estimate EE and the pattern of EE and activity throughout the day. Further validation studies in free-living individuals are necessary. SPONSORSHIP: NJW is an MRC Clinician Scientist Fellow. KLR holds an MRC PhD scholarship.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Body Mass Index Calorimetry Comparative Study Energy Metabolism Exercise Test Female *Heart Rate Human Male Middle Age Monitoring, Ambulatory *Monitoring, Physiologic *Movement} } OBJECTIVE: Heart rate monitoring has previously been used as a technique for measuring energy expenditure (EE) in field studies. However, the combination of heart rate monitoring with movement sensoring could have theoretical advantages compared to either method used alone. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop and validate a new combined heart rate monitor and movement sensor instrument (HR+M) for measuring EE. METHODS: The HR+M instrument is a single-piece instrument worn around the chest which records minute-by-minute heart rate and movement. Eight subjects underwent an individual calibration in which EE and heart rate were measured at rest and during a sub-maximal bicycle ergometer test. They then wore the HR+M for 24 hours in a whole-body calorimeter and underwent a standard protocol including periods of physical activity and inactivity. Minute-by-minute heart rate was converted to EE using individual calibration curves with the motion data discriminating between periods of inactivity and activity at low heart rate levels. EE was also calculated using the HRFlex method which relies on heart rate alone. Both estimates of EE were compared to EE measured in the whole-body calorimeter. RESULTS: The mean percentage error of the HR+M method calculating TEE compared with the gold standard of the calorimeter measurement was 0.00% (95% CI of the mean error -0.25, 1. 25). The HRFlex method using the heart rate information alone resulted in a mean percentage error of 16.5% (95% CI of the mean error -0.57, 1.76). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary test of HR+M demonstrates its ability to estimate EE and the pattern of EE and activity throughout the day. Further validation studies in free-living individuals are necessary. SPONSORSHIP: NJW is an MRC Clinician Scientist Fellow. KLR holds an MRC PhD scholarship. |
Jebb, A weighty issue (Article) Nurs Times, 96, 36, Page(s): 32-33, 2000. (BibTeX | Tags: Adult Great Britain/epidemiology Guidelines Human Obesity/*epidemiology/nursing/prevention & control Risk Factors) @article{Paper, name = {A weighty issue}, author = {Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0954-7762 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Nurs Times}, volume = {96}, number = {36}, pages = {32-33}, note = {0954-7762 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Great Britain/epidemiology Guidelines Human Obesity/*epidemiology/nursing/prevention & control Risk Factors} } |
Ward,; Heitmann,; Craig,; Stroud,; Azinge,; Jebb,; Cornish,; Swinburn,; O'Dea,; Rowley,; McDermott,; Thomas,; Leonard, Association between ethnicity, body mass index, and bioelectrical impedance. Implications for the population specificity of prediction equations (Article) Ann N Y Acad Sci, 904, Page(s): 199-202, 2000. (BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Body Composition Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight Electric Impedance/*diagnostic use *Ethnic Groups Female Human Male Middle Age Racial Stocks Sex Characteristics) @article{Paper, name = {Association between ethnicity, body mass index, and bioelectrical impedance. Implications for the population specificity of prediction equations}, author = {Ward, L. C. and Heitmann, B. L. and Craig, P. and Stroud, D. and Azinge, E. C. and Jebb, S. A. and Cornish, B. H. and Swinburn, B. and O'Dea, K. and Rowley, K. and McDermott, R. and Thomas, B. J. and Leonard, D.}, note = {0077-8923 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, volume = {904}, pages = {199-202}, note = {0077-8923 Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Adult *Body Composition Body Height *Body Mass Index Body Weight Electric Impedance/*diagnostic use *Ethnic Groups Female Human Male Middle Age Racial Stocks Sex Characteristics} } |
Prentice, Calcium in pregnancy and lactation (Article) Ann Rev Nutr, 20, Page(s): 249-272, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Adaptation, Biological Calcification, Physiologic/*physiology Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage/metabolism Embryo and Fetal Development Female Human Hypertension/prevention & control Infant, Newborn/growth & development Lactation/*metabolism Milk, Human/chemistry *Nutritional Requirements Pregnancy/*metabolism Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/prevention & control Pregnancy Outcome Risk Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Calcium in pregnancy and lactation}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0199-9885 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Ann Rev Nutr}, volume = {20}, pages = {249-272}, abstract = {Pregnancy and lactation are periods of high calcium requirement. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of calcium and bone metabolism during human pregnancy and lactation and discusses the findings in relation to the calcium nutrition of the mother. The evidence indicates that pregnancy and lactation are characterized by physiological adaptive processes that are independent of maternal calcium intake and that provide the calcium necessary for fetal growth and breast-milk production without requiring an increase in maternal calcium intake. There are firm data that demonstrate that a low calcium intake during lactation does not lead to impaired lactational performance or to exaggerated bone loss. However, more research is required to define whether a low calcium intake prior to or during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on reproductive and lactational performance, and on the long-term health of the mother and child.}, note = {0199-9885 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Biological Calcification, Physiologic/*physiology Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage/metabolism Embryo and Fetal Development Female Human Hypertension/prevention & control Infant, Newborn/growth & development Lactation/*metabolism Milk, Human/chemistry *Nutritional Requirements Pregnancy/*metabolism Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/prevention & control Pregnancy Outcome Risk Factors} } Pregnancy and lactation are periods of high calcium requirement. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of calcium and bone metabolism during human pregnancy and lactation and discusses the findings in relation to the calcium nutrition of the mother. The evidence indicates that pregnancy and lactation are characterized by physiological adaptive processes that are independent of maternal calcium intake and that provide the calcium necessary for fetal growth and breast-milk production without requiring an increase in maternal calcium intake. There are firm data that demonstrate that a low calcium intake during lactation does not lead to impaired lactational performance or to exaggerated bone loss. However, more research is required to define whether a low calcium intake prior to or during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on reproductive and lactational performance, and on the long-term health of the mother and child. |
Fuller,; Harding,; McDevitt,; Jennings,; Coward,; Elia, Comparison of recoveries in breath carbon dioxide of H13CO3- and H14CO3- administered simultaneously by single 6 h constant unprimed intravenous infusion (Article) Br J Nutr, 84, 3, Page(s): 269-274, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Bicarbonates/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics Breath Tests/*methods Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/urine Human Infusions, Intravenous Male Therapeutic Equivalency) @article{Paper, name = {Comparison of recoveries in breath carbon dioxide of H13CO3- and H14CO3- administered simultaneously by single 6 h constant unprimed intravenous infusion}, author = {Fuller, N. J. and Harding, M. and McDevitt, R. M. and Jennings, G. and Coward, W. A. and Elia, M.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {269-274}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the bioequivalence of H13CO-3 and H14CO-3, by administering both labels simultaneously by single infusion and comparing their recovery in breath CO2 and urinary urea. Six healthy male subjects (age range 24-41 years; weight 76.7 (sd, 18.6) kg; height 1.79 (sd 0.05) m) were infused with unprimed solutions of HCO3- (110.0 mmol/kg) labelled with 13C (0.76 mmol 13C/h) and 14C (48 Bq/h) at a constant rate for 6 h, in a whole-body calorimeter (1400 litres) for measurement of CO2 production. Samples of breath were collected hourly in a Douglas bag and all urine was collected into two batches (0-4 h and 4-6 h) for estimating recovery of infused label by measurement of enrichment or specific activity. Recovery in breath CO2 of both labels increased from about 25 % for the first hour to 88 % and above for hours 3-4 onwards. Mean recovery of 13C in breath CO2 was slightly higher than that of 14C for all periods (mean difference always less than 1 % of infused label) but was significant only for the first 3 h (P < 0.05). Recovery of 14C in urea was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than 13C, but was confounded by substantial variability and uncertainties concerning 13CO2 background enrichments. These results suggest that there is no compelling need to alter factors currently used for recovery of 14C in breath when using 13C instead, and vice versa.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Bicarbonates/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics Breath Tests/*methods Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/urine Human Infusions, Intravenous Male Therapeutic Equivalency} } The aim of this study was to assess the bioequivalence of H13CO-3 and H14CO-3, by administering both labels simultaneously by single infusion and comparing their recovery in breath CO2 and urinary urea. Six healthy male subjects (age range 24-41 years; weight 76.7 (sd, 18.6) kg; height 1.79 (sd 0.05) m) were infused with unprimed solutions of HCO3- (110.0 mmol/kg) labelled with 13C (0.76 mmol 13C/h) and 14C (48 Bq/h) at a constant rate for 6 h, in a whole-body calorimeter (1400 litres) for measurement of CO2 production. Samples of breath were collected hourly in a Douglas bag and all urine was collected into two batches (0-4 h and 4-6 h) for estimating recovery of infused label by measurement of enrichment or specific activity. Recovery in breath CO2 of both labels increased from about 25 % for the first hour to 88 % and above for hours 3-4 onwards. Mean recovery of 13C in breath CO2 was slightly higher than that of 14C for all periods (mean difference always less than 1 % of infused label) but was significant only for the first 3 h (P < 0.05). Recovery of 14C in urea was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than 13C, but was confounded by substantial variability and uncertainties concerning 13CO2 background enrichments. These results suggest that there is no compelling need to alter factors currently used for recovery of 14C in breath when using 13C instead, and vice versa. |
Liggins,; Bluck,; Runswick,; Atkinson,; Coward,; Bingham, Daidzein and genistein contents of vegetables (Article) Br J Nutr, 84, 5, Page(s): 717-725, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/*analysis Female Food Analysis/*methods Genistein/*analysis Human Isoflavones/*analysis Male Support, Non-P.H.S. Vegetables/*chemistry) @article{Paper, name = {Daidzein and genistein contents of vegetables}, author = {Liggins, J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Runswick, S. and Atkinson, C. and Coward, W. A. and Bingham, S. A.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, pages = {717-725}, abstract = {Food samples (n 114) were prepared from vegetables commonly eaten in Europe. The glycosidic forms of the phyto-oestrogens daidzein and genistein were extracted from the dried foods into aqueous methanol. The isoflavones were quantified by GC-MS after hydrolytic removal of any conjugated carbohydrate. Completeness of extraction and any procedural losses of the isoflavones were accounted for using synthetic daidzin (7-O-glucosyl-4'-hydroxyisoflavone) and genistin (7-O-glucosyl-4'5-dihydroxyisoflavone) as internal standards. Of the 114 foods assayed, at a limit of quantification of 0.1 microg/kg dry weight, forty-eight contained no detectable daidzein or genistein, forty-one contained less than 100 microg/kg of the two isoflavones combined and the remaining twenty-five contained more than this amount. Soyabean products contained between 470 and 1420 mg (average of 960 mg) daidzein and genistein combined per kg wet weight of food, and legumes contained between 20 and 5750 microg/kg wet weight of food, with an average of 620 microg/kg. Cooking by boiling in water caused a decrease in the daidzein and genistein content of food in twenty-four of twenty-eight foods. The extent of the decrease was variable and warrants further investigation. The present paper comprises the first comprehensive description of the content of daidzein and genistein in vegetables.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/*analysis Female Food Analysis/*methods Genistein/*analysis Human Isoflavones/*analysis Male Support, Non-P.H.S. Vegetables/*chemistry} } Food samples (n 114) were prepared from vegetables commonly eaten in Europe. The glycosidic forms of the phyto-oestrogens daidzein and genistein were extracted from the dried foods into aqueous methanol. The isoflavones were quantified by GC-MS after hydrolytic removal of any conjugated carbohydrate. Completeness of extraction and any procedural losses of the isoflavones were accounted for using synthetic daidzin (7-O-glucosyl-4'-hydroxyisoflavone) and genistin (7-O-glucosyl-4'5-dihydroxyisoflavone) as internal standards. Of the 114 foods assayed, at a limit of quantification of 0.1 microg/kg dry weight, forty-eight contained no detectable daidzein or genistein, forty-one contained less than 100 microg/kg of the two isoflavones combined and the remaining twenty-five contained more than this amount. Soyabean products contained between 470 and 1420 mg (average of 960 mg) daidzein and genistein combined per kg wet weight of food, and legumes contained between 20 and 5750 microg/kg wet weight of food, with an average of 620 microg/kg. Cooking by boiling in water caused a decrease in the daidzein and genistein content of food in twenty-four of twenty-eight foods. The extent of the decrease was variable and warrants further investigation. The present paper comprises the first comprehensive description of the content of daidzein and genistein in vegetables. |
Bates, Dietary supplement use at the population level: recent experience from the 1994-5 British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Nutr Health Aging, 4, 1, Page(s): 51-53, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged *Aging *Dietary Supplements Great Britain Human Institutionalization Minerals/administration & dosage *Nutrition Surveys Questionnaires Support) @article{Paper, name = {Dietary supplement use at the population level: recent experience from the 1994-5 British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J.}, note = {1279-7707 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr Health Aging}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {51-53}, abstract = {The purpose of this article is to alert readers of this issue to the ongoing National Diet and Nutrition Survey series in mainland Britain, and to draw attention to the existence of information on the use of dietary supplements by different age-groups in the UK, and to some specific issues which need to be addressed, in order to achieve reliable estimates of supplement use from surveys of this type.}, note = {1279-7707 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Aged *Aging *Dietary Supplements Great Britain Human Institutionalization Minerals/administration & dosage *Nutrition Surveys Questionnaires Support} } The purpose of this article is to alert readers of this issue to the ongoing National Diet and Nutrition Survey series in mainland Britain, and to draw attention to the existence of information on the use of dietary supplements by different age-groups in the UK, and to some specific issues which need to be addressed, in order to achieve reliable estimates of supplement use from surveys of this type. |
Farooqi,; Yeo,; Keogh,; Aminian,; Jebb,; Butler,; Cheetham,; O'Rahilly, Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency (Article) J Clin Invest, 106, 2, Page(s): 271-279, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Age of Onset Amino Acid Sequence Body Composition Child Child, Preschool Energy Metabolism Female Genes, Dominant Genes, Recessive Genotype Heterozygote Homozygote Human Male Middle Age Molecular Sequence Data *Mutation Obesity, Morbid/etiology/*genetics/metabolism Pedigree Phenotype Receptors, Corticotropin/*genetics Signal Transduction/genetics Support) @article{Paper, name = {Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency}, author = {Farooqi, I. S. and Yeo, G. S. and Keogh, J. M. and Aminian, S. and Jebb, S. A. and Butler, G. and Cheetham, T. and O'Rahilly, S.}, note = {0021-9738 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Invest}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, pages = {271-279}, abstract = {Over 20 severely obese subjects in 11 independent kindreds have been reported to have pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), making this the most common known monogenic cause of human obesity. To date, the detailed clinical phenotype of this dominantly inherited disorder has not been defined, and no homozygous subjects have been described. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire coding region of the MC4R gene in 243 subjects with severe, early-onset obesity. A novel two-base pair GT insertion in codon 279 was found in two unrelated subjects, and four novel missense mutations, N62S, R165Q, V253I, C271Y, and one mutation (T112M) reported previously were found in five subjects. N62S was found in homozygous form in five children with severe obesity from a consanguineous pedigree. All four heterozygous carriers were nonobese. Several features of the phenotype, e.g. hyperphagia, tendency toward tall stature, hyperinsulinemia, and preserved reproductive function, closely resemble those reported previously in Mc4r knock-out mice. In addition, a marked increase in bone mineral density was seen in all affected subjects. In transient transfection assays, the N62S mutant receptor showed a responsiveness to alphaMSH that was intermediate between the wild-type receptor and mutant receptors carrying nonsense and missense mutations associated with dominantly inherited obesity. Thus MC4R mutations result in a syndrome of hyperphagic obesity in humans that can present with either dominant or recessive patterns of inheritance.}, note = {0021-9738 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age of Onset Amino Acid Sequence Body Composition Child Child, Preschool Energy Metabolism Female Genes, Dominant Genes, Recessive Genotype Heterozygote Homozygote Human Male Middle Age Molecular Sequence Data *Mutation Obesity, Morbid/etiology/*genetics/metabolism Pedigree Phenotype Receptors, Corticotropin/*genetics Signal Transduction/genetics Support} } Over 20 severely obese subjects in 11 independent kindreds have been reported to have pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), making this the most common known monogenic cause of human obesity. To date, the detailed clinical phenotype of this dominantly inherited disorder has not been defined, and no homozygous subjects have been described. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire coding region of the MC4R gene in 243 subjects with severe, early-onset obesity. A novel two-base pair GT insertion in codon 279 was found in two unrelated subjects, and four novel missense mutations, N62S, R165Q, V253I, C271Y, and one mutation (T112M) reported previously were found in five subjects. N62S was found in homozygous form in five children with severe obesity from a consanguineous pedigree. All four heterozygous carriers were nonobese. Several features of the phenotype, e.g. hyperphagia, tendency toward tall stature, hyperinsulinemia, and preserved reproductive function, closely resemble those reported previously in Mc4r knock-out mice. In addition, a marked increase in bone mineral density was seen in all affected subjects. In transient transfection assays, the N62S mutant receptor showed a responsiveness to alphaMSH that was intermediate between the wild-type receptor and mutant receptors carrying nonsense and missense mutations associated with dominantly inherited obesity. Thus MC4R mutations result in a syndrome of hyperphagic obesity in humans that can present with either dominant or recessive patterns of inheritance. |
Dibba,; Prentice,; Ceesay,; Stirling,; Cole,; Poskitt, Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in Gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 2, Page(s): 544-549, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropometry Body Height/drug effects Body Weight/drug effects Bone Density Bone Development/drug effects Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/*drug effects/metabolism Calcium/blood/*pharmacology Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child *Dietary Supplements Female Gambia Human Male Osteocalcin/blood Radius) @article{Paper, name = {Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in Gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet}, author = {Dibba, B. and Prentice, A. and Ceesay, S. M. and Stirling, D. M. and Cole, T. J. and Poskitt, E. M.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {544-549}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rural Gambian children have poor growth, delayed puberty, a low bone mineral content, and a low calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of a calcium supplement on bone mineral accretion in rural Gambian children. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 160 children (80 boys, 80 girls) aged 8.3-11.9 y. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Each child received either 1000 mg Ca/d (as calcium carbonate) or a placebo 5 d/wk for 12 mo. Supplementation increased calcium intake from 342 to 1056 mg/d (8.6 to 26.4 mmol/d). RESULTS: Calcium supplementation resulted in a higher BMC, BMD, and size-adjusted BMC (&xmacr; difference +/- SE): midshaft radius-BMC (3.0 +/- 1.4%; P = 0.034), BMD (4.5 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001), and size-adjusted BMC (4.6 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001); distal radius-BMC (8. 4 +/- 3.2%; P = 0.009), BMD (7.0 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.011), and size-adjusted BMC (5.5 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.042). Supplementation had no significant effect on height, weight, or bone width at the midshaft radius or distal radius. At the end of the study, the calcium group had a significantly lower mean plasma osteocalcin concentration than the placebo group after adjustment for baseline concentration, sex, and pubertal status (-21.9 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased calcium intake resulted in increased bone mineral status, possibly in association with a decreased bone remodeling space. Further studies are needed to determine whether an increased calcium intake has long-term benefits in Gambian children.}, note = {0002-9165 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Anthropometry Body Height/drug effects Body Weight/drug effects Bone Density Bone Development/drug effects Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/*drug effects/metabolism Calcium/blood/*pharmacology Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Child *Dietary Supplements Female Gambia Human Male Osteocalcin/blood Radius} } BACKGROUND: Rural Gambian children have poor growth, delayed puberty, a low bone mineral content, and a low calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of a calcium supplement on bone mineral accretion in rural Gambian children. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 160 children (80 boys, 80 girls) aged 8.3-11.9 y. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Each child received either 1000 mg Ca/d (as calcium carbonate) or a placebo 5 d/wk for 12 mo. Supplementation increased calcium intake from 342 to 1056 mg/d (8.6 to 26.4 mmol/d). RESULTS: Calcium supplementation resulted in a higher BMC, BMD, and size-adjusted BMC (&xmacr; difference +/- SE): midshaft radius-BMC (3.0 +/- 1.4%; P = 0.034), BMD (4.5 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001), and size-adjusted BMC (4.6 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001); distal radius-BMC (8. 4 +/- 3.2%; P = 0.009), BMD (7.0 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.011), and size-adjusted BMC (5.5 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.042). Supplementation had no significant effect on height, weight, or bone width at the midshaft radius or distal radius. At the end of the study, the calcium group had a significantly lower mean plasma osteocalcin concentration than the placebo group after adjustment for baseline concentration, sex, and pubertal status (-21.9 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased calcium intake resulted in increased bone mineral status, possibly in association with a decreased bone remodeling space. Further studies are needed to determine whether an increased calcium intake has long-term benefits in Gambian children. |
Fewtrell,; Prentice,; Cole,; Lucas, Effects of growth during infancy and childhood on bone mineralization and turnover in preterm children aged 8-12 years (Article) Acta Paediatr, 89, 2, Page(s): 148-153, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Photon Age Factors Body Height Body Weight Bone Density/*physiology Bone Remodeling/*physiology Child Child Development/physiology Child, Preschool Female Follow-Up Studies Growth/*physiology Human Infant Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature/*growth & development Male Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors Support, Absorptiometry) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of growth during infancy and childhood on bone mineralization and turnover in preterm children aged 8-12 years}, author = {Fewtrell, M. S. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J. and Lucas, A.}, note = {0803-5253 Clinical Trial Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Acta Paediatr}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {148-153}, abstract = {To investigate the effect of growth on later bone mass and turnover, bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD: dual X-ray absorptiometry (QDR 1000W) and single photon absorptiometry (Lunar SP2)) and bone turnover (plasma osteocalcin, urine deoxypyridinoline) were measured at 8-12 y in 244 preterm children who had weight and height measured at 18 mo and 7.5-8 y corrected age. Weight and length at birth, 18 mo, 7.5-8 y and current follow-up showed increasingly strong, positive correlations with bone area, BMC and BMD. After adjusting for current size, there were significant negative associations between earlier size measurements and later whole body and lumbar spine bone mass which were stronger for length than for weight, and a negative relationship between birthweight for gestation and later radial bone mass; but no relationship with bone turnover. Current calcium intake and activity level had no independent effect on bone mass. Bone mass at 8-12 y is related to current bone and body size, which tracks throughout childhood. However, amongst children of the same current size, those who have shown the greatest increase in size, particularly in height, have the highest bone mass. These findings raise the hypothesis that improving linear growth in vulnerable children may be important in maximizing bone mass.}, note = {0803-5253 Clinical Trial Journal Article}, keywords = {Photon Age Factors Body Height Body Weight Bone Density/*physiology Bone Remodeling/*physiology Child Child Development/physiology Child, Preschool Female Follow-Up Studies Growth/*physiology Human Infant Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature/*growth & development Male Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors Support, Absorptiometry} } To investigate the effect of growth on later bone mass and turnover, bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD: dual X-ray absorptiometry (QDR 1000W) and single photon absorptiometry (Lunar SP2)) and bone turnover (plasma osteocalcin, urine deoxypyridinoline) were measured at 8-12 y in 244 preterm children who had weight and height measured at 18 mo and 7.5-8 y corrected age. Weight and length at birth, 18 mo, 7.5-8 y and current follow-up showed increasingly strong, positive correlations with bone area, BMC and BMD. After adjusting for current size, there were significant negative associations between earlier size measurements and later whole body and lumbar spine bone mass which were stronger for length than for weight, and a negative relationship between birthweight for gestation and later radial bone mass; but no relationship with bone turnover. Current calcium intake and activity level had no independent effect on bone mass. Bone mass at 8-12 y is related to current bone and body size, which tracks throughout childhood. However, amongst children of the same current size, those who have shown the greatest increase in size, particularly in height, have the highest bone mass. These findings raise the hypothesis that improving linear growth in vulnerable children may be important in maximizing bone mass. |
Hoffman,; Sawaya,; Coward,; Wright,; Martins,; de Nascimento,; Tucker,; Roberts, Energy expenditure of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 4, Page(s): 1025-1031, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Height Body Weight Brazil Calorimetry, Indirect Child Cross-Sectional Studies Densitometry, X-Ray Deuterium/urine Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Human Linear Models Male Nutrition Disorders/*physiopathology Obesity/*prevention & control Oxygen Isotopes/analysis Poverty Regression Analysis Spectrum Analysis, Mass Support) @article{Paper, name = {Energy expenditure of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil}, author = {Hoffman, D. J. and Sawaya, A. L. and Coward, W. A. and Wright, A. and Martins, P. A. and de Nascimento, C. and Tucker, K. L. and Roberts, S. B.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {1025-1031}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stunting increases the risk of obesity in developing countries, particularly in girls and women, but the underlying reason is not known. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that stunted children have lower energy expenditure than do nonstunted children, a factor that has predicted an increased risk of obesity in other high-risk populations. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-eight stunted children aged 8-11 y were compared with 30 nonstunted children with similar weight-for-height. Free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 7 d by using the doubly labeled water method. In addition, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: There were no significant associations between stunting and any measured energy expenditure parameter, including REE adjusted for weight (f1.gif" BORDER="0"> +/- SEM: 4575 +/- 95 compared with 4742 +/- 91 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively) and TEE adjusted for weight (8424 +/- 239 compared with 8009 +/- 221 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively). In multiple regression models that included fat-free mass and fat mass, girls had significantly lower TEE than did boys (P: < 0.05) but not significantly lower REE (P: = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between stunting and energy expenditure after differences between groups in body size and composition were accounted for. However, the girls had lower TEE than did boys, which may help to explain the particularly high risk of obesity in stunted adolescent girls and women in urban areas of developing countries.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {Body Height Body Weight Brazil Calorimetry, Indirect Child Cross-Sectional Studies Densitometry, X-Ray Deuterium/urine Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Human Linear Models Male Nutrition Disorders/*physiopathology Obesity/*prevention & control Oxygen Isotopes/analysis Poverty Regression Analysis Spectrum Analysis, Mass Support} } BACKGROUND: Stunting increases the risk of obesity in developing countries, particularly in girls and women, but the underlying reason is not known. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that stunted children have lower energy expenditure than do nonstunted children, a factor that has predicted an increased risk of obesity in other high-risk populations. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-eight stunted children aged 8-11 y were compared with 30 nonstunted children with similar weight-for-height. Free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 7 d by using the doubly labeled water method. In addition, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: There were no significant associations between stunting and any measured energy expenditure parameter, including REE adjusted for weight (f1.gif" BORDER="0"> +/- SEM: 4575 +/- 95 compared with 4742 +/- 91 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively) and TEE adjusted for weight (8424 +/- 239 compared with 8009 +/- 221 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively). In multiple regression models that included fat-free mass and fat mass, girls had significantly lower TEE than did boys (P: < 0.05) but not significantly lower REE (P: = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between stunting and energy expenditure after differences between groups in body size and composition were accounted for. However, the girls had lower TEE than did boys, which may help to explain the particularly high risk of obesity in stunted adolescent girls and women in urban areas of developing countries. |
Salazar,; Vio,; Garcia,; Aguirre,; Coward, Energy requirements in Chilean infants (Article) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 83, 2, Page(s): F120-F123, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Composition *Breast Feeding Chile/ethnology Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use/urine Energy Intake/physiology Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Human Infant Lactation Male Milk, Human/chemistry *Nutritional Requirements Oxygen Isotopes Weight Gain) @article{Paper, name = {Energy requirements in Chilean infants}, author = {Salazar, G. and Vio, F. and Garcia, C. and Aguirre, E. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {1359-2998 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {F120-F123}, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the energy requirements of breast fed infants. METHODS: The study was conducted in 17 healthy exclusively breast fed infants of normal birth weight (mean (SD) 3332 (280) g). Energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method and milk intake by the dose to infant method were measured at 34 (4) days. A dose of 0. 2 g/kg deuterium oxide (99.8%) and 2.0 g/kg 10% (18)O labelled water was given to the infants, and urine samples were collected for seven consecutive days after dosing. RESULTS: The mean (SD) weight of the infants during the period of evaluation was 4617 (343) g and weight gain 34.0 (7.5) g/day. Daily milk intake was 728 (101) g and its metabolisable energy content 2.71 kJ/g. The energy expenditure of the infants was 1205 (312) kJ/day and energy required for growth was 607 (130) kJ/day. When combined this produced an energy requirement of 391 kJ/kg/day for these infants. CONCLUSION: These data agree with those from other studies in the United Kingdom and the United States and suggest that adequate growth can be achieved with 19.4% less energy than recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU.}, note = {1359-2998 Journal Article}, keywords = {Body Composition *Breast Feeding Chile/ethnology Deuterium Oxide/diagnostic use/urine Energy Intake/physiology Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Human Infant Lactation Male Milk, Human/chemistry *Nutritional Requirements Oxygen Isotopes Weight Gain} } AIM: To evaluate the energy requirements of breast fed infants. METHODS: The study was conducted in 17 healthy exclusively breast fed infants of normal birth weight (mean (SD) 3332 (280) g). Energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method and milk intake by the dose to infant method were measured at 34 (4) days. A dose of 0. 2 g/kg deuterium oxide (99.8%) and 2.0 g/kg 10% (18)O labelled water was given to the infants, and urine samples were collected for seven consecutive days after dosing. RESULTS: The mean (SD) weight of the infants during the period of evaluation was 4617 (343) g and weight gain 34.0 (7.5) g/day. Daily milk intake was 728 (101) g and its metabolisable energy content 2.71 kJ/g. The energy expenditure of the infants was 1205 (312) kJ/day and energy required for growth was 607 (130) kJ/day. When combined this produced an energy requirement of 391 kJ/kg/day for these infants. CONCLUSION: These data agree with those from other studies in the United Kingdom and the United States and suggest that adequate growth can be achieved with 19.4% less energy than recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU. |
Ward,; Doman,; Jebb, Evaluation of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument for the prediction of body cell mass independently of height or weight (Article) Nutrition, 16, 9, Page(s): 745-750, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aged *Body Composition Body Height Body Water Body Weight Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Deuterium *Electric Impedance Evaluation Studies Extracellular Space Female Human Male Middle Age) @article{Paper, name = {Evaluation of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument for the prediction of body cell mass independently of height or weight}, author = {Ward, L. C. and Doman, D. and Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0899-9007 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Nutrition}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {745-750}, abstract = {The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument, the Soft Tissue Analyzer (STA), which predicts a subject's body composition. A cross-sectional population study in which the impedance of 205 healthy adult subjects was measured using the STA. Extracellular water (ECW) volume (as a percentage of total body water, TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were predicted by both the STA and a compartmental model, and compared according to correlation and limits of agreement analysis, with the equivalent data obtained by independent reference methods of measurement (TBW measured by D(2)O dilution, and FFM measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). There was a small (2.0 kg) but significant (P < 0.02) difference in mean FFM predicted by the STA, compared with the reference technique in the males, but not in the females (-0.4 kg) or in the combined group (0.8 kg). Both methods were highly correlated. Similarly, small but significant differences for predicted mean ECW volume were observed. The limits of agreement for FFM and ECW were -7.5-9.9 and -4.1-3.0 kg, respectively. Both FFM and ECW (as a percentage of TBW) are well predicted by the STA on a population basis, but the magnitude of the limits of agreement with reference methods may preclude its usefulness for predicting body composition in an individual. In addition, the theoretical basis of an impedance method that does not include a measure of conductor length requires further validation.}, note = {0899-9007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged *Body Composition Body Height Body Water Body Weight Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Deuterium *Electric Impedance Evaluation Studies Extracellular Space Female Human Male Middle Age} } The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument, the Soft Tissue Analyzer (STA), which predicts a subject's body composition. A cross-sectional population study in which the impedance of 205 healthy adult subjects was measured using the STA. Extracellular water (ECW) volume (as a percentage of total body water, TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were predicted by both the STA and a compartmental model, and compared according to correlation and limits of agreement analysis, with the equivalent data obtained by independent reference methods of measurement (TBW measured by D(2)O dilution, and FFM measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). There was a small (2.0 kg) but significant (P < 0.02) difference in mean FFM predicted by the STA, compared with the reference technique in the males, but not in the females (-0.4 kg) or in the combined group (0.8 kg). Both methods were highly correlated. Similarly, small but significant differences for predicted mean ECW volume were observed. The limits of agreement for FFM and ECW were -7.5-9.9 and -4.1-3.0 kg, respectively. Both FFM and ECW (as a percentage of TBW) are well predicted by the STA on a population basis, but the magnitude of the limits of agreement with reference methods may preclude its usefulness for predicting body composition in an individual. In addition, the theoretical basis of an impedance method that does not include a measure of conductor length requires further validation. |
Jebb,; Cole,; Doman,; Murgatroyd,; Prentice, Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model (Article) Br J Nutr, 83, 2, Page(s): 115-122, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Algorithms Anthropometry/*instrumentation *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Water Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Electric Impedance Female Human Male Middle Age Regression Analysis Reproducibility of Results Sex Distribution Skinfold Thickness) @article{Paper, name = {Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Cole, T. J. and Doman, D. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {115-122}, abstract = {The Tanita body-fat analyser is a novel device to estimate body fat, based on the principles of bioelectrical impedance. It differs from other impedance systems which use surface electrodes in that the subjects stand bare-footed on a metal sole-plate which incorporates the electrodes, hence impedance is measured through the legs and lower trunk. In 104 men and 101 women (16-78 years and BMI 16-41 kg/m2) the mean bias in body-fat mass measured using the Tanita body-fat analyser was 0.8 (2SD 7.9) kg relative to a four-compartment model. This is comparable to the other prediction techniques tested (conventional tetrapolar impedance -1.3 (2SD 6.9) kg, skinfold thicknesses 0.3 (2SD 7.4) kg, and BMI-based formulas -0.2 (2SD 9.0) kg and -0.6 (2SD 8.5) kg), but the agreement was poorer than for 'reference' methods to measure body fat (density 0.2 (2SD 3.7) kg, total body water -0.9 (2SD 3.4) kg and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 0.1 (2SD 5.0) kg). The present paper also describes the derivation of a new prediction equation for the calculation of body composition from the Tanita body-fat analyser. The equation incorporates sex, age, and a log-transformation of height, weight and the measured impedance to predict body fat measured by a four-compartment model. This approach is recommended in the derivation of other prediction equations in body composition analysis. Using this novel prediction equation the residual standard deviations were 4.8% for men and 3.3% for women. A similar analysis using data collected with a conventional tetrapolar system yielded residual standard deviations of 4.3% for men and 3.1% for women. This demonstrates that the practical simplicity of the novel Tanita method is not associated with a clinically significant decrement in performance relative to a traditional impedance device.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Algorithms Anthropometry/*instrumentation *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Water Comparative Study Densitometry, X-Ray Electric Impedance Female Human Male Middle Age Regression Analysis Reproducibility of Results Sex Distribution Skinfold Thickness} } The Tanita body-fat analyser is a novel device to estimate body fat, based on the principles of bioelectrical impedance. It differs from other impedance systems which use surface electrodes in that the subjects stand bare-footed on a metal sole-plate which incorporates the electrodes, hence impedance is measured through the legs and lower trunk. In 104 men and 101 women (16-78 years and BMI 16-41 kg/m2) the mean bias in body-fat mass measured using the Tanita body-fat analyser was 0.8 (2SD 7.9) kg relative to a four-compartment model. This is comparable to the other prediction techniques tested (conventional tetrapolar impedance -1.3 (2SD 6.9) kg, skinfold thicknesses 0.3 (2SD 7.4) kg, and BMI-based formulas -0.2 (2SD 9.0) kg and -0.6 (2SD 8.5) kg), but the agreement was poorer than for 'reference' methods to measure body fat (density 0.2 (2SD 3.7) kg, total body water -0.9 (2SD 3.4) kg and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 0.1 (2SD 5.0) kg). The present paper also describes the derivation of a new prediction equation for the calculation of body composition from the Tanita body-fat analyser. The equation incorporates sex, age, and a log-transformation of height, weight and the measured impedance to predict body fat measured by a four-compartment model. This approach is recommended in the derivation of other prediction equations in body composition analysis. Using this novel prediction equation the residual standard deviations were 4.8% for men and 3.3% for women. A similar analysis using data collected with a conventional tetrapolar system yielded residual standard deviations of 4.3% for men and 3.1% for women. This demonstrates that the practical simplicity of the novel Tanita method is not associated with a clinically significant decrement in performance relative to a traditional impedance device. |
Prentice,; Paul, Fat and energy needs of children in developing countries (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 5 Suppl, Page(s): 1253S-1265S, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Child *Child Development Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cross-Cultural Comparison *Developing Countries Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Energy Metabolism England Female Gambia *Growth Human Infant Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Male *Nutritional Requirements Weaning) @article{Paper, name = {Fat and energy needs of children in developing countries}, author = {Prentice, A. M. and Paul, A. A.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {72}, number = {5 Suppl}, pages = {1253S-1265S}, abstract = {The fat requirements of children can be judged according to 4 criteria: 1) the possible obligate needs of fat as a metabolic fuel, 2) the provision of a sufficiently energy-dense diet to meet energy needs, 3) the adequate supply of essential fatty acids, and 4) the supply of sufficient fat to allow adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In these respects the fat requirements of children in developing countries are probably similar to those of children in affluent nations except for the additional needs imposed by environmental stresses, particularly recurrent infections. In many developing countries, the low energy density of weaning foods appears to be a major contributor to growth faltering and ultimate malnutrition. Evidence from doubly labeled water studies suggests that these diets are adequate when children are healthy but fail to support rapid catch-up growth after diarrhea and other infections. The issues in determining and meeting the fat needs of children in developing countries are illustrated with use of detailed comparative dietary data from a rural community in The Gambia and from Cambridge, United Kingdom. The outstanding feature of the Gambian data is the great importance of breast milk as a source of fat and essential fatty acids up until the end of the second year of life. Weaning foods and adult foods contain low amounts of fat, which causes a sharp transition from adequate fat intakes to probable inadequate fat intakes when children are weaned from the breast. The effects of such low fat intakes, particularly in terms of immune function, require investigation.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Child *Child Development Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cross-Cultural Comparison *Developing Countries Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage *Energy Metabolism England Female Gambia *Growth Human Infant Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Male *Nutritional Requirements Weaning} } The fat requirements of children can be judged according to 4 criteria: 1) the possible obligate needs of fat as a metabolic fuel, 2) the provision of a sufficiently energy-dense diet to meet energy needs, 3) the adequate supply of essential fatty acids, and 4) the supply of sufficient fat to allow adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In these respects the fat requirements of children in developing countries are probably similar to those of children in affluent nations except for the additional needs imposed by environmental stresses, particularly recurrent infections. In many developing countries, the low energy density of weaning foods appears to be a major contributor to growth faltering and ultimate malnutrition. Evidence from doubly labeled water studies suggests that these diets are adequate when children are healthy but fail to support rapid catch-up growth after diarrhea and other infections. The issues in determining and meeting the fat needs of children in developing countries are illustrated with use of detailed comparative dietary data from a rural community in The Gambia and from Cambridge, United Kingdom. The outstanding feature of the Gambian data is the great importance of breast milk as a source of fat and essential fatty acids up until the end of the second year of life. Weaning foods and adult foods contain low amounts of fat, which causes a sharp transition from adequate fat intakes to probable inadequate fat intakes when children are weaned from the breast. The effects of such low fat intakes, particularly in terms of immune function, require investigation. |
Whitehead,; Paul, Growth patterns of breastfed infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 89, 2, Page(s): 136-138, 2000. (BibTeX | Tags: Body Height Body Weight *Breast Feeding Child Development/*physiology Female Growth/*physiology Human Infant Infant, Newborn Male Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors) @article{Other, name = {Growth patterns of breastfed infants}, author = {Whitehead, R. G. and Paul, A. A.}, note = {0803-5253 Comment Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Acta Paediatr}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {136-138}, note = {0803-5253 Comment Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Body Height Body Weight *Breast Feeding Child Development/*physiology Female Growth/*physiology Human Infant Infant, Newborn Male Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors} } |
Gallagher,; Heymsfield,; Heo,; Jebb,; Murgatroyd,; Sakamoto, Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 3, Page(s): 694-701, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology Adult *Body Composition *Body Mass Index Densitometry, X-Ray Female Guidelines *Health Status Human Male Middle Age Models, Biological) @article{Paper, name = {Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index}, author = {Gallagher, D. and Heymsfield, S. B. and Heo, M. and Jebb, S. A. and Murgatroyd, P. R. and Sakamoto, Y.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {694-701}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although international interest in classifying subject health status according to adiposity is increasing, no accepted published ranges of percentage body fat currently exist. Empirically identified limits, population percentiles, and z scores have all been suggested as means of setting percentage body fat guidelines, although each has major limitations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine a potential new approach for developing percentage body fat ranges. The approach taken was to link healthy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization with predicted percentage body fat. DESIGN: Body fat was measured in subjects from 3 ethnic groups (white, African American, and Asian) who were screened and evaluated at 3 universities [Cambridge (United Kingdom), Columbia (United States), and Jikei (Japan)] with use of reference body-composition methods [4-compartment model (4C) at 2 laboratories and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all 3 laboratories]. Percentage body fat prediction equations were developed based on BMI and other independent variables. RESULTS: A convenient sample of 1626 adults with BMIs < or =35 was evaluated. Independent percentage body fat predictor variables in multiple regression models included 1/BMI, sex, age, and ethnic group (R: values from 0.74 to 0.92 and SEEs from 2.8 to 5.4% fat). The prediction formulas were then used to prepare provisional healthy percentage body fat ranges based on published BMI limits for underweight (<18.5), overweight (> or =25), and obesity (> or =30). CONCLUSION: This proposed approach and initial findings provide the groundwork and stimulus for establishing international healthy body fat ranges.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology Adult *Body Composition *Body Mass Index Densitometry, X-Ray Female Guidelines *Health Status Human Male Middle Age Models, Biological} } BACKGROUND: Although international interest in classifying subject health status according to adiposity is increasing, no accepted published ranges of percentage body fat currently exist. Empirically identified limits, population percentiles, and z scores have all been suggested as means of setting percentage body fat guidelines, although each has major limitations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine a potential new approach for developing percentage body fat ranges. The approach taken was to link healthy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization with predicted percentage body fat. DESIGN: Body fat was measured in subjects from 3 ethnic groups (white, African American, and Asian) who were screened and evaluated at 3 universities [Cambridge (United Kingdom), Columbia (United States), and Jikei (Japan)] with use of reference body-composition methods [4-compartment model (4C) at 2 laboratories and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all 3 laboratories]. Percentage body fat prediction equations were developed based on BMI and other independent variables. RESULTS: A convenient sample of 1626 adults with BMIs < or =35 was evaluated. Independent percentage body fat predictor variables in multiple regression models included 1/BMI, sex, age, and ethnic group (R: values from 0.74 to 0.92 and SEEs from 2.8 to 5.4% fat). The prediction formulas were then used to prepare provisional healthy percentage body fat ranges based on published BMI limits for underweight (<18.5), overweight (> or =25), and obesity (> or =30). CONCLUSION: This proposed approach and initial findings provide the groundwork and stimulus for establishing international healthy body fat ranges. |
Moore, Interactions between physical activity and diet in the regulation of body weight (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 2, Page(s): 193-198, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Appetite Regulation/physiology *Body Weight *Diet Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exercise/*physiology Homeostasis/*physiology Human Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control) @article{Paper, name = {Interactions between physical activity and diet in the regulation of body weight}, author = {Moore, M. S.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {193-198}, abstract = {The increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity suggests that there is a chronic positive energy balance. This situation implies poor coupling between energy intake and energy expenditure, but the contribution of each of these factors remains unclear. Epidemiological data suggests that physical activity has a role in the prevention of weight gain, although there is little evidence that it has a beneficial role in weight loss. High-fat diets have also been implicated, evidence from a variety of sources suggests that diets high in fat undermine appetite regulatory mechanisms. There has been much research to investigate the coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake in the short term in an attempt to elucidate some of the mechanisms involved. However, mechanisms regulating appetite are very complex, and it is currently unclear at which points physical activity and diet may have an influence.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Appetite Regulation/physiology *Body Weight *Diet Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exercise/*physiology Homeostasis/*physiology Human Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control} } The increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity suggests that there is a chronic positive energy balance. This situation implies poor coupling between energy intake and energy expenditure, but the contribution of each of these factors remains unclear. Epidemiological data suggests that physical activity has a role in the prevention of weight gain, although there is little evidence that it has a beneficial role in weight loss. High-fat diets have also been implicated, evidence from a variety of sources suggests that diets high in fat undermine appetite regulatory mechanisms. There has been much research to investigate the coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake in the short term in an attempt to elucidate some of the mechanisms involved. However, mechanisms regulating appetite are very complex, and it is currently unclear at which points physical activity and diet may have an influence. |
Whitehead,; Paul, Long-term adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding: how scientific research has led to revised opinions (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 1, Page(s): 17-23, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aging *Breast Feeding Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Female Human Infant *Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Male Nutritional Requirements Reference Values Weight Gain) @article{Paper, name = {Long-term adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding: how scientific research has led to revised opinions}, author = {Whitehead, R. G. and Paul, A. A.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {17-23}, abstract = {The present paper reviews the research of the authors and their colleagues over the past 20 years to provide improved nutritional and anthropometric guidelines for the assessment of lactational adequacy and for when the weaning process might be initiated. The nutritional guidelines are based on revised dietary energy requirements. The basic assumption is that since breast milk is a well-balanced food, if energy needs are satisfied so will those for essential nutrients. Energy requirements for young babies have been derived from the application of the doubly-labelled-water technique. This approach indicated that 460 kJ (110 kcal)/kg per d at 1 month and 397 and 355 kJ (95 and 85 kcal)/kg per d at 3 and 6 months respectively would be satisfactory for a nutrient content of high bioavailability. Translated into a breast-milk intake of 850 ml/d the latter would cover the dietary energy needs of the average child growing along the 50th centile until at least 4 months, but the typical child from many developing countries following the 25th centile until 6 months. The importance of revised growth reference values for infancy, equally crucial for assessing lactational adequacy, is also reviewed. In contrast with the shapes of earlier reference patterns, growth trajectories are different when babies are fed in accordance with modern paediatric advice. Mothers and health professionals using the older growth charts to assess the progress of a baby can be misled into assuming that the weaning process needs to be introduced sooner than necessary. Examples of this situation within the context of a developing country are provided.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Aging *Breast Feeding Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Female Human Infant *Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Male Nutritional Requirements Reference Values Weight Gain} } The present paper reviews the research of the authors and their colleagues over the past 20 years to provide improved nutritional and anthropometric guidelines for the assessment of lactational adequacy and for when the weaning process might be initiated. The nutritional guidelines are based on revised dietary energy requirements. The basic assumption is that since breast milk is a well-balanced food, if energy needs are satisfied so will those for essential nutrients. Energy requirements for young babies have been derived from the application of the doubly-labelled-water technique. This approach indicated that 460 kJ (110 kcal)/kg per d at 1 month and 397 and 355 kJ (95 and 85 kcal)/kg per d at 3 and 6 months respectively would be satisfactory for a nutrient content of high bioavailability. Translated into a breast-milk intake of 850 ml/d the latter would cover the dietary energy needs of the average child growing along the 50th centile until at least 4 months, but the typical child from many developing countries following the 25th centile until 6 months. The importance of revised growth reference values for infancy, equally crucial for assessing lactational adequacy, is also reviewed. In contrast with the shapes of earlier reference patterns, growth trajectories are different when babies are fed in accordance with modern paediatric advice. Mothers and health professionals using the older growth charts to assess the progress of a baby can be misled into assuming that the weaning process needs to be introduced sooner than necessary. Examples of this situation within the context of a developing country are provided. |
Prentice, Maternal calcium metabolism and bone mineral status (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 5 Suppl, Page(s): 1312S-1316S, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bone Density/*physiology Calcium/*metabolism Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Female Human Lactation/*metabolism *Nutrition Nutritional Requirements Pregnancy/*metabolism) @article{Paper, name = {Maternal calcium metabolism and bone mineral status}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {71}, number = {5 Suppl}, pages = {1312S-1316S}, abstract = {Human pregnancy is associated with major changes in calcium and bone metabolism and in bone mineral status before and after gestation. The changes are compatible with the uptake and mobilization of calcium by the maternal skeleton to meet the high requirement for fetal growth and for breast-milk production. Breast-feeding is accompanied by decreases in bone mineral status, increases in bone turnover rate, and reductions in urinary calcium excretion. These effects are reversed during and after weaning, and, in several skeletal regions, bone mineral content ultimately exceeds that measured after delivery. By 3-6 mo after lactation, the postpartum changes in bone mineral status of women who breast-feed largely match those of women who do not, regardless of the duration of lactation. No consistent picture has emerged of the effect of pregnancy on bone mineral status, although increases in bone turnover, calcium absorption, and urinary calcium excretion are well recognized. Events before conception may modify the bone response, particularly if conception occurs within a few months of a previous pregnancy or lactation. There is no evidence that the changes observed during lactation reflect inadequacies in calcium intake. Supplementation studies have shown that neither the bone response nor breast-milk calcium secretion is modified by increases in calcium supply during lactation, even in women with a low calcium intake. The situation in pregnancy is less clear. Calcium nutrition may influence the health of the pregnant woman, her breast-milk calcium concentration, and the bone mineralization and blood pressure of her infant, but these possibilities require formal testing.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Bone Density/*physiology Calcium/*metabolism Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Female Human Lactation/*metabolism *Nutrition Nutritional Requirements Pregnancy/*metabolism} } Human pregnancy is associated with major changes in calcium and bone metabolism and in bone mineral status before and after gestation. The changes are compatible with the uptake and mobilization of calcium by the maternal skeleton to meet the high requirement for fetal growth and for breast-milk production. Breast-feeding is accompanied by decreases in bone mineral status, increases in bone turnover rate, and reductions in urinary calcium excretion. These effects are reversed during and after weaning, and, in several skeletal regions, bone mineral content ultimately exceeds that measured after delivery. By 3-6 mo after lactation, the postpartum changes in bone mineral status of women who breast-feed largely match those of women who do not, regardless of the duration of lactation. No consistent picture has emerged of the effect of pregnancy on bone mineral status, although increases in bone turnover, calcium absorption, and urinary calcium excretion are well recognized. Events before conception may modify the bone response, particularly if conception occurs within a few months of a previous pregnancy or lactation. There is no evidence that the changes observed during lactation reflect inadequacies in calcium intake. Supplementation studies have shown that neither the bone response nor breast-milk calcium secretion is modified by increases in calcium supply during lactation, even in women with a low calcium intake. The situation in pregnancy is less clear. Calcium nutrition may influence the health of the pregnant woman, her breast-milk calcium concentration, and the bone mineralization and blood pressure of her infant, but these possibilities require formal testing. |
Marti,; De Miguel,; Jebb,; Lafontan,; Laville,; Palou,; Remesar,; Trayhurn,; Martinez, Methodological approaches to assess body-weight regulation and aetiology of obesity (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 3, Page(s): 405-411, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animal Body Composition Body Weight/*physiology *Energy Metabolism Gene Expression Human Mice Models, Animal Models, Genetic Mutation Obesity/*etiology/genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Rats *Research Rodentia/genetics) @article{Paper, name = {Methodological approaches to assess body-weight regulation and aetiology of obesity}, author = {Marti, A. and De Miguel, C. and Jebb, S. A. and Lafontan, M. and Laville, M. and Palou, A. and Remesar, X. and Trayhurn, P. and Martinez, J. A.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {405-411}, abstract = {Obesity, which is becoming one of the major health hazards in developed and developing societies, results from a long-term positive energy balance. Body-weight regulation and stability depend on an axis with three interrelated components: food intake, energy expenditure and adipogenesis, although there are still many unknown features concerning fuel homeostasis and energy balance. Biochemical processes are interconnected, and a separate consideration of each component is often useful for methodological purposes and to achieve a better understanding of the whole system. Thus, many different experimental approaches can be applied by using laboratory animals, cell culture or human subjects to unravel the molecular mechanisms which participate in body-weight regulation. Thus, both in vitro (cellular and subcellular models) and in vivo methods have dramatically increased our knowledge of weight control. Several strategies in obesity research are reported here, exploiting the opportunities of the molecular era as well as novel whole-body approaches, which will impact on the development of new targets for obesity management and prevention.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Animal Body Composition Body Weight/*physiology *Energy Metabolism Gene Expression Human Mice Models, Animal Models, Genetic Mutation Obesity/*etiology/genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Rats *Research Rodentia/genetics} } Obesity, which is becoming one of the major health hazards in developed and developing societies, results from a long-term positive energy balance. Body-weight regulation and stability depend on an axis with three interrelated components: food intake, energy expenditure and adipogenesis, although there are still many unknown features concerning fuel homeostasis and energy balance. Biochemical processes are interconnected, and a separate consideration of each component is often useful for methodological purposes and to achieve a better understanding of the whole system. Thus, many different experimental approaches can be applied by using laboratory animals, cell culture or human subjects to unravel the molecular mechanisms which participate in body-weight regulation. Thus, both in vitro (cellular and subcellular models) and in vivo methods have dramatically increased our knowledge of weight control. Several strategies in obesity research are reported here, exploiting the opportunities of the molecular era as well as novel whole-body approaches, which will impact on the development of new targets for obesity management and prevention. |
Jebb,; Lambert, Overweight and obesity in European children and adolescents (Article) Eur J Pediatr, 159, Suppl 1, Page(s): S2-S4, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Child Europe/epidemiology Human Obesity/*epidemiology) @article{Paper, name = {Overweight and obesity in European children and adolescents}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Lambert, J.}, note = {0340-6199 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Pediatr}, volume = {159}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S2-S4}, abstract = {The conclusions of this mini-workshop are not substantially different from those previously published based on the USA experience [9]. This does not necessarily mean that there are no important differences between Europe and the USA, rather it reflects the paucity of data, especially in Europe. Moreover, European data are dominated by studies in Northern and Western European countries, which are closest in economic terms to the USA. This review has not been able to reflect the position in the less economically advantaged parts of Europe where more substantial differences may occur. Together, these reviews have highlighted the limited and inadequate data available on one of the most important and burgeoning public health problems in the world today. There is an urgent need for more research into the fundamental mechanisms of weight gain and effective interventions if we are to prevent the next generation becoming fatter than their parents.}, note = {0340-6199 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adolescent Child Europe/epidemiology Human Obesity/*epidemiology} } The conclusions of this mini-workshop are not substantially different from those previously published based on the USA experience [9]. This does not necessarily mean that there are no important differences between Europe and the USA, rather it reflects the paucity of data, especially in Europe. Moreover, European data are dominated by studies in Northern and Western European countries, which are closest in economic terms to the USA. This review has not been able to reflect the position in the less economically advantaged parts of Europe where more substantial differences may occur. Together, these reviews have highlighted the limited and inadequate data available on one of the most important and burgeoning public health problems in the world today. There is an urgent need for more research into the fundamental mechanisms of weight gain and effective interventions if we are to prevent the next generation becoming fatter than their parents. |
Thane,; Walmsley,; Bates,; Prentice,; Cole, Risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 years (Article) Public Health Nutr, 3, 4, Page(s): 433-440, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animal Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies Deficiency Diseases/blood/epidemiology/prevention & control Female Food Habits Great Britain/epidemiology Human Infant Iron/blood/*deficiency Male Milk Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 years}, author = {Thane, C. W. and Walmsley, C. M. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {433-440}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE:: To examine risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers. DESIGN:: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of children aged 1.5-4.5 years. SETTING:: Mainland Britain, 1992/93. SUBJECTS:: Of the 1859 children whose parents or guardians were interviewed, a weighed dietary intake was provided for 1675, and a blood sample obtained from 1003. RESULTS:: Mean haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin levels were significantly lower in younger (1.5-2.5 years) than in older (3.5-4.5 years) children, with boys having significantly lower ferritin levels than girls. Poor iron status ferritin <10 microg l-1, or low values for both indices) was associated with lower socioeconomic and employment status. Iron status was directly associated with meat and fruit consumption and inversely with that of milk and milk products, after adjustment for age and gender. The latter association remained significant after further adjustment for sociodemographic variables, energy intake and body weight. Children consuming >400 g day-1 of milk and cream were less likely to consume foods in other groups, with those also consuming little meat, fish, fruit and nuts at greatest risk of poor iron status. Few associations were observed between poor iron status and individual nutrient intakes, and iron status was not associated with either iron intake or with consumption of a vegetarian diet. CONCLUSIONS:: Overdependence on milk, where it displaces iron-rich or iron-enhancing foods, may put toddlers at increased risk of poor iron status. However, this becomes non-significant when moderate-to-high amounts of foods known to enhance iron status (e.g. meat and/or fruit) are also consumed. Milk consumption in this age group should ideally be part of a mixed and balanced diet including all food groups, and particularly lean meat (or other iron-rich or fortified foods) and fruit. This is particularly relevant for households of lower socioeconomic and employment status.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Animal Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies Deficiency Diseases/blood/epidemiology/prevention & control Female Food Habits Great Britain/epidemiology Human Infant Iron/blood/*deficiency Male Milk Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Support} } OBJECTIVE:: To examine risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers. DESIGN:: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of children aged 1.5-4.5 years. SETTING:: Mainland Britain, 1992/93. SUBJECTS:: Of the 1859 children whose parents or guardians were interviewed, a weighed dietary intake was provided for 1675, and a blood sample obtained from 1003. RESULTS:: Mean haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin levels were significantly lower in younger (1.5-2.5 years) than in older (3.5-4.5 years) children, with boys having significantly lower ferritin levels than girls. Poor iron status ferritin <10 microg l-1, or low values for both indices) was associated with lower socioeconomic and employment status. Iron status was directly associated with meat and fruit consumption and inversely with that of milk and milk products, after adjustment for age and gender. The latter association remained significant after further adjustment for sociodemographic variables, energy intake and body weight. Children consuming >400 g day-1 of milk and cream were less likely to consume foods in other groups, with those also consuming little meat, fish, fruit and nuts at greatest risk of poor iron status. Few associations were observed between poor iron status and individual nutrient intakes, and iron status was not associated with either iron intake or with consumption of a vegetarian diet. CONCLUSIONS:: Overdependence on milk, where it displaces iron-rich or iron-enhancing foods, may put toddlers at increased risk of poor iron status. However, this becomes non-significant when moderate-to-high amounts of foods known to enhance iron status (e.g. meat and/or fruit) are also consumed. Milk consumption in this age group should ideally be part of a mixed and balanced diet including all food groups, and particularly lean meat (or other iron-rich or fortified foods) and fruit. This is particularly relevant for households of lower socioeconomic and employment status. |
Smithers,; Gregory,; Bates,; Prentice,; Jackson,; Wenlock, The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 years. (Article) Nutr Bull, 25, 2, Page(s): 105-111, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: children; diet; dietary survey; young people) @article{Paper, name = {The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 years.}, author = {Smithers, G. and Gregory, J. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Jackson, L. V. and Wenlock, R.}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Bull}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {105-111}, abstract = {This review describes and present the findings of a survey of the diet and nutrition of young people aged 4–18 years living in private households in the UK, carried out between January 1997 and January 1998. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4–18 years forms part of the NDNS programme, which aims to provide a comprehensive, cross-sectional picture of the dietary habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of the British population by studying representative samples of defined age groups. The survey components included a detailed interview covering dietary habits, lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics; a 7-day weighed dietary record; a 7-day physical activity diary; measurements of height, weight, mid-upper arm, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure; a blood sample for analysis of a range of nutritional status indices; a single urine sample; and an oral health interview and dental examination. A total of 1701 young people provided 7-day dietary records, representing a response rate of 64%. Results have been published in two volumes covering the diet and nutrition survey and the oral health survey. The reports present results for boys and girls separately in four age groups: 4–6 years; 7–10 years; 11–14 years and 15–18 years. Results are also presented by region and by socio-economic characteristics. This review summarises some of the main findings of the diet and nutrition survey, including: the proportion of young people who ate selected foods; energy and nutrient intakes compared with UK Dietary Reference Values; nutritional status; physical measurements; and physical activity.}, keywords = {children; diet; dietary survey; young people} } This review describes and present the findings of a survey of the diet and nutrition of young people aged 4–18 years living in private households in the UK, carried out between January 1997 and January 1998. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4–18 years forms part of the NDNS programme, which aims to provide a comprehensive, cross-sectional picture of the dietary habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of the British population by studying representative samples of defined age groups. The survey components included a detailed interview covering dietary habits, lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics; a 7-day weighed dietary record; a 7-day physical activity diary; measurements of height, weight, mid-upper arm, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure; a blood sample for analysis of a range of nutritional status indices; a single urine sample; and an oral health interview and dental examination. A total of 1701 young people provided 7-day dietary records, representing a response rate of 64%. Results have been published in two volumes covering the diet and nutrition survey and the oral health survey. The reports present results for boys and girls separately in four age groups: 4–6 years; 7–10 years; 11–14 years and 15–18 years. Results are also presented by region and by socio-economic characteristics. This review summarises some of the main findings of the diet and nutrition survey, including: the proportion of young people who ate selected foods; energy and nutrient intakes compared with UK Dietary Reference Values; nutritional status; physical measurements; and physical activity. |
van der Pols,; Bates,; McGraw,; Thompson,; Reacher,; Prentice,; Finch, Visual acuity measurements in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Ophthalmol, 84, 2, Page(s): 165-170, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Feasibility Studies Female Great Britain/epidemiology Health Surveys Human Male Nursing Homes Nutrition Surveys Prevalence Support) @article{Paper, name = {Visual acuity measurements in a national sample of British elderly people}, author = {van der Pols, J. C. and Bates, C. J. and McGraw, P. V. and Thompson, J. R. and Reacher, M. and Prentice, A. and Finch, S.}, note = {0007-1161 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Br J Ophthalmol}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {165-170}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that visual function has an important role in the quality of life in later years, very few studies have measured visual acuity in population based nationwide samples of British elderly people. Such measurements were carried out in the context of the national diet and nutrition survey of people aged 65 years or over (NDNS). METHODS: NDNS participants, who were living in 80 different randomly selected postcode areas of mainland Britain, were visited at their home by a nurse who measured visual acuity at 3 metres, using the Glasgow acuity card (GAC) method. In addition, a brief questionnaire related to ocular health was administered. RESULTS: Visual acuity was measured in 1362 NDNS participants who were not classified as mentally impaired. Visual impairment (using the WHO low vision criteria) was measured in 195 (14.3%) subjects. Prevalence of visual impairment increased significantly with age (65-74 years 3.1%; 75-84 years 11.6%; 85+ years 35.5%, p<0.001 for trend). Impaired vision was more common in subjects living in a nursing home (odds ratio adjusted for age 2.59 (95% CI 2.23 to 2. 96)) and in women (odds ratio adjusted for age 1.55 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.89)). 132 (9.7%) subjects had previously undergone cataract surgery and another 157 (11.5%) had been told that they currently had cataract. Vision improved 0.2 log units or more (at least one Snellen line) with the aid of a pinhole occluder in 289 subjects (21. 2%). CONCLUSION: Results of this nationwide, community based study confirm that problems with poor distance visual acuity exist in a substantial part of the elderly community, particularly in women and people living in nursing homes.}, note = {0007-1161 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Feasibility Studies Female Great Britain/epidemiology Health Surveys Human Male Nursing Homes Nutrition Surveys Prevalence Support} } BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that visual function has an important role in the quality of life in later years, very few studies have measured visual acuity in population based nationwide samples of British elderly people. Such measurements were carried out in the context of the national diet and nutrition survey of people aged 65 years or over (NDNS). METHODS: NDNS participants, who were living in 80 different randomly selected postcode areas of mainland Britain, were visited at their home by a nurse who measured visual acuity at 3 metres, using the Glasgow acuity card (GAC) method. In addition, a brief questionnaire related to ocular health was administered. RESULTS: Visual acuity was measured in 1362 NDNS participants who were not classified as mentally impaired. Visual impairment (using the WHO low vision criteria) was measured in 195 (14.3%) subjects. Prevalence of visual impairment increased significantly with age (65-74 years 3.1%; 75-84 years 11.6%; 85+ years 35.5%, p<0.001 for trend). Impaired vision was more common in subjects living in a nursing home (odds ratio adjusted for age 2.59 (95% CI 2.23 to 2. 96)) and in women (odds ratio adjusted for age 1.55 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.89)). 132 (9.7%) subjects had previously undergone cataract surgery and another 157 (11.5%) had been told that they currently had cataract. Vision improved 0.2 log units or more (at least one Snellen line) with the aid of a pinhole occluder in 289 subjects (21. 2%). CONCLUSION: Results of this nationwide, community based study confirm that problems with poor distance visual acuity exist in a substantial part of the elderly community, particularly in women and people living in nursing homes. |
Yan,; Prentice,; Zhang,; Wang,; Stirling,; Golden, Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone concentrations in Chinese women and men from north-east of the People's Republic of China (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 54, 1, Page(s): 68-72, 2000. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Aged Aging/*blood Analysis of Variance China Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Female Human Male Nutritional Status Parathyroid Hormones/*blood Support) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone concentrations in Chinese women and men from north-east of the People's Republic of China}, author = {Yan, L. and Prentice, A. and Zhang, H. and Wang, X. and Stirling, D. M. and Golden, M. M.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {2000}, date = {2000-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {68-72}, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vitamin D status of young and old women and men living in Shenyang, north-east People's Republic of China in early spring and to explore the relationship between vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Shenyang, north-east China. SUBJECTS: 194 healthy volunteers: 48 young women and 48 young men aged 25-35 y, and 48 old women and 50 old men aged 65-75 y. RESULTS: Fasting blood samples were used to measure plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and PTH using radioimmunoassays. The proportion of subjects who could be regarded as vitamin D deficient (<25 nmol/l) was 48%, 29%, 15% and 13% for old men, young men, old women and young women, respectively. There was no association between plasma 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D concentrations. PTH concentrations were elevated in both old women and men compared with young subjects (P<0.01). A negative association between PTH and 25(OH)D was only found in old women (P<0. 001), but not in old men, nor in young subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D status was poor in this population in early spring, especially in men. There was no clear evidence to show that the secretion of PTH and the conversion of 1,25(OH)2D were affected by the low 25(OH)D concentration. SPONSORSHIP: Partly supported by the Sandoz Foundation for Gerontological Research and the Nestle Foundation, Switzerland, and Medical Research Council, UK. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 68-72}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Aged Aging/*blood Analysis of Variance China Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Female Human Male Nutritional Status Parathyroid Hormones/*blood Support} } STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vitamin D status of young and old women and men living in Shenyang, north-east People's Republic of China in early spring and to explore the relationship between vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Shenyang, north-east China. SUBJECTS: 194 healthy volunteers: 48 young women and 48 young men aged 25-35 y, and 48 old women and 50 old men aged 65-75 y. RESULTS: Fasting blood samples were used to measure plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and PTH using radioimmunoassays. The proportion of subjects who could be regarded as vitamin D deficient (<25 nmol/l) was 48%, 29%, 15% and 13% for old men, young men, old women and young women, respectively. There was no association between plasma 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D concentrations. PTH concentrations were elevated in both old women and men compared with young subjects (P<0.01). A negative association between PTH and 25(OH)D was only found in old women (P<0. 001), but not in old men, nor in young subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D status was poor in this population in early spring, especially in men. There was no clear evidence to show that the secretion of PTH and the conversion of 1,25(OH)2D were affected by the low 25(OH)D concentration. SPONSORSHIP: Partly supported by the Sandoz Foundation for Gerontological Research and the Nestle Foundation, Switzerland, and Medical Research Council, UK. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 68-72 |
1999 |
van der Pols, A possible role for vitamin C in age-related cataract (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 2, Page(s): 295-301, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Aging Animal Antioxidants/pharmacology Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology/*physiology *Cataract/etiology/prevention & control Human Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism Oxidants/metabolism Oxidative Stress) @article{Paper, name = {A possible role for vitamin C in age-related cataract}, author = {van der Pols, J. C.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {295-301}, abstract = {While many experimental studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C in age-related cataract, other studies have revealed contrasting roles for this nutrient. Oxidative damage in the lens can be prevented by vitamin C. However, a pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C through H2O2 generation has been suggested. Vitamin C has also been shown to play a role in protein glycation, which is observed in cataract formation. A protective effect of dietary energy restriction appears to be inversely related to plasma vitamin C levels in rodents. Moreover, conclusions from human epidemiological and intervention studies are not uniform. The available evidence suggests that maintenance of sufficient plasma vitamin C is needed to prevent oxidative damage in the lens. More research will be needed in order to confirm the relative importance of of the different roles of vitamin C in the eye lens.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {*Aging Animal Antioxidants/pharmacology Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology/*physiology *Cataract/etiology/prevention & control Human Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism Oxidants/metabolism Oxidative Stress} } While many experimental studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C in age-related cataract, other studies have revealed contrasting roles for this nutrient. Oxidative damage in the lens can be prevented by vitamin C. However, a pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C through H2O2 generation has been suggested. Vitamin C has also been shown to play a role in protein glycation, which is observed in cataract formation. A protective effect of dietary energy restriction appears to be inversely related to plasma vitamin C levels in rodents. Moreover, conclusions from human epidemiological and intervention studies are not uniform. The available evidence suggests that maintenance of sufficient plasma vitamin C is needed to prevent oxidative damage in the lens. More research will be needed in order to confirm the relative importance of of the different roles of vitamin C in the eye lens. |
Bates,; Pentieva,; Matthews,; Macdonald, A simple, sensitive and reproducible assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma (Article) Clin Chim Acta, 280, 1-2, Page(s): 101-111, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Female Human Male Pyridoxal Phosphate/*blood Pyridoxic Acid/*blood Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Spectrometry, Fluorescence Support) @article{Paper, name = {A simple, sensitive and reproducible assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Pentieva, K. D. and Matthews, N. and Macdonald, A.}, note = {0009-8981 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Clin Chim Acta}, volume = {280}, number = {1-2}, pages = {101-111}, abstract = {We describe a procedure for the measurement of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and of 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma samples. It is based on the conversion of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to 4-pyridoxic acid 5'-phosphate by cyanide in alkaline medium, followed by a high pressure liquid chromatographic separation, with fluorescence detection at acid pH. The assay is robust, sensitive, linear over a wide range, reproducible, and simple to perform. Samples stored at -80 degrees C are stable. Satisfactory agreement was obtained with results from the tyrosine decarboxylase-based assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, in two other laboratories. Plasma samples from a National Survey of older British people were analyzed, and reference intervals for plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate intervals were derived. From the lower 2.5 percentile of the reference group, taken as the lower cut-off of the normal range, ca. 20% of elderly men and 11% of elderly women in the UK showed evidence of biochemical deficiency.}, note = {0009-8981 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Female Human Male Pyridoxal Phosphate/*blood Pyridoxic Acid/*blood Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Spectrometry, Fluorescence Support} } We describe a procedure for the measurement of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and of 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma samples. It is based on the conversion of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to 4-pyridoxic acid 5'-phosphate by cyanide in alkaline medium, followed by a high pressure liquid chromatographic separation, with fluorescence detection at acid pH. The assay is robust, sensitive, linear over a wide range, reproducible, and simple to perform. Samples stored at -80 degrees C are stable. Satisfactory agreement was obtained with results from the tyrosine decarboxylase-based assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, in two other laboratories. Plasma samples from a National Survey of older British people were analyzed, and reference intervals for plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate intervals were derived. From the lower 2.5 percentile of the reference group, taken as the lower cut-off of the normal range, ca. 20% of elderly men and 11% of elderly women in the UK showed evidence of biochemical deficiency. |
Bates,; Pentieva,; Prentice, An appraisal of vitamin B6 status indices and associated confounders, in young people aged 4-18 years and in people aged 65 years and over, in two national British surveys (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 4, Page(s): 529-535, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescence Age Distribution Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood Biological Markers/blood Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Sex Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {An appraisal of vitamin B6 status indices and associated confounders, in young people aged 4-18 years and in people aged 65 years and over, in two national British surveys}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Pentieva, K. D. and Prentice, A.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {529-535}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare vitamin B6 status indices with each other and with potential confounding factors, in the datasets from two national British surveys and associated studies. DESIGN: Vitamin B6 status was measured by plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and plasma pyridoxic acid (PA) in both surveys, and also by erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activation coefficient (EAATAC) in one of the surveys. Plasma alpha1-antichymotrypsin was measured as an index of acute phase status; plasma creatinine was measured as an index of renal function; and plasma total alkaline phosphatase activity was measured as a proxy for PLP hydrolase activity. SETTING: The survey of people aged 65 years and over was carried out in 80 postcode sectors across mainland Britain during 1994-95 and the survey of young people was carried out in 132 postcode sectors across mainland Britain during 1997. SUBJECTS: Blood samples from c. 1,000 subjects of both sexes in each survey permitted measurements of plasma PLP and PA. There were also measurements of EAATAC in the young people's survey. RESULTS: According to published limits of normality, only 5% or less of the young people had unacceptable vitamin B6 status as measured by plasma PLP. About half had apparently unacceptable status by EAATAC, but this observation is difficult to interpret. The young people had considerably higher plasma concentrations of PLP and lower concentrations of PA than the older people. In both surveys, plasma PLP was strongly correlated with plasma PA and in the young persons' survey it was also correlated, although much less strongly, with the basal activity and activation coefficient of aspartate aminotransferase. Both plasma PLP and EAATAC (but not PA nor basal aspartate aminotransferase activity) were influenced by acute phase status in young people, as indicated by significant correlations with alpha1-antichymotrypsin. In people aged 65 years and over, PA (but not PLP) was correlated with renal function, as indicated by its relation with plasma creatinine; however PLP (but not PA) was correlated with plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Several potential confounders - acute phase reaction, kidney malfunction and hydrolase activity - may influence vitamin B6 status indices, although differently for different indices and different age groups. Since older people have relatively poor vitamin B6 status, which may have important health implications for them, more reliable vitamin B6 status indices are needed.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescence Age Distribution Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood Biological Markers/blood Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Sex Factors Support} } OBJECTIVE: To compare vitamin B6 status indices with each other and with potential confounding factors, in the datasets from two national British surveys and associated studies. DESIGN: Vitamin B6 status was measured by plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and plasma pyridoxic acid (PA) in both surveys, and also by erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activation coefficient (EAATAC) in one of the surveys. Plasma alpha1-antichymotrypsin was measured as an index of acute phase status; plasma creatinine was measured as an index of renal function; and plasma total alkaline phosphatase activity was measured as a proxy for PLP hydrolase activity. SETTING: The survey of people aged 65 years and over was carried out in 80 postcode sectors across mainland Britain during 1994-95 and the survey of young people was carried out in 132 postcode sectors across mainland Britain during 1997. SUBJECTS: Blood samples from c. 1,000 subjects of both sexes in each survey permitted measurements of plasma PLP and PA. There were also measurements of EAATAC in the young people's survey. RESULTS: According to published limits of normality, only 5% or less of the young people had unacceptable vitamin B6 status as measured by plasma PLP. About half had apparently unacceptable status by EAATAC, but this observation is difficult to interpret. The young people had considerably higher plasma concentrations of PLP and lower concentrations of PA than the older people. In both surveys, plasma PLP was strongly correlated with plasma PA and in the young persons' survey it was also correlated, although much less strongly, with the basal activity and activation coefficient of aspartate aminotransferase. Both plasma PLP and EAATAC (but not PA nor basal aspartate aminotransferase activity) were influenced by acute phase status in young people, as indicated by significant correlations with alpha1-antichymotrypsin. In people aged 65 years and over, PA (but not PLP) was correlated with renal function, as indicated by its relation with plasma creatinine; however PLP (but not PA) was correlated with plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Several potential confounders - acute phase reaction, kidney malfunction and hydrolase activity - may influence vitamin B6 status indices, although differently for different indices and different age groups. Since older people have relatively poor vitamin B6 status, which may have important health implications for them, more reliable vitamin B6 status indices are needed. |
Dibba,; Prentice,; Laskey,; Stirling,; Cole, An investigation of ethnic differences in bone mineral, hip axis length, calcium metabolism and bone turnover between West African and Caucasian adults living in the United Kingdom (Article) Ann Hum Biol, 26, 3, Page(s): 229-242, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density Bone and Bones/chemistry/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism *Caucasoid Race Densitometry) @article{Paper, name = {An investigation of ethnic differences in bone mineral, hip axis length, calcium metabolism and bone turnover between West African and Caucasian adults living in the United Kingdom}, author = {Dibba, B. and Prentice, A. and Laskey, M. A. and Stirling, D. M. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0301-4460 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Ann Hum Biol}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {229-242}, abstract = {{The aim of the study was to investigate factors relating to calcium and bone metabolism which might explain the low incidence of osteoporotic fracture among Africans. Adult bone mineral status, hip axis length and biochemical indices were investigated in 20 Caucasians (10 male, 10 female) and 19 Gambians (12 male, 7 female) living in the UK. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and BMC adjusted for bone area, body weight and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured for the whole-body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter, radius shaft and radius wrist using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences in whole body or regional BMC; values tended to be lower in the Gambians. Gambian men had higher size-adjusted BMC at the femoral neck (Gambian-British = 21%, 95% CI = 6 to 36%, p < 0.01), associated with a smaller bone area (Gambian-British = -11%, 95% CI = -20 to -2%}, note = {0301-4460 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density Bone and Bones/chemistry/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism *Caucasoid Race Densitometry} } {The aim of the study was to investigate factors relating to calcium and bone metabolism which might explain the low incidence of osteoporotic fracture among Africans. Adult bone mineral status, hip axis length and biochemical indices were investigated in 20 Caucasians (10 male, 10 female) and 19 Gambians (12 male, 7 female) living in the UK. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and BMC adjusted for bone area, body weight and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured for the whole-body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter, radius shaft and radius wrist using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences in whole body or regional BMC; values tended to be lower in the Gambians. Gambian men had higher size-adjusted BMC at the femoral neck (Gambian-British = 21%, 95% CI = 6 to 36%, p < 0.01), associated with a smaller bone area (Gambian-British = -11%, 95% CI = -20 to -2% |
Tothill,; Laskey,; Orphanidou,; van Wijk, Anomalies in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of total-body bone mineral during weight change using Lunar, Hologic and Norland instruments (Article) Br J Radiol, 72, 859, Page(s): 661-669, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bone Density Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation Human Middle Age Phantoms, Imaging Sensitivity and Specificity *Weight Gain) @article{Paper, name = {Anomalies in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of total-body bone mineral during weight change using Lunar, Hologic and Norland instruments}, author = {Tothill, P. and Laskey, M. A. and Orphanidou, C. I. and van Wijk, M.}, note = {0007-1285 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br J Radiol}, volume = {72}, number = {859}, pages = {661-669}, abstract = {A previous study showed that measurements of total-body bone mineral changes made with a Hologic QDR 1000W were unreliable when the subjects underwent weight change. The study has been extended to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) apparatus from other manufacturers. Re-analysis of published results during weight loss using a Lunar DPX showed that they varied with the software used. Using the Extended mode, there was a 1% loss of bone mineral areal density (BMD), but no significant change in bone mineral content (BMC) or bone area (BA) following a weight loss of 16 kg, whereas the use of the Standard mode led to a larger fall of BMC and BMD. Similar findings arose from the consideration of two studies using Norland XR 26 HS absorptiometers. On the other hand, separation of two groups with similar weight changes from the population studied with a Hologic QDR 1000W confirmed that BMC changed directly with weight, but there was an inverse relationship for BMD, owing to an inappropriate change of BA. The use of Hologic Enhanced and Standard software modes led to significant differences in initial readings and measured changes. With each instrument there was a strong correlation between changes in BA and changes in BMC. When 6 kg of lard was wrapped around the limbs of volunteers or a semi-anthropomorphic phantom to simulate weight change, there were spurious increases of measured BMC and BA by about 5% with each instrument. There were no changes of BMD with Lunar, variable results with Norland, but decreases with Hologic. The results observed in vivo could be explained by the effects of fat changes, without there being any real change of bone mineral. Changes of BMD in the skeleton of the phantom were underestimated with all three brands. The anomaly observed with the Hologic QDR 1000W is less apparent with a Lunar DPX or a Norland XR 26, but there are sufficient uncertainties for all total-body measurements during weight change to be treated with suspicion.}, note = {0007-1285 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Bone Density Densitometry, X-Ray/*instrumentation Human Middle Age Phantoms, Imaging Sensitivity and Specificity *Weight Gain} } A previous study showed that measurements of total-body bone mineral changes made with a Hologic QDR 1000W were unreliable when the subjects underwent weight change. The study has been extended to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) apparatus from other manufacturers. Re-analysis of published results during weight loss using a Lunar DPX showed that they varied with the software used. Using the Extended mode, there was a 1% loss of bone mineral areal density (BMD), but no significant change in bone mineral content (BMC) or bone area (BA) following a weight loss of 16 kg, whereas the use of the Standard mode led to a larger fall of BMC and BMD. Similar findings arose from the consideration of two studies using Norland XR 26 HS absorptiometers. On the other hand, separation of two groups with similar weight changes from the population studied with a Hologic QDR 1000W confirmed that BMC changed directly with weight, but there was an inverse relationship for BMD, owing to an inappropriate change of BA. The use of Hologic Enhanced and Standard software modes led to significant differences in initial readings and measured changes. With each instrument there was a strong correlation between changes in BA and changes in BMC. When 6 kg of lard was wrapped around the limbs of volunteers or a semi-anthropomorphic phantom to simulate weight change, there were spurious increases of measured BMC and BA by about 5% with each instrument. There were no changes of BMD with Lunar, variable results with Norland, but decreases with Hologic. The results observed in vivo could be explained by the effects of fat changes, without there being any real change of bone mineral. Changes of BMD in the skeleton of the phantom were underestimated with all three brands. The anomaly observed with the Hologic QDR 1000W is less apparent with a Lunar DPX or a Norland XR 26, but there are sufficient uncertainties for all total-body measurements during weight change to be treated with suspicion. |
Laskey,; Prentice, Bone mineral changes during and after lactation (Article) Obstet Gynecol, 94, 4, Page(s): 608-615, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Bone Density/*physiology Female Human Lactation/*metabolism Support) @article{Paper, name = {Bone mineral changes during and after lactation}, author = {Laskey, M. A. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0029-7844 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Obstet Gynecol}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {608-615}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral changes during and after lactation. METHODS: Fifty-nine breast-feeding women, 11 formula-feeding women, and 22 nonpregnant, nonlactating women had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the whole body, spine, hip, and forearm at 0.5 (baseline), 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum, with an additional measurement at 3 months after lactation for women who had breast-fed for more than 9 months. RESULTS: Lactation was associated with decreases in bone mineral at the whole body, spine, femoral neck, total hip, and radial wrist, which reversed as lactation declined and menstruation resumed. These changes were not seen in formula-feeding women. The magnitude and duration of the response were greater for women who breast-fed for a longer time. After lactation had stopped for at least 3 months, bone mineral, adjusted for bone area, had increased significantly above baseline at the whole body (+1.44%; 95% confidence interval [CI] +0.97%, +1.91%; P < .001), spine (+2.66%; 95% CI +1.60%, +3.72%; P < .001), and greater trochanter (+3.55%; 95% CI +2.53%, +4.57%; P < .001), was not different at the total hip and radial shaft, but was lower at the femoral neck (-2.07%; 95% CI -3.21%, -0.93%; P < .001) and radial wrist (-1.23%; 95% CI -1.99%, -0.47%; P < .01). Changes after lactation were largely independent of the duration of lactation or amenorrhea, and similar effects were observed in formula-feeding women. CONCLUSION: Lactation was associated with temporary decreases in bone mineral. After lactation, there were significant residual effects on bone mineral that were unrelated to the duration of lactation and may be related to having been pregnant. The long-term effect of lactation on the femoral neck requires further investigation.}, note = {0029-7844 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Bone Density/*physiology Female Human Lactation/*metabolism Support} } OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral changes during and after lactation. METHODS: Fifty-nine breast-feeding women, 11 formula-feeding women, and 22 nonpregnant, nonlactating women had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the whole body, spine, hip, and forearm at 0.5 (baseline), 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum, with an additional measurement at 3 months after lactation for women who had breast-fed for more than 9 months. RESULTS: Lactation was associated with decreases in bone mineral at the whole body, spine, femoral neck, total hip, and radial wrist, which reversed as lactation declined and menstruation resumed. These changes were not seen in formula-feeding women. The magnitude and duration of the response were greater for women who breast-fed for a longer time. After lactation had stopped for at least 3 months, bone mineral, adjusted for bone area, had increased significantly above baseline at the whole body (+1.44%; 95% confidence interval [CI] +0.97%, +1.91%; P < .001), spine (+2.66%; 95% CI +1.60%, +3.72%; P < .001), and greater trochanter (+3.55%; 95% CI +2.53%, +4.57%; P < .001), was not different at the total hip and radial shaft, but was lower at the femoral neck (-2.07%; 95% CI -3.21%, -0.93%; P < .001) and radial wrist (-1.23%; 95% CI -1.99%, -0.47%; P < .01). Changes after lactation were largely independent of the duration of lactation or amenorrhea, and similar effects were observed in formula-feeding women. CONCLUSION: Lactation was associated with temporary decreases in bone mineral. After lactation, there were significant residual effects on bone mineral that were unrelated to the duration of lactation and may be related to having been pregnant. The long-term effect of lactation on the femoral neck requires further investigation. |
Fewtrell,; Prentice,; Jones,; Bishop,; Stirling,; Buffenstein,; Lunt,; Cole,; Lucas, Bone mineralization and turnover in preterm infants at 8-12 years of age: the effect of early diet (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 14, 5, Page(s): 810-820, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Biological Markers Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density *Bone Remodeling Calcium/administration & dosage/metabolism Child *Diet Female Human *Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn *Infant, Premature Male Nutritional Status Support) @article{Paper, name = {Bone mineralization and turnover in preterm infants at 8-12 years of age: the effect of early diet}, author = {Fewtrell, M. S. and Prentice, A. and Jones, S. C. and Bishop, N. J. and Stirling, D. M. and Buffenstein, R. and Lunt, M. and Cole, T. J. and Lucas, A.}, note = {0884-0431 Clinical Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {J Bone Miner Res}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {810-820}, abstract = {{Our previous studies raised two hypotheses: first that suboptimal early nutrition and second that human milk have enhancing effects on long-term bone mineralization. To test these hypotheses experimentally, we measured whole body and regional bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and single-photon absorptiometry, and bone turnover at 8-12 years in 244 preterm children (128 boys) who participated in a prospective randomized study of diet during the neonatal period. Dietary randomizations studied were: banked human milk (BBM}, note = {0884-0431 Clinical Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Biological Markers Body Height Body Weight *Bone Density *Bone Remodeling Calcium/administration & dosage/metabolism Child *Diet Female Human *Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn *Infant, Premature Male Nutritional Status Support} } {Our previous studies raised two hypotheses: first that suboptimal early nutrition and second that human milk have enhancing effects on long-term bone mineralization. To test these hypotheses experimentally, we measured whole body and regional bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and single-photon absorptiometry, and bone turnover at 8-12 years in 244 preterm children (128 boys) who participated in a prospective randomized study of diet during the neonatal period. Dietary randomizations studied were: banked human milk (BBM |
Wadsworth,; Marshall,; Hardy,; Paul, Breast feeding and obesity. Relation may be accounted for by social factors (Article) Br Med J, 319, 7224, Page(s): 1576, 1999. (BibTeX | Tags: *Breast Feeding Child Female Human Obesity/*etiology Socioeconomic Factors Time Factors) @article{Other, name = {Breast feeding and obesity. Relation may be accounted for by social factors}, author = {Wadsworth, M. E. J. and Marshall, S. and Hardy, R. J. and Paul, A. A.}, note = {0959-8138 Comment Letter}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br Med J}, volume = {319}, number = {7224}, pages = {1576}, note = {0959-8138 Comment Letter}, keywords = {*Breast Feeding Child Female Human Obesity/*etiology Socioeconomic Factors Time Factors} } |
Laskey,; Prentice, Comparison of adult and paediatric spine and whole body software for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (Article) Br J Radiol, 72, 862, Page(s): 967-976, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Age Factors Body Composition *Bone Density Child Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods Evaluation Studies Female Human Male Phantoms, Imaging *Software Spine/*physiology) @article{Paper, name = {Comparison of adult and paediatric spine and whole body software for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer}, author = {Laskey, M. A. and Prentice, A.}, note = {0007-1285 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br J Radiol}, volume = {72}, number = {862}, pages = {967-976}, abstract = {Simple phantoms were devised to compare the performance of adult (software 3.64) and paediatric (software 3.8 g) spine and whole body software developed for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer. Rectangular slabs of aluminium with high (1.18 g cm-2) and low (0.57 g cm-2) density were used to represent bone mineral. For spine measurements, the phantoms were scanned in water at depths of 5-20 cm. For whole body measurements, the phantoms were scanned with known amounts of oil and water to represent fat and lean tissue. This simulated tissue depths of 5.5-19.7 cm and body composition ranging from 14-29% fat. There were systematic differences in spine and whole body bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and also between adult and paediatric software versions. The magnitude and direction of these differences were dependent on BMD of the phantom and tissue depth. Similar systematic differences were observed in vivo when volunteers were scanned using adult and paediatric software. Paediatric software enabled measurements to be made at low tissue depths. The weights of fat, lean and total soft tissue measured by the adult and paediatric whole body software were similar to the values calculated from the known composition of the phantom. Precision estimates for all softwares were excellent. In conclusion, paediatric software should improve bone mineral measurements of children but the discrepancies between adult and paediatric softwares may cause problems in longitudinal studies of skeletal growth and when compiling reference data from infancy through to adulthood.}, note = {0007-1285 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors Body Composition *Bone Density Child Densitometry, X-Ray/*methods Evaluation Studies Female Human Male Phantoms, Imaging *Software Spine/*physiology} } Simple phantoms were devised to compare the performance of adult (software 3.64) and paediatric (software 3.8 g) spine and whole body software developed for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer. Rectangular slabs of aluminium with high (1.18 g cm-2) and low (0.57 g cm-2) density were used to represent bone mineral. For spine measurements, the phantoms were scanned in water at depths of 5-20 cm. For whole body measurements, the phantoms were scanned with known amounts of oil and water to represent fat and lean tissue. This simulated tissue depths of 5.5-19.7 cm and body composition ranging from 14-29% fat. There were systematic differences in spine and whole body bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and also between adult and paediatric software versions. The magnitude and direction of these differences were dependent on BMD of the phantom and tissue depth. Similar systematic differences were observed in vivo when volunteers were scanned using adult and paediatric software. Paediatric software enabled measurements to be made at low tissue depths. The weights of fat, lean and total soft tissue measured by the adult and paediatric whole body software were similar to the values calculated from the known composition of the phantom. Precision estimates for all softwares were excellent. In conclusion, paediatric software should improve bone mineral measurements of children but the discrepancies between adult and paediatric softwares may cause problems in longitudinal studies of skeletal growth and when compiling reference data from infancy through to adulthood. |
Jebb,; Moore, Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues (Article) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 11 Suppl, Page(s): S534-S541, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Exertion *Health Behavior Human *Life Style Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology Prospective Studies Risk Factors) @article{Paper, name = {Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Moore, M. S.}, note = {0195-9131 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc}, volume = {31}, number = {11 Suppl}, pages = {S534-S541}, abstract = {PURPOSE: The etiology of overweight and obesity is clearly multifactorial, but ultimately it is determined by the long-term balance between energy intake and expenditure. This review will consider the effects on body weight and the risk of obesity of sedentary lifestyles, within the context of dietary habits. METHODS: The data from ecological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies that have assessed physical activity and dietary intake and their relationship to body weight were reviewed. RESULTS: Ecological analyses imply that the increase in the prevalence of obesity is more strongly related to lower levels of physical activity than higher energy intakes. However, there is a paucity of pertinent data from cross-sectional or prospective studies. There is some evidence that both a high proportion of dietary fat and low levels of physical activity may increase the likelihood of weight gain. However, even the most comprehensive studies are unable to account for more than a small proportion of the interindividual variance in weight gain, so it is difficult to usefully assess their relative importance. Furthermore, there are insufficient data that pertain to "sedentary lifestyles" to segregate any putative effect from a protective effect of exercise. All the data in this review is NHLBI Evidence category C. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides clear evidence that low levels of physical activity are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and obesity. On balance, the evidence is suggestive of a causal link, but the experimental designs are too weak is provide conclusive evidence. The potential effect of interactions between diet and activity have largely been ignored. To make progress in this area, a number of key issues need to be resolved with regard to the methodology, study design, and statistical analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. In the meantime, data need to be drawn from other sources, particularly those studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of action of diet and physical activity in the etiology of obesity, to establish rational interventions to guide public health policies.}, note = {0195-9131 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Exertion *Health Behavior Human *Life Style Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology Prospective Studies Risk Factors} } PURPOSE: The etiology of overweight and obesity is clearly multifactorial, but ultimately it is determined by the long-term balance between energy intake and expenditure. This review will consider the effects on body weight and the risk of obesity of sedentary lifestyles, within the context of dietary habits. METHODS: The data from ecological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies that have assessed physical activity and dietary intake and their relationship to body weight were reviewed. RESULTS: Ecological analyses imply that the increase in the prevalence of obesity is more strongly related to lower levels of physical activity than higher energy intakes. However, there is a paucity of pertinent data from cross-sectional or prospective studies. There is some evidence that both a high proportion of dietary fat and low levels of physical activity may increase the likelihood of weight gain. However, even the most comprehensive studies are unable to account for more than a small proportion of the interindividual variance in weight gain, so it is difficult to usefully assess their relative importance. Furthermore, there are insufficient data that pertain to "sedentary lifestyles" to segregate any putative effect from a protective effect of exercise. All the data in this review is NHLBI Evidence category C. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides clear evidence that low levels of physical activity are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and obesity. On balance, the evidence is suggestive of a causal link, but the experimental designs are too weak is provide conclusive evidence. The potential effect of interactions between diet and activity have largely been ignored. To make progress in this area, a number of key issues need to be resolved with regard to the methodology, study design, and statistical analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. In the meantime, data need to be drawn from other sources, particularly those studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of action of diet and physical activity in the etiology of obesity, to establish rational interventions to guide public health policies. |
Manson,; Coward,; Harding,; Weaver, Development of fat digestion in infancy (Article) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 80, 3, Page(s): F183-F187, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Cross-Sectional Studies Dietary Fats/*metabolism Digestion Female Human Infant Infant, Newborn/*growth & development/metabolism Intestines/*growth & development/metabolism Longitudinal Studies Male Support) @article{Paper, name = {Development of fat digestion in infancy}, author = {Manson, W. G. and Coward, W. A. and Harding, M. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {1359-2998 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {F183-F187}, abstract = {AIM: To measure the development of fat digestion in early life, using a stable isotope breath test. METHODS: A combined longitudinal and cross sectional study was performed on 30 term and preterm infants using 13C-labelled mixed triglyceride (MTG). Seventy six tests were performed in all. Results were expressed as cumulative percentage dose recovered over 6 hours (cPDR). RESULTS: Eighteen of 34 tests performed on infants under 30 days of age showed cPDRs below the normal range for adults and older children. The remainder of tests, performed on infants over 57 days of age, all showed cPDRs within the normal range. Peak PDR correlated significantly (r = 0. 928, p<0.01) with cPDR. CONCLUSION: The capacity to digest fat is incomplete at birth, but quickly develops to normal levels during the first months of life. The MTG breath test is a useful non-invasive method to measure the development of fat digestion in early life.}, note = {1359-2998 Journal Article}, keywords = {Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Cross-Sectional Studies Dietary Fats/*metabolism Digestion Female Human Infant Infant, Newborn/*growth & development/metabolism Intestines/*growth & development/metabolism Longitudinal Studies Male Support} } AIM: To measure the development of fat digestion in early life, using a stable isotope breath test. METHODS: A combined longitudinal and cross sectional study was performed on 30 term and preterm infants using 13C-labelled mixed triglyceride (MTG). Seventy six tests were performed in all. Results were expressed as cumulative percentage dose recovered over 6 hours (cPDR). RESULTS: Eighteen of 34 tests performed on infants under 30 days of age showed cPDRs below the normal range for adults and older children. The remainder of tests, performed on infants over 57 days of age, all showed cPDRs within the normal range. Peak PDR correlated significantly (r = 0. 928, p<0.01) with cPDR. CONCLUSION: The capacity to digest fat is incomplete at birth, but quickly develops to normal levels during the first months of life. The MTG breath test is a useful non-invasive method to measure the development of fat digestion in early life. |
Bates, Diagnosis and detection of vitamin deficiencies (Article) Br Med Bull, 55, 3, Page(s): 643-657, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Avitaminosis/*diagnosis/metabolism Female Human Male Nutrition Policy Physical Examination Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Vitamins/administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Diagnosis and detection of vitamin deficiencies}, author = {Bates, C. J.}, note = {0007-1420 Journal Article Review Review Literature}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br Med Bull}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {643-657}, abstract = {Vitamin deficiencies can be detected in several ways, none of which is entirely unambiguous. Evidence of several types is, therefore, required. For instance, it is rare for clinical signs to result from a single cause, except in controlled experiments. Natural diets are rarely deficient in only a single nutrient, and individual requirements vary considerably. Biochemical and functional status indices can help bridge the gap between inadequate diet and resulting pathology. Some indices are very specific for individual vitamins; others, although only semi-specific, are useful if closely linked to tissue malfunction and hence to pathology. Ideally, biochemical indices should separate severe deficiency, mild subclinical deficiency, normal status and overload toxicity. Vitamin concentrations in plasma, serum, red cells, urine, and other accessible tissues have been used, and metabolic products of vitamin-dependent metabolic pathways have been exploited. However, many of the assays are difficult to perform and interpret, and are limited to few laboratories, world-wide. There is a need for simpler and more 'portable' tests, for routine laboratories and for the medical profession.}, note = {0007-1420 Journal Article Review Review Literature}, keywords = {Avitaminosis/*diagnosis/metabolism Female Human Male Nutrition Policy Physical Examination Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Vitamins/administration & dosage} } Vitamin deficiencies can be detected in several ways, none of which is entirely unambiguous. Evidence of several types is, therefore, required. For instance, it is rare for clinical signs to result from a single cause, except in controlled experiments. Natural diets are rarely deficient in only a single nutrient, and individual requirements vary considerably. Biochemical and functional status indices can help bridge the gap between inadequate diet and resulting pathology. Some indices are very specific for individual vitamins; others, although only semi-specific, are useful if closely linked to tissue malfunction and hence to pathology. Ideally, biochemical indices should separate severe deficiency, mild subclinical deficiency, normal status and overload toxicity. Vitamin concentrations in plasma, serum, red cells, urine, and other accessible tissues have been used, and metabolic products of vitamin-dependent metabolic pathways have been exploited. However, many of the assays are difficult to perform and interpret, and are limited to few laboratories, world-wide. There is a need for simpler and more 'portable' tests, for routine laboratories and for the medical profession. |
Murgatroyd,; Goldberg,; Leahy,; Gilsenan,; Prentice, Effects of inactivity and diet composition on human energy balance (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 23, 12, Page(s): 1269-75, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Analysis of Variance Calorimetry *Diet Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism Dietary Fats/*metabolism Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism *Exercise Human Male) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of inactivity and diet composition on human energy balance}, author = {Murgatroyd, P. R. and Goldberg, G. R. and Leahy, F. E. and Gilsenan, M. B. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {1269-75}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influences of inactivity and dietary macronutrient composition on energy and fat balance and to look for interactions between them. DESIGN: Two-day measurements of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation on five occasions; ad libitum food intake from diets of 35% and 60% energy as fat, with and without imposed activity, and a fixed overfeeding at 35% fat with free activity. SUBJECTS: Eight normal-weight male volunteers. MEASUREMENTS: Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by indirect whole-body calorimetry, and macronutrient intakes from food consumption on ad libitum regimens. RESULTS: Subjects consumed the same energy, mean 11.6 MJ/d, regardless of activity level, on the 35% diet. Subjects consumed more energy on the 60% than the 35% diet, mean 14 vs. 11.6 MJ/d. Inactivity induced a strong positive energy balance: 5.1 (60% diet), and 2.6 MJ/d (35% diet). Energy balance with activity was not significantly different between diets, nor significantly different from zero: 1.1 MJ/d (60% diet), and -0.2 MJ/d (35% diet). When intentionally overfed, subjects failed to compensate by raising voluntary activity. CONCLUSION: Energy intake was not regulated over a 2-day period in response to either imposition of inactivity or a high-fat diet. Activity proved essential to the avoidance of significant positive energy balance.}, note = {0307-0565 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Analysis of Variance Calorimetry *Diet Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism Dietary Fats/*metabolism Energy Intake *Energy Metabolism *Exercise Human Male} } OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influences of inactivity and dietary macronutrient composition on energy and fat balance and to look for interactions between them. DESIGN: Two-day measurements of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation on five occasions; ad libitum food intake from diets of 35% and 60% energy as fat, with and without imposed activity, and a fixed overfeeding at 35% fat with free activity. SUBJECTS: Eight normal-weight male volunteers. MEASUREMENTS: Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by indirect whole-body calorimetry, and macronutrient intakes from food consumption on ad libitum regimens. RESULTS: Subjects consumed the same energy, mean 11.6 MJ/d, regardless of activity level, on the 35% diet. Subjects consumed more energy on the 60% than the 35% diet, mean 14 vs. 11.6 MJ/d. Inactivity induced a strong positive energy balance: 5.1 (60% diet), and 2.6 MJ/d (35% diet). Energy balance with activity was not significantly different between diets, nor significantly different from zero: 1.1 MJ/d (60% diet), and -0.2 MJ/d (35% diet). When intentionally overfed, subjects failed to compensate by raising voluntary activity. CONCLUSION: Energy intake was not regulated over a 2-day period in response to either imposition of inactivity or a high-fat diet. Activity proved essential to the avoidance of significant positive energy balance. |
Farooqi,; Jebb,; Langmack,; Lawrence,; Cheetham,; Prentice,; Hughes,; McCamish,; O'Rahilly, Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency (Article) N Engl J Med, 341, 12, Page(s): 879-884, 1999. (BibTeX | Tags: Basal Metabolism Case Report Child Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Female Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood Human Hyperphagia/drug therapy/genetics Leptin Luteinizing Hormone/blood Metabolism, Inborn Errors/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism Obesity/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism Proteins/genetics/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use Support) @article{Paper, name = {Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency}, author = {Farooqi, I. S. and Jebb, S. A. and Langmack, G. and Lawrence, E. and Cheetham, C. H. and Prentice, A. M. and Hughes, I. A. and McCamish, M. A. and O'Rahilly, S.}, note = {0028-4793 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {341}, number = {12}, pages = {879-884}, note = {0028-4793 Journal Article}, keywords = {Basal Metabolism Case Report Child Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Female Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood Human Hyperphagia/drug therapy/genetics Leptin Luteinizing Hormone/blood Metabolism, Inborn Errors/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism Obesity/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism Proteins/genetics/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use Support} } |
Rush,; Plank,; Coward, Energy expenditure of young Polynesian and European women in New Zealand and relations to body composition (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 1, Page(s): 43-48, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aborigines Adolescent Adult Basal Metabolism *Body Composition Calorimetry, Indirect Comparative Study *Energy Metabolism Europe/ethnology Female Human New Zealand/epidemiology Obesity/*ethnology/metabolism Polynesia/ethnology Reference Values Support) @article{Paper, name = {Energy expenditure of young Polynesian and European women in New Zealand and relations to body composition}, author = {Rush, E. C. and Plank, L. D. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, pages = {43-48}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Reduced energy expenditure and excessive energy intake have been hypothesized to cause obesity. New Zealanders of Polynesian origin have a higher prevalence of obesity than do those of European origin. OBJECTIVE: We investigated relations between components of energy expenditure and body composition. DESIGN: We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 80 young women [40 New Zealand (NZ) Polynesian and 40 NZ European] aged 18-27 y by the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Each group was partitioned into nonobese and obese on the basis of percentage body fat. RESULTS: TEE and body weight were highly correlated in nonobese NZ Europeans (n = 23}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aborigines Adolescent Adult Basal Metabolism *Body Composition Calorimetry, Indirect Comparative Study *Energy Metabolism Europe/ethnology Female Human New Zealand/epidemiology Obesity/*ethnology/metabolism Polynesia/ethnology Reference Values Support} } {BACKGROUND: Reduced energy expenditure and excessive energy intake have been hypothesized to cause obesity. New Zealanders of Polynesian origin have a higher prevalence of obesity than do those of European origin. OBJECTIVE: We investigated relations between components of energy expenditure and body composition. DESIGN: We measured total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 80 young women [40 New Zealand (NZ) Polynesian and 40 NZ European] aged 18-27 y by the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Each group was partitioned into nonobese and obese on the basis of percentage body fat. RESULTS: TEE and body weight were highly correlated in nonobese NZ Europeans (n = 23 |
Yan,; Zhou,; Prentice,; Wang,; Golden, Epidemiological study of hip fracture in Shenyang, People's Republic of China (Article) Bone, 24, 2, Page(s): 151-155, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Accidental Falls Accidents, Traffic Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Bicycling/injuries China/epidemiology Female Hip Fractures/*epidemiology/etiology Human Male Middle Age Sex Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Epidemiological study of hip fracture in Shenyang, People's Republic of China}, author = {Yan, L. and Zhou, B. and Prentice, A. and Wang, X. and Golden, M. H.}, note = {8756-3282 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Bone}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {151-155}, abstract = {{The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and epidemiology in 1994 of hip fracture in Shenyang, a large city in the northeast of The People's Republic of China, using register information and medical records collected from the 36 hospitals in Shenyang. The hip fracture data were restricted to cervical or trochanteric types. A subset (59% of total) of medical records of hip fracture was used to investigate the causes of hip fracture. The causes were classified as simple fall, fall from a bicycle during cycling, bicycle accident, car accident, and fall from a height. There was a total of 453 hip fractures (206 in women and 247 in men) in the population over 50 years of age. The age-adjusted 1 year cumulative incidence rate was 67/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58-76/100,000) for women and 81/100,000 (95% CI = 71-91/100,000) for men. The standardized incidence rate against the 1985 U.S. population was 87/100,000 (95% CI = 77-97/100,000) for women and 100/100,000 (95% CI = 89-111/100,000) for men. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of patients with a hip fracture was 67.5+/-9.8 years for men and 66.9+/-9.0 years for women. The overall male-to-female ratio of hip fracture was 1.21:1 for age-adjusted hip fracture incidence and 1.15:1 for standardized incidence. Simple fall accounted for 70% hip fractures in women but caused only 49% in men (chi2 = 11.2, degrees of freedom [df] = 1}, note = {8756-3282 Journal Article}, keywords = {Accidental Falls Accidents, Traffic Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Bicycling/injuries China/epidemiology Female Hip Fractures/*epidemiology/etiology Human Male Middle Age Sex Factors Support} } {The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and epidemiology in 1994 of hip fracture in Shenyang, a large city in the northeast of The People's Republic of China, using register information and medical records collected from the 36 hospitals in Shenyang. The hip fracture data were restricted to cervical or trochanteric types. A subset (59% of total) of medical records of hip fracture was used to investigate the causes of hip fracture. The causes were classified as simple fall, fall from a bicycle during cycling, bicycle accident, car accident, and fall from a height. There was a total of 453 hip fractures (206 in women and 247 in men) in the population over 50 years of age. The age-adjusted 1 year cumulative incidence rate was 67/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58-76/100,000) for women and 81/100,000 (95% CI = 71-91/100,000) for men. The standardized incidence rate against the 1985 U.S. population was 87/100,000 (95% CI = 77-97/100,000) for women and 100/100,000 (95% CI = 89-111/100,000) for men. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of patients with a hip fracture was 67.5+/-9.8 years for men and 66.9+/-9.0 years for women. The overall male-to-female ratio of hip fracture was 1.21:1 for age-adjusted hip fracture incidence and 1.15:1 for standardized incidence. Simple fall accounted for 70% hip fractures in women but caused only 49% in men (chi2 = 11.2, degrees of freedom [df] = 1 |
Prynne,; Paul,; Price,; Day,; Hilder,; Wadsworth, Food and nutrient intake of a national sample of 4-year-old children in 1950: comparison with the 1990s (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 4, Page(s): 537-547, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Comparative Study *Eating Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Nutrition Surveys) @article{Paper, name = {Food and nutrient intake of a national sample of 4-year-old children in 1950: comparison with the 1990s}, author = {Prynne, C. J. and Paul, A. A. and Price, G. M. and Day, K. C. and Hilder, W. S. and Wadsworth, M. E. J.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {537-547}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the food and nutrient intake of members of a birth cohort study when young children in 1950 and investigate differences from present-day children's diets. DESIGN: One-day recall diet records from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort) at age 4 years were analysed for energy and selected nutrients and compared to the published results for 4-year-olds in the 1992/93 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales in 1950 and 1992/93. SUBJECTS: 4,599 children in 1950 and 493 children in 1992/93. RESULTS: Mean (SD) daily intakes in 1950 were energy 1,445 (343) kcal, or 6.1 (1.4) MJ, protein 46 (11)g, fat 64 (20)g, starch 117 (33)g, sugar 62 (24)g, unavailable carbohydrate 13 (4)g, calcium 736 (230) mg, iron 7.7 (2.1) mg, retinol 738 (1,273) microg, carotene 1,049 (1,130) microg and vitamin C 40 (26) mg. Compared to 1992/93, the 1950 diet contained substantially more bread and vegetables and less sugar and soft drinks, giving it a higher starch and fibre content and making it more in line with current recommendations on healthy eating. However, fat provided 40% of energy in 1950, compared to 35% in 1992/93. In 1950, red meat was an important source of iron, but by 1992 most iron came from fortified breakfast cereals. Vitamin C came mainly from vegetables in 1950, but from soft drinks in 1992. CONCLUSIONS: The relative austerity of post-war food supplies resulted in food and nutrient intakes in 1950 which in many respects may well have been beneficial to the health of young children, despite fat intake being higher than present-day recommendations.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Child Nutrition Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Comparative Study *Eating Female Great Britain/epidemiology Human Male Nutrition Surveys} } OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the food and nutrient intake of members of a birth cohort study when young children in 1950 and investigate differences from present-day children's diets. DESIGN: One-day recall diet records from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort) at age 4 years were analysed for energy and selected nutrients and compared to the published results for 4-year-olds in the 1992/93 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales in 1950 and 1992/93. SUBJECTS: 4,599 children in 1950 and 493 children in 1992/93. RESULTS: Mean (SD) daily intakes in 1950 were energy 1,445 (343) kcal, or 6.1 (1.4) MJ, protein 46 (11)g, fat 64 (20)g, starch 117 (33)g, sugar 62 (24)g, unavailable carbohydrate 13 (4)g, calcium 736 (230) mg, iron 7.7 (2.1) mg, retinol 738 (1,273) microg, carotene 1,049 (1,130) microg and vitamin C 40 (26) mg. Compared to 1992/93, the 1950 diet contained substantially more bread and vegetables and less sugar and soft drinks, giving it a higher starch and fibre content and making it more in line with current recommendations on healthy eating. However, fat provided 40% of energy in 1950, compared to 35% in 1992/93. In 1950, red meat was an important source of iron, but by 1992 most iron came from fortified breakfast cereals. Vitamin C came mainly from vegetables in 1950, but from soft drinks in 1992. CONCLUSIONS: The relative austerity of post-war food supplies resulted in food and nutrient intakes in 1950 which in many respects may well have been beneficial to the health of young children, despite fat intake being higher than present-day recommendations. |
Bates,; Prentice,; Finch, Gender differences in food and nutrient intakes and status indices from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 53, 9, Page(s): 694-699, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Age Factors Aged Aged) @article{Paper, name = {Gender differences in food and nutrient intakes and status indices from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Finch, S.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {53}, number = {9}, pages = {694-699}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine the patterns and possible explanations for gender differences in food choices, nutrient intakes and status indices, especially for micronutrients, in a representative sample of older people living in Britain, who participated in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over during 1994-95. DESIGN: The Survey procedures included a health-and-lifestyle interview, a four-day weighed diet record, anthropometric measurements and a fasting blood sample for biochemical indices. SETTING: Eighty randomly-selected postcode sectors from mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: Of 1556 older people not living in institutions who were interviewed, 80% agreed to provide a complete four-day diet record and 63% agreed to give a blood sample for status index measurements. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN RESULT: The most highly significant gender differences in food choices were that women ate more butter, full-fat milk and certain beverages, cakes, apples, pears and bananas, whereas men ate more eggs, sugar, certain meat products and drank more alcoholic drinks, especially beer and lager. When adjusted for energy intakes, the younger women (65-79 y) had higher intakes than the younger men, of fat, retinol, vitamin C and calcium. The older women (80+ y) had higher intakes than older men, of fat and vitamin E, but lower intakes of protein, zinc and beta-carotene. The younger women had better status indices than the younger men: for alpha- and beta-carotenes, beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C. Women had higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, phosphate and copper, but lower indices of iron and vitamin D status, than men. These gender differences in status were not altered by inclusion of the corresponding nutrient intakes in the model. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender differences in food choices, in energy and nutrient intakes and in nutritional blood status indices in older British people, especially those aged 65-79 y. Some of the status differences are attenuated in the age group of 80 y and older, whereas others are enhanced. The relationships between the quantity and type of foods or nutrients consumed, and nutrient status, are complex. With respect to suspected risk and protective factors for vascular disease, women aged 65-79 y had significantly better status for plasma alpha- and beta-carotene, ascorbate, HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine; but, in contrast, they had lower blood haemoglobin concentrations and higher concentrations of total and non-HDL-cholesterol.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Age Factors Aged Aged} } OBJECTIVES: To determine the patterns and possible explanations for gender differences in food choices, nutrient intakes and status indices, especially for micronutrients, in a representative sample of older people living in Britain, who participated in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over during 1994-95. DESIGN: The Survey procedures included a health-and-lifestyle interview, a four-day weighed diet record, anthropometric measurements and a fasting blood sample for biochemical indices. SETTING: Eighty randomly-selected postcode sectors from mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: Of 1556 older people not living in institutions who were interviewed, 80% agreed to provide a complete four-day diet record and 63% agreed to give a blood sample for status index measurements. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN RESULT: The most highly significant gender differences in food choices were that women ate more butter, full-fat milk and certain beverages, cakes, apples, pears and bananas, whereas men ate more eggs, sugar, certain meat products and drank more alcoholic drinks, especially beer and lager. When adjusted for energy intakes, the younger women (65-79 y) had higher intakes than the younger men, of fat, retinol, vitamin C and calcium. The older women (80+ y) had higher intakes than older men, of fat and vitamin E, but lower intakes of protein, zinc and beta-carotene. The younger women had better status indices than the younger men: for alpha- and beta-carotenes, beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C. Women had higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, phosphate and copper, but lower indices of iron and vitamin D status, than men. These gender differences in status were not altered by inclusion of the corresponding nutrient intakes in the model. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender differences in food choices, in energy and nutrient intakes and in nutritional blood status indices in older British people, especially those aged 65-79 y. Some of the status differences are attenuated in the age group of 80 y and older, whereas others are enhanced. The relationships between the quantity and type of foods or nutrients consumed, and nutrient status, are complex. With respect to suspected risk and protective factors for vascular disease, women aged 65-79 y had significantly better status for plasma alpha- and beta-carotene, ascorbate, HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine; but, in contrast, they had lower blood haemoglobin concentrations and higher concentrations of total and non-HDL-cholesterol. |
Thomas,; Dale,; Harding,; Coward,; Cole,; Weaver, Helicobacter pylori colonization in early life (Article) Pediatr Res, 45, 2, Page(s): 218-223, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antibodies, Bacterial/blood Breath Tests Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Gambia/epidemiology Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*physiopathology *Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification/physiology Human Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Infant Longitudinal Studies Prevalence Prospective Studies Support) @article{Paper, name = {Helicobacter pylori colonization in early life}, author = {Thomas, J. E. and Dale, A. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Cole, T. J. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Pediatr Res}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {218-223}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of upper gastrointestinal disease throughout the world. Colonization begins in childhood, although little is known about its age of onset, rate, or mode of colonization. Our aim was to identify the age of acquisition of H. pylori colonization in Gambian children. A cohort of 248 Gambian children aged 3 to 45 months was studied at intervals of 3 months for 2 years, using the 13C-urea breath test, specific IgM and specific IgG serology. The prevalence of positive breath tests rose from 19% at 3 months of age to 84% by age 30 months. Elevated specific IgG and IgM antibody levels were associated with positive breath tests, although there was discrepancy between breath test results and serology, particularly IgG serology, during the 1st year of life. Neither IgG nor IgM serology could be validated as reliable diagnostic tools for infant H. pylori colonization compared with the 13C-urea breath test. Reversion to negative breath test, in association with declining specific antibody levels, occurred in 48/248 (20%) of children. On the assumption that the 13C-urea breath test is a reliable index of H. pylori colonization, we conclude that the infection is extremely common from an early age in Gambian children. Transient colonization may occur. Previous studies relying on serodiagnosis may have significantly underestimated the true early prevalence of colonization in the developing world, where the target age for intervention studies is probably early infancy.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, keywords = {Antibodies, Bacterial/blood Breath Tests Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Gambia/epidemiology Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*physiopathology *Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification/physiology Human Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Infant Longitudinal Studies Prevalence Prospective Studies Support} } Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of upper gastrointestinal disease throughout the world. Colonization begins in childhood, although little is known about its age of onset, rate, or mode of colonization. Our aim was to identify the age of acquisition of H. pylori colonization in Gambian children. A cohort of 248 Gambian children aged 3 to 45 months was studied at intervals of 3 months for 2 years, using the 13C-urea breath test, specific IgM and specific IgG serology. The prevalence of positive breath tests rose from 19% at 3 months of age to 84% by age 30 months. Elevated specific IgG and IgM antibody levels were associated with positive breath tests, although there was discrepancy between breath test results and serology, particularly IgG serology, during the 1st year of life. Neither IgG nor IgM serology could be validated as reliable diagnostic tools for infant H. pylori colonization compared with the 13C-urea breath test. Reversion to negative breath test, in association with declining specific antibody levels, occurred in 48/248 (20%) of children. On the assumption that the 13C-urea breath test is a reliable index of H. pylori colonization, we conclude that the infection is extremely common from an early age in Gambian children. Transient colonization may occur. Previous studies relying on serodiagnosis may have significantly underestimated the true early prevalence of colonization in the developing world, where the target age for intervention studies is probably early infancy. |
Thomas,; Dale,; Harding,; Coward,; Cole,; Sullivan,; Campbell,; Warren,; Weaver, Interpreting the 13C-urea breath test among a large population of young children from a developing country (Article) Pediatr Res, 46, 2, Page(s): 147-151, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Child, Preschool Developing Countries Helicobacter Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology *Helicobacter pylori Human Infant Support) @article{Paper, name = {Interpreting the 13C-urea breath test among a large population of young children from a developing country}, author = {Thomas, J. E. and Dale, A. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Cole, T. J. and Sullivan, P. B. and Campbell, D. I. and Warren, B. F. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Pediatr Res}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {147-151}, abstract = {The 13C-urea breath test is a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. However, it has not been validated in young children from the developing world, where infection is very common. 13C urea breath tests were performed on 1532 occasions on 247 Gambian infants and children aged from 3 to 48 mo. The means and variances of the separate sub-populations of 13C enrichment results contained within the overall dataset were estimated by a Genstat procedure using the EM algorithm, thereby identifying a cut-off value to discriminate positive from negative results. To illustrate the appropriateness of this calculated cut-off value, 13C urea breath tests were performed upon a small group of 14 patients aged 6 to 28 mo undergoing diagnostic upper endoscopy. Fixed gastric antral biopsies were examined to identify H. pylori. Two subpopulations were identified within the large dataset. A cut-off value of 5.47 delta per thousand relative to Pee Dee Belemnite limestone above baseline at 30 min identified 95% of the normally distributed negative sub-population and 99.4% of the log normal distributed positive sub-population. Comparison with endoscopic data confirmed that this cut-off value was appropriate for this population, as 7/7 children without H. pylori on their gastric biopsies had negative urea breath tests, and 6/7 children with gastric H. pylori colonization had positive urea breath tests. These findings confirm the value of the urea breath test as a diagnostic tool in young children from developing countries. They also offer a way to calculate the most appropriate cut-off value for use in different populations and the likelihood that it will correctly assign any value into the appropriate sub-population, without the need for endoscopy.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Child, Preschool Developing Countries Helicobacter Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology *Helicobacter pylori Human Infant Support} } The 13C-urea breath test is a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. However, it has not been validated in young children from the developing world, where infection is very common. 13C urea breath tests were performed on 1532 occasions on 247 Gambian infants and children aged from 3 to 48 mo. The means and variances of the separate sub-populations of 13C enrichment results contained within the overall dataset were estimated by a Genstat procedure using the EM algorithm, thereby identifying a cut-off value to discriminate positive from negative results. To illustrate the appropriateness of this calculated cut-off value, 13C urea breath tests were performed upon a small group of 14 patients aged 6 to 28 mo undergoing diagnostic upper endoscopy. Fixed gastric antral biopsies were examined to identify H. pylori. Two subpopulations were identified within the large dataset. A cut-off value of 5.47 delta per thousand relative to Pee Dee Belemnite limestone above baseline at 30 min identified 95% of the normally distributed negative sub-population and 99.4% of the log normal distributed positive sub-population. Comparison with endoscopic data confirmed that this cut-off value was appropriate for this population, as 7/7 children without H. pylori on their gastric biopsies had negative urea breath tests, and 6/7 children with gastric H. pylori colonization had positive urea breath tests. These findings confirm the value of the urea breath test as a diagnostic tool in young children from developing countries. They also offer a way to calculate the most appropriate cut-off value for use in different populations and the likelihood that it will correctly assign any value into the appropriate sub-population, without the need for endoscopy. |
van der Pols,; Thompson,; Bates,; Prentice,; Finch, Is the frequency of having an eye test associated with socioeconomic factors? A national cross sectional study in British elderly (Article) J Epidemiol Community Health, 53, 11, Page(s): 737-738, 1999. (BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Cross-Sectional Studies Great Britain Human Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Is the frequency of having an eye test associated with socioeconomic factors? A national cross sectional study in British elderly}, author = {van der Pols, J. C. and Thompson, J. R. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Finch, S.}, note = {1470-2738 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {737-738}, note = {1470-2738 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Cross-Sectional Studies Great Britain Human Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data Socioeconomic Factors Support} } |
Bates,; Prentice,; Cole,; van der Pols,; Doyle,; Finch,; Smithers,; Clarke, Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 82, 1, Page(s): 7-15, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Great Britain Human *Micronutrients Nutrition Surveys *Nutritional Status Support) @article{Paper, name = {Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J. and van der Pols, J. C. and Doyle, W. and Finch, S. and Smithers, G. and Clarke, P. C.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {7-15}, abstract = {The aims of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey series are summarized, and the new National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over is explored, with particular emphasis on micronutrient intakes and status indices. Mean nutrient intakes were generally satisfactory for most micronutrients, but intakes of vitamin D, Mg, K and Cu were low. Intakes of vitamin D were far below the reference nutrient intake for people aged 65 years and over, and there was also biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency, for 8% of free-living and 37% of institution participants, attributed partly to limited exposure to sunlight. A substantial proportion of people living in institutions had inadequate biochemical status indices, notably for vitamin C, Fe and folate. Relationships between intake and status were close for vitamins. Mineral intakes did not correlate well with currently used status indices. Some intakes and indices, especially those of vitamin C, carotenoids, Na and K, were strongly correlated with socio-economic status and with north-south gradients in Britain. Future research challenges should address the functional and health significance of low intakes and sub-optimal biochemical indices for certain micronutrients, especially for people living in institutions; the shortcomings of mineral status indices especially as indicators of mineral intake; the social and geographical inequalities of micronutrient intakes and status, and why micronutrient status deteriorates with increasing age. The answers to these questions will help to define the characteristics of nutritional risk for older people in Britain, and to clarify future needs for education and intervention.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Great Britain Human *Micronutrients Nutrition Surveys *Nutritional Status Support} } The aims of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey series are summarized, and the new National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over is explored, with particular emphasis on micronutrient intakes and status indices. Mean nutrient intakes were generally satisfactory for most micronutrients, but intakes of vitamin D, Mg, K and Cu were low. Intakes of vitamin D were far below the reference nutrient intake for people aged 65 years and over, and there was also biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency, for 8% of free-living and 37% of institution participants, attributed partly to limited exposure to sunlight. A substantial proportion of people living in institutions had inadequate biochemical status indices, notably for vitamin C, Fe and folate. Relationships between intake and status were close for vitamins. Mineral intakes did not correlate well with currently used status indices. Some intakes and indices, especially those of vitamin C, carotenoids, Na and K, were strongly correlated with socio-economic status and with north-south gradients in Britain. Future research challenges should address the functional and health significance of low intakes and sub-optimal biochemical indices for certain micronutrients, especially for people living in institutions; the shortcomings of mineral status indices especially as indicators of mineral intake; the social and geographical inequalities of micronutrient intakes and status, and why micronutrient status deteriorates with increasing age. The answers to these questions will help to define the characteristics of nutritional risk for older people in Britain, and to clarify future needs for education and intervention. |
Pentieva,; Bates,; Prentice,; Cole, North-south differences in some indices of vitamin B6 nutritional status in older British people (Article) Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 69, 6, Page(s): 371-377, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Alcohol Drinking Comparative Study Female Great Britain Human Male *Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Pyridoxine/administration & dosage Riboflavin/administration & dosage Risk Factors Scotland Smoking Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {North-south differences in some indices of vitamin B6 nutritional status in older British people}, author = {Pentieva, K. D. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0300-9831 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Int J Vitam Nutr Res}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, pages = {371-377}, abstract = {The National Diet and Nutrition Survey, nationally representative for the British population aged 65 years and over, has revealed a north-south geographical gradient, with a decline from south to north of vitamin B6 status indices. The present study further explores the possible explanatory factors (dietary intake of vitamin B6 and riboflavin, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and some other lifestyle determinants) on the difference of vitamin B6 indices--plasma concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate (pPLP) and pyridoxic acid (pPA), between older people living in the north (Scotland, North of England) and the south (Southern England, Wales and Midlands). The results showed that older people living in the northern half of Britain are at greater risk of poor vitamin B6 status, mainly as a result of low intakes of this vitamin, than the people living in the southern half of the country. Riboflavin intake, alcohol consumption, smoking and socio-economic status also correlated with the north-south gradient of pPLP and pPA. Other potential determinants such as use of vitamin B6 supplements, medicines probably affecting vitamin B6 metabolism, were not independent correlates of the north-south gradient in vitamin B6 status indices. This may have important implications for disease-risk geographical gradients in the UK.}, note = {0300-9831 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Alcohol Drinking Comparative Study Female Great Britain Human Male *Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Pyridoxine/administration & dosage Riboflavin/administration & dosage Risk Factors Scotland Smoking Socioeconomic Factors Support} } The National Diet and Nutrition Survey, nationally representative for the British population aged 65 years and over, has revealed a north-south geographical gradient, with a decline from south to north of vitamin B6 status indices. The present study further explores the possible explanatory factors (dietary intake of vitamin B6 and riboflavin, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and some other lifestyle determinants) on the difference of vitamin B6 indices--plasma concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate (pPLP) and pyridoxic acid (pPA), between older people living in the north (Scotland, North of England) and the south (Southern England, Wales and Midlands). The results showed that older people living in the northern half of Britain are at greater risk of poor vitamin B6 status, mainly as a result of low intakes of this vitamin, than the people living in the southern half of the country. Riboflavin intake, alcohol consumption, smoking and socio-economic status also correlated with the north-south gradient of pPLP and pPA. Other potential determinants such as use of vitamin B6 supplements, medicines probably affecting vitamin B6 metabolism, were not independent correlates of the north-south gradient in vitamin B6 status indices. This may have important implications for disease-risk geographical gradients in the UK. |
Bates,; Pentieva,; Prentice,; Mansoor,; Finch, Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 81, 3, Page(s): 191-201, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis of Variance Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Linear Models Male Nutritional Status Pyridines/*blood Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Pyridoxine/*administration & dosage/metabolism Seasons Sex Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Pentieva, K. D. and Prentice, A. and Mansoor, M. A. and Finch, S.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {191-201}, abstract = {Concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid were measured in fasting plasma samples from British men and women aged 65 years and over, participating in a National Diet and Nutrition Survey during 1994-5, selected to be representative of the population of mainland Britain. In this population, the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate declined, whereas pyridoxic acid rose, with increasing age and frailty; however, both status indicators were strongly and directly (with a positive coefficient) correlated with estimates of vitamin B6 intake. This was little affected by the inclusion of food energy and protein intakes in the model. Forty-eight percent of the participants living in the community and 75% of those living in institutions had plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations below a range considered normal from other studies. In a univariate regression model, plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine concentrations, consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin B6 status may influence plasma homocysteine levels, and hence vascular disease risk. However, this relationship was partly attenuated in a multiple regression model including age, sex, domicile and biochemical status indices, including those of folate and vitamin B12. There was evidence that plasma pyridoxal phosphate was sensitive to metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and the acute-phase reaction, and that plasma pyridoxic acid was sensitive to renal function. Thus, neither index is an ideal predictor of vitamin B6 status in older people, unless these confounding factors are allowed for. Since poor vitamin B6 status may have health implications, e.g. for immune function, cognition, and for essential intermediary metabolic pathways in older people, it needs to be investigated as a possible public health problem.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis of Variance Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Diet Surveys Female Great Britain Homocysteine/*blood Human Linear Models Male Nutritional Status Pyridines/*blood Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood Pyridoxic Acid/blood Pyridoxine/*administration & dosage/metabolism Seasons Sex Factors Support} } Concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid were measured in fasting plasma samples from British men and women aged 65 years and over, participating in a National Diet and Nutrition Survey during 1994-5, selected to be representative of the population of mainland Britain. In this population, the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate declined, whereas pyridoxic acid rose, with increasing age and frailty; however, both status indicators were strongly and directly (with a positive coefficient) correlated with estimates of vitamin B6 intake. This was little affected by the inclusion of food energy and protein intakes in the model. Forty-eight percent of the participants living in the community and 75% of those living in institutions had plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations below a range considered normal from other studies. In a univariate regression model, plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine concentrations, consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin B6 status may influence plasma homocysteine levels, and hence vascular disease risk. However, this relationship was partly attenuated in a multiple regression model including age, sex, domicile and biochemical status indices, including those of folate and vitamin B12. There was evidence that plasma pyridoxal phosphate was sensitive to metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and the acute-phase reaction, and that plasma pyridoxic acid was sensitive to renal function. Thus, neither index is an ideal predictor of vitamin B6 status in older people, unless these confounding factors are allowed for. Since poor vitamin B6 status may have health implications, e.g. for immune function, cognition, and for essential intermediary metabolic pathways in older people, it needs to be investigated as a possible public health problem. |
Mansoor,; Kristensen,; Hervig,; Bates,; Pentieva,; Vefring,; Osland,; Berge,; Drablos,; Hetland,; Rolfsen, Plasma total homocysteine response to oral doses of folic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) in healthy individuals. Oral doses of vitamin B6 reduce concentrations of serum folate (Article) Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 59, 2, Page(s): 139-146, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Administration) @article{Paper, name = {Plasma total homocysteine response to oral doses of folic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) in healthy individuals. Oral doses of vitamin B6 reduce concentrations of serum folate}, author = {Mansoor, M. A. and Kristensen, O. and Hervig, T. and Bates, C. J. and Pentieva, K. D. and Vefring, H. and Osland, A. and Berge, T. and Drablos, P. A. and Hetland, O. and Rolfsen, S.}, note = {0036-5513 Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Scand J Clin Lab Invest}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {139-146}, abstract = {Plasma total homocysteine response was compared in four groups of healthy individuals given orally divided doses of vitamin supplementations for a duration of 5 weeks. The vitamin supplements; A, 0.3 mg folic acid; B, 120 mg vitamin B6; C, combination of 0.3 mg folic acid and 120 mg vitamin B6 or D, 0.6 mg folic acid reduced the concentrations of plasma total homocysteine 20, 17, 32 and 24%, respectively. However, the intergroup comparisons did not show a significant difference in the effects of vitamin supplements. Multivariate analysis with correction for differences in pre-supplement values indicated a significant effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on plasma total homocysteine and serum folate. Our data show that plasma total homocysteine concentrations are reduced with low to medium divided doses of folic acid alone or in combination with vitamin B6.}, note = {0036-5513 Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article}, keywords = {Administration} } Plasma total homocysteine response was compared in four groups of healthy individuals given orally divided doses of vitamin supplementations for a duration of 5 weeks. The vitamin supplements; A, 0.3 mg folic acid; B, 120 mg vitamin B6; C, combination of 0.3 mg folic acid and 120 mg vitamin B6 or D, 0.6 mg folic acid reduced the concentrations of plasma total homocysteine 20, 17, 32 and 24%, respectively. However, the intergroup comparisons did not show a significant difference in the effects of vitamin supplements. Multivariate analysis with correction for differences in pre-supplement values indicated a significant effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on plasma total homocysteine and serum folate. Our data show that plasma total homocysteine concentrations are reduced with low to medium divided doses of folic acid alone or in combination with vitamin B6. |
Walmsley,; Bates,; Prentice,; Cole, Relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/95 (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 2, Page(s): 199-208, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid/blood Carotenoids/blood Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Female Folic Acid/blood Great Britain Human Male Micronutrients Nutrition Surveys *Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood *Smoking Support) @article{Paper, name = {Relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/95}, author = {Walmsley, C. M. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {199-208}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years and over. SETTING: Mainland Britain during 1994/95. SUBJECTS: 1191 people (619 male, 572 female) aged 65 years and over, of whom 920 were living in private households and 271 were living in institutions. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was inversely correlated with intakes of antioxidants and other micronutrients after adjustment for age, sex and domicile. Cigarette smoking was also inversely correlated with a number of antioxidant micronutrient status indices including plasma vitamin C and the carotenoids (but not vitamin E status indices), and with other micronutrient status indices, including plasma pyridoxal phosphate, red cell and serum folate, after adjustment for age, sex, domicile and the corresponding nutrient intake. Previous cigarette smoking or cigar/pipe smoking was not generally associated with lower nutrient intakes or status indices, however, both current and previous cigarette smoking was associated with increased concentrations of acute phase indicators. Further adjustment for total energy intake and/or sociodemographic, health and drug usage variables attenuated only a few of the associations observed. CONCLUSION: Older people who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk of suboptimal antioxidant and other micronutrient intakes and status, but the lower intakes found in cigarette smokers only partly explain their reduced blood indices.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid/blood Carotenoids/blood Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Surveys Female Folic Acid/blood Great Britain Human Male Micronutrients Nutrition Surveys *Nutritional Status Pyridoxal Phosphate/blood *Smoking Support} } OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years and over. SETTING: Mainland Britain during 1994/95. SUBJECTS: 1191 people (619 male, 572 female) aged 65 years and over, of whom 920 were living in private households and 271 were living in institutions. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was inversely correlated with intakes of antioxidants and other micronutrients after adjustment for age, sex and domicile. Cigarette smoking was also inversely correlated with a number of antioxidant micronutrient status indices including plasma vitamin C and the carotenoids (but not vitamin E status indices), and with other micronutrient status indices, including plasma pyridoxal phosphate, red cell and serum folate, after adjustment for age, sex, domicile and the corresponding nutrient intake. Previous cigarette smoking or cigar/pipe smoking was not generally associated with lower nutrient intakes or status indices, however, both current and previous cigarette smoking was associated with increased concentrations of acute phase indicators. Further adjustment for total energy intake and/or sociodemographic, health and drug usage variables attenuated only a few of the associations observed. CONCLUSION: Older people who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk of suboptimal antioxidant and other micronutrient intakes and status, but the lower intakes found in cigarette smokers only partly explain their reduced blood indices. |
Jebb, The Nutrition Society Medal Lecture. Obesity: from molecules to man (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 1, Page(s): 1-14, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Diet Energy Metabolism Environment Exercise Female Human Male *Obesity/epidemiology/etiology/genetics) @article{Paper, name = {The Nutrition Society Medal Lecture. Obesity: from molecules to man}, author = {Jebb, S. A.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Proc Nutr Soc}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, abstract = {Obesity is now a major public health problem in both developed and developing countries. In the UK over 16% men and 17.5% women are obese, an increase of more than 100% since 1980. However, interventions to prevent and treat obesity are hampered by an inadequate understanding of the aetiology of this condition. The present paper considers the current state of knowledge regarding the causes of obesity, including some of the genetic, metabolic, behavioural and environmental factors which influence energy balance. The present paper comprises The Nutrition Society Medal Lecture and focuses in particular on the research carried out at the MRC Dunn Nutrition Centre in Cambridge. It argues that despite decades of intensive research there is relatively little evidence of genetic or metabolic defects to explain the majority of cases of human obesity. Instead we must look to behavioural and/or environmental factors which may be underpinning the current epidemic of obesity.}, note = {0029-6651 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, keywords = {Diet Energy Metabolism Environment Exercise Female Human Male *Obesity/epidemiology/etiology/genetics} } Obesity is now a major public health problem in both developed and developing countries. In the UK over 16% men and 17.5% women are obese, an increase of more than 100% since 1980. However, interventions to prevent and treat obesity are hampered by an inadequate understanding of the aetiology of this condition. The present paper considers the current state of knowledge regarding the causes of obesity, including some of the genetic, metabolic, behavioural and environmental factors which influence energy balance. The present paper comprises The Nutrition Society Medal Lecture and focuses in particular on the research carried out at the MRC Dunn Nutrition Centre in Cambridge. It argues that despite decades of intensive research there is relatively little evidence of genetic or metabolic defects to explain the majority of cases of human obesity. Instead we must look to behavioural and/or environmental factors which may be underpinning the current epidemic of obesity. |
Jennings,; Bluck,; Wright,; Elia, The use of infrared spectrophotometry for measuring body water spaces (Article) Clin Chem, 45, 7, Page(s): 1077-1081, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Body Water/*chemistry Comparative Study Deuterium Oxide/analysis/blood/urine Human Radioisotope Dilution Technique Saliva/chemistry Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum Analysis, Mass) @article{Paper, name = {The use of infrared spectrophotometry for measuring body water spaces}, author = {Jennings, G. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Wright, A. and Elia, M.}, note = {0009-9147 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Clin Chem}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {1077-1081}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. METHOD: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800-2800 cm-1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. RESULTS: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400-1000 micromol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1-0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. CONCLUSION: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.}, note = {0009-9147 Journal Article}, keywords = {Body Water/*chemistry Comparative Study Deuterium Oxide/analysis/blood/urine Human Radioisotope Dilution Technique Saliva/chemistry Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum Analysis, Mass} } BACKGROUND: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. METHOD: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800-2800 cm-1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. RESULTS: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400-1000 micromol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1-0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. CONCLUSION: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician. |
Bates,; Walmsley,; Prentice,; Finch, Use of medicines by older people in a large British national survey, and their relation to vitamin status indices (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 1, Page(s): 15-22, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged *Biopharmaceutics Drug Therapy/*statistics & numerical data Female Great Britain Human Linear Models Male Nutritional Status/*drug effects Support) @article{Paper, name = {Use of medicines by older people in a large British national survey, and their relation to vitamin status indices}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Walmsley, C. M. and Prentice, A. and Finch, S.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {15-22}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent of use of medicines by older people living in Britain, and to explore relationships with vitamin status indices. DESIGN: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over collected data from a British sample during 1994-95. The present study has made novel use of it, to relate medicine use with biochemical indices of vitamin status. SETTING: Eighty postcode areas, selected randomly from mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: 1506 people, 65 years and over gave information about use of medication, and a 4-day weighed food record. Three-quarters gave blood for status indices. RESULTS: 78% of those living in the community and 93% of those in institutions were using medication. Certain vitamin status indices: plasma retinol, erythrocyte folate and riboflavin, paradoxically suggested better status in users than in non-users of antihypertensive, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, corticosteroid or diabetic drugs. There was evidence of a link with renal insufficiency, especially for plasma retinol, but neither this nor increased nutrient intake, acute phase effects or haemoconcentration could explain the paradoxical associations. CONCLUSIONS: Caution is needed in interpreting certain vitamin status indices, especially in older people who are extensively using medicines. New vitamin indices are needed, to avoid confounding interferences.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged *Biopharmaceutics Drug Therapy/*statistics & numerical data Female Great Britain Human Linear Models Male Nutritional Status/*drug effects Support} } OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent of use of medicines by older people living in Britain, and to explore relationships with vitamin status indices. DESIGN: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over collected data from a British sample during 1994-95. The present study has made novel use of it, to relate medicine use with biochemical indices of vitamin status. SETTING: Eighty postcode areas, selected randomly from mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: 1506 people, 65 years and over gave information about use of medication, and a 4-day weighed food record. Three-quarters gave blood for status indices. RESULTS: 78% of those living in the community and 93% of those in institutions were using medication. Certain vitamin status indices: plasma retinol, erythrocyte folate and riboflavin, paradoxically suggested better status in users than in non-users of antihypertensive, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, corticosteroid or diabetic drugs. There was evidence of a link with renal insufficiency, especially for plasma retinol, but neither this nor increased nutrient intake, acute phase effects or haemoconcentration could explain the paradoxical associations. CONCLUSIONS: Caution is needed in interpreting certain vitamin status indices, especially in older people who are extensively using medicines. New vitamin indices are needed, to avoid confounding interferences. |
Davies,; Bates,; Cole,; Prentice,; Clarke, Vitamin D: seasonal and regional differences in preschool children in Great Britain (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 53, 3, Page(s): 195-198, 1999. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Calcifediol/*blood Child Nutrition Child, Preschool *Diet Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain Human Infant Male *Nutritional Status Random Allocation *Seasons Support) @article{Paper, name = {Vitamin D: seasonal and regional differences in preschool children in Great Britain}, author = {Davies, P. S. W. and Bates, C. J. and Cole, T. J. and Prentice, A. and Clarke, P. C.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {1999}, date = {1999-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {195-198}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To examine seasonality of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-D) levels in British preschool children and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on this. DESIGN: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5 4.5 y in Britain during 1992-3 measured dietary intakes and blood status indices, including those for vitamin D, during all four seasons. The present study addresses the seasonal dependence of the relation between vitamin D intake and status. SETTING: 100 randomly selected postcode sectors throughout Britain, whose locations were classified as (a) Scotland; (b) Northern England; (c) Central, Wales, South+SW; (d) London+SE. SUBJECTS: Of 1859 whose parents or guardians were interviewed, 1675 provided a weighed diet estimate, and blood vitamin D status (25OH-D) was measured in 756, with approximately equal numbers in each season. RESULTS: Vitamin D status is highly dependent on season: moreover, the relation between vitamin D intake and status is also seasonally dependent, being strong in the winter and negligible in the summer. During the winter, those children who had relatively low 25OH-D concentrations generally were those not receiving vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D intakes and supplement use were lower in the north than in the south of Britain. CONCLUSIONS: For British preschool children, dietary vitamin D is of much greater importance in the winter than in the summer. There is evidence of regional inequality, with lesser use of supplements in the north. Supplements are needed in the winter, to achieve satisfactory vitamin D status and minimise the risk of rickets and of poor bone health, especially in high-risk groups.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Calcifediol/*blood Child Nutrition Child, Preschool *Diet Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain Human Infant Male *Nutritional Status Random Allocation *Seasons Support} } OBJECTIVES: To examine seasonality of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-D) levels in British preschool children and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on this. DESIGN: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5 4.5 y in Britain during 1992-3 measured dietary intakes and blood status indices, including those for vitamin D, during all four seasons. The present study addresses the seasonal dependence of the relation between vitamin D intake and status. SETTING: 100 randomly selected postcode sectors throughout Britain, whose locations were classified as (a) Scotland; (b) Northern England; (c) Central, Wales, South+SW; (d) London+SE. SUBJECTS: Of 1859 whose parents or guardians were interviewed, 1675 provided a weighed diet estimate, and blood vitamin D status (25OH-D) was measured in 756, with approximately equal numbers in each season. RESULTS: Vitamin D status is highly dependent on season: moreover, the relation between vitamin D intake and status is also seasonally dependent, being strong in the winter and negligible in the summer. During the winter, those children who had relatively low 25OH-D concentrations generally were those not receiving vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D intakes and supplement use were lower in the north than in the south of Britain. CONCLUSIONS: For British preschool children, dietary vitamin D is of much greater importance in the winter than in the summer. There is evidence of regional inequality, with lesser use of supplements in the north. Supplements are needed in the winter, to achieve satisfactory vitamin D status and minimise the risk of rickets and of poor bone health, especially in high-risk groups. |
1998 |
Liggins,; Bluck,; Coward,; Bingham, A simple method for the extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Article) Biochem Soc Trans, 26, 2, Page(s): S87, 1998. (BibTeX | Tags: Food Analysis Genistein/analysis Isoflavones/analysis Mass Fragmentography/methods Soybeans/chemistry Support) @article{Abstract, name = {A simple method for the extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food using gas chromatography mass spectrometry}, author = {Liggins, J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A. and Bingham, S. A.}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Biochem Soc Trans}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {S87}, keywords = {Food Analysis Genistein/analysis Isoflavones/analysis Mass Fragmentography/methods Soybeans/chemistry Support} } |
McClean,; Harding,; Coward,; Prentice,; Austin,; Weaver, Bile salt-stimulated lipase and digestion of non-breast milk fat (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 26, 1, Page(s): 39-42, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Carbon Isotopes Cholesterol Esterase/*metabolism Cholesterol Esters/metabolism Dietary Fats/*metabolism *Digestion Gambia Heat Human Infant Milk, Human/*enzymology Octanoic Acids/metabolism Support) @article{Paper, name = {Bile salt-stimulated lipase and digestion of non-breast milk fat}, author = {McClean, P. and Harding, M. and Coward, W. A. and Prentice, A. and Austin, S. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {39-42}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: 13 Carbon (13C)-lipid breath tests are an effective, noninvasive way of repeatedly measuring fat digestion. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) in human milk to the digestion of non-breast-milk fat in Gambian infants. METHODS: Twelve Gambian infants (aged 3-8 months) were studied on 4 days. 13C-Trioctanoin (7.5 mg/kg, digested by BSSL preduodenal and pancreatic lipases) and 13C-cholesteryl octanoate (25 mg/kg, digested by BSSL and pancreatic lipases) were used as substrates. The percentage dose recovery (PDR) of 13C in breath during 5 hours was compared after ingestion of each substrate with fresh, expressed breast milk (FBM) or heated, expressed breast milk (HBM). Gas isotope ratio-mass spectrometry was used to measure 13C enrichment, and breast milk samples were analysed for esterase activity. RESULTS: Heating breast milk significantly decreased esterase activity (mean +/- SD values: FBM = 12.2 +/- 2.9 IU/ml; HBM = 0.5 +/- 0.3 IU/ml), and there was no difference in the volumes of milk ingested on each test day (approximately 50 ml). The PDR of 13C was comparable to that previously described in healthy English infants and was not increased by BSSL. The mean +/- SD PDR of 13C from trioctanoin was 36.3 +/- 8.4% for FBM and 34.6 +/- 6.3% for HBM (NS). From cholesteryl octanoate, the mean +/- SD PDR of 13C was 24.3 +/- 8.7% for FBM and 27.1 +/- 7.5% for HBM (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Bile salt-stimulated lipase may enhance fat digestion in younger or malnourished infants who have a greater degree of pancreatic enzyme deficiency. However, this study suggests that it does not increase the digestion of non-breast-milk fat in healthy, well-nourished infants aged 3 to 8 months from an underprivileged background, who typically ingest frequent small quantities of breast milk.}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, keywords = {Carbon Isotopes Cholesterol Esterase/*metabolism Cholesterol Esters/metabolism Dietary Fats/*metabolism *Digestion Gambia Heat Human Infant Milk, Human/*enzymology Octanoic Acids/metabolism Support} } BACKGROUND: 13 Carbon (13C)-lipid breath tests are an effective, noninvasive way of repeatedly measuring fat digestion. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) in human milk to the digestion of non-breast-milk fat in Gambian infants. METHODS: Twelve Gambian infants (aged 3-8 months) were studied on 4 days. 13C-Trioctanoin (7.5 mg/kg, digested by BSSL preduodenal and pancreatic lipases) and 13C-cholesteryl octanoate (25 mg/kg, digested by BSSL and pancreatic lipases) were used as substrates. The percentage dose recovery (PDR) of 13C in breath during 5 hours was compared after ingestion of each substrate with fresh, expressed breast milk (FBM) or heated, expressed breast milk (HBM). Gas isotope ratio-mass spectrometry was used to measure 13C enrichment, and breast milk samples were analysed for esterase activity. RESULTS: Heating breast milk significantly decreased esterase activity (mean +/- SD values: FBM = 12.2 +/- 2.9 IU/ml; HBM = 0.5 +/- 0.3 IU/ml), and there was no difference in the volumes of milk ingested on each test day (approximately 50 ml). The PDR of 13C was comparable to that previously described in healthy English infants and was not increased by BSSL. The mean +/- SD PDR of 13C from trioctanoin was 36.3 +/- 8.4% for FBM and 34.6 +/- 6.3% for HBM (NS). From cholesteryl octanoate, the mean +/- SD PDR of 13C was 24.3 +/- 8.7% for FBM and 27.1 +/- 7.5% for HBM (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Bile salt-stimulated lipase may enhance fat digestion in younger or malnourished infants who have a greater degree of pancreatic enzyme deficiency. However, this study suggests that it does not increase the digestion of non-breast-milk fat in healthy, well-nourished infants aged 3 to 8 months from an underprivileged background, who typically ingest frequent small quantities of breast milk. |
Prentice,; Jarjou,; Stirling,; Buffenstein,; Fairweather-Tait, Biochemical markers of calcium and bone metabolism during 18 months of lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake and in those consuming a calcium supplement (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 4, Page(s): 1059-1066, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Aging/metabolism Analysis of Variance Biological Markers/chemistry/urine Bone Density/physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism/therapeutic use *Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Great Britain Human Lactation/*metabolism/urine Milk, Human/metabolism Seasons Support) @article{Paper, name = {Biochemical markers of calcium and bone metabolism during 18 months of lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake and in those consuming a calcium supplement}, author = {Prentice, A. and Jarjou, L. M. A. and Stirling, D. M. and Buffenstein, R. and Fairweather-Tait, S.}, note = {0021-972x Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Clin Endocrinol Metab}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {1059-1066}, abstract = {The effect of 18 months of lactation on indexes of calcium and bone metabolism was studied in 60 Gambian women accustomed to a very low calcium intake. Half the women consumed a calcium supplement from 10 days postpartum for 52 weeks (supplement, 714 mg Ca/day; total Ca intake, 992 +/- 114 mg/day), and half consumed placebo (total Ca intake, 288 +/- 128 mg/day). Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at 1.5, 13, 52, and 78 weeks of lactation and analyzed for calciotropic hormones (intact PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcitonin), bone turnover markers (osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline), and plasma minerals (calcium and phosphate). The first months of lactation were associated with increased bone turnover and plasma phosphate, and decreased PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These effects diminished by 52 weeks, although breast milk volumes remained high. The Gambians had higher PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and bone formation than British women with a greater customary calcium intake. None of the biochemical indexes was affected by calcium supplementation, with the possible exception of bone alkaline phosphatase (-29% at 52 weeks; P = 0.015). These data demonstrate that lactation-associated changes in calcium and bone metabolism are physiological and are independent of dietary calcium supply in women with very low calcium intakes.}, note = {0021-972x Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aging/metabolism Analysis of Variance Biological Markers/chemistry/urine Bone Density/physiology Bone and Bones/*metabolism Calcium/*metabolism/therapeutic use *Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Double-Blind Method Female Gambia Great Britain Human Lactation/*metabolism/urine Milk, Human/metabolism Seasons Support} } The effect of 18 months of lactation on indexes of calcium and bone metabolism was studied in 60 Gambian women accustomed to a very low calcium intake. Half the women consumed a calcium supplement from 10 days postpartum for 52 weeks (supplement, 714 mg Ca/day; total Ca intake, 992 +/- 114 mg/day), and half consumed placebo (total Ca intake, 288 +/- 128 mg/day). Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at 1.5, 13, 52, and 78 weeks of lactation and analyzed for calciotropic hormones (intact PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcitonin), bone turnover markers (osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline), and plasma minerals (calcium and phosphate). The first months of lactation were associated with increased bone turnover and plasma phosphate, and decreased PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These effects diminished by 52 weeks, although breast milk volumes remained high. The Gambians had higher PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and bone formation than British women with a greater customary calcium intake. None of the biochemical indexes was affected by calcium supplementation, with the possible exception of bone alkaline phosphatase (-29% at 52 weeks; P = 0.015). These data demonstrate that lactation-associated changes in calcium and bone metabolism are physiological and are independent of dietary calcium supply in women with very low calcium intakes. |
Laskey,; Prentice,; Hanratty,; Jarjou,; Dibba,; Beavan,; Cole, Bone changes after 3 mo of lactation: influence of calcium intake, breast-milk output, and vitamin D-receptor genotype (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 4, Page(s): 685-692, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*metabolism Calcium/metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Densitometry, X-Ray Female Genotype Human Lactation/*physiology Milk, Human/metabolism Receptors, Calcitriol/*genetics Support) @article{Paper, name = {Bone changes after 3 mo of lactation: influence of calcium intake, breast-milk output, and vitamin D-receptor genotype}, author = {Laskey, M. A. and Prentice, A. and Hanratty, L. A. and Jarjou, L. M. A. and Dibba, B. and Beavan, S. R. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {685-692}, abstract = {Factors influencing the change in bone mineral after 3 mo of lactation were investigated in 47 breast-feeding mothers, 11 formula-feeding mothers, and 22 nonpregnant, nonlactating control subjects. At 6-8 wk postpartum, the breast-feeding group had a mean (+/-SD) calcium intake of 34.8+/-13.2 mmol/d and breast-milk volume, calcium concentration, and calcium output of 0.865+/-0.230 L/d, 7.41+/-1.25 mmol/L, and 6.41+/-2.00 mmol/d, respectively. There was no relation between calcium intake and any breast-milk variable. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, spine, hip, and forearm was performed at 0.5 and 3 mo. There were significant decreases in bone mineral content at the spine (3.96%; 95% CI: 4.86%, 3.06%), femoral neck (2.39%; 95% CI: 3.61%, 1.17%), total hip (1.51%; 95% CI: 2.45%, 0.60%), and whole body (0.86%; 95% CI: 1.29%, 0.43%) in breast-feeding mothers but not in formula-feeding mothers or nonpregnant, nonlactating women. These changes were not related to calcium intake, breast-milk calcium concentration, vitamin D-receptor genotype, postpartum weight change, or use of the progesterone-only contraceptive pill. After adjustment for bone area, breast-milk volume and height were identified as significant predictors at the spine, such that greater decreases were associated with taller mothers (P = 0.007) and those with greater breast-milk volume (P = 0.001). This finding suggests that the marked bone mineral changes observed in breast-feeding mothers represented a physiologic response to lactation that was independent of dietary calcium supply.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult *Bone Density Bone and Bones/*metabolism Calcium/metabolism Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage Densitometry, X-Ray Female Genotype Human Lactation/*physiology Milk, Human/metabolism Receptors, Calcitriol/*genetics Support} } Factors influencing the change in bone mineral after 3 mo of lactation were investigated in 47 breast-feeding mothers, 11 formula-feeding mothers, and 22 nonpregnant, nonlactating control subjects. At 6-8 wk postpartum, the breast-feeding group had a mean (+/-SD) calcium intake of 34.8+/-13.2 mmol/d and breast-milk volume, calcium concentration, and calcium output of 0.865+/-0.230 L/d, 7.41+/-1.25 mmol/L, and 6.41+/-2.00 mmol/d, respectively. There was no relation between calcium intake and any breast-milk variable. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the whole body, spine, hip, and forearm was performed at 0.5 and 3 mo. There were significant decreases in bone mineral content at the spine (3.96%; 95% CI: 4.86%, 3.06%), femoral neck (2.39%; 95% CI: 3.61%, 1.17%), total hip (1.51%; 95% CI: 2.45%, 0.60%), and whole body (0.86%; 95% CI: 1.29%, 0.43%) in breast-feeding mothers but not in formula-feeding mothers or nonpregnant, nonlactating women. These changes were not related to calcium intake, breast-milk calcium concentration, vitamin D-receptor genotype, postpartum weight change, or use of the progesterone-only contraceptive pill. After adjustment for bone area, breast-milk volume and height were identified as significant predictors at the spine, such that greater decreases were associated with taller mothers (P = 0.007) and those with greater breast-milk volume (P = 0.001). This finding suggests that the marked bone mineral changes observed in breast-feeding mothers represented a physiologic response to lactation that was independent of dietary calcium supply. |
Prentice, Calcium requirements of breast-feeding mothers (Article) Nutr Rev, 56, 4 Pt 1, Page(s): 124-127, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Breast Feeding Calcium/*administration & dosage/analysis Female Human Milk, Human/*chemistry Nutritional Requirements Randomized Controlled Trials) @article{Paper, name = {Calcium requirements of breast-feeding mothers}, author = {Prentice, A.}, note = {0029-6643 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Rev}, volume = {56}, number = {4 Pt 1}, pages = {124-127}, abstract = {A randomized, placebo-controlled calcium supplementation study has investigated the benefits of increased calcium intake during 6 months of full breast-feeding and during the weaning period for lactating women with a dietary calcium intake below 800 mg/day, compared with nonlactating women who had recently given birth. The calcium supplement of 1000 mg/day had no impact on breast milk calcium concentration or on lactation-associated bone mineral changes in the lumbar spine, radius, or total body. Calcium supplementation produced a modest increase in spine bone mineral density in both lactating and nonlactating women, but the potential significance of this effect is unclear. The results of this study support and extend the findings from three previous supplementation studies and suggest that women do not need to consume extra calcium during breast-feeding.}, note = {0029-6643 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {*Breast Feeding Calcium/*administration & dosage/analysis Female Human Milk, Human/*chemistry Nutritional Requirements Randomized Controlled Trials} } A randomized, placebo-controlled calcium supplementation study has investigated the benefits of increased calcium intake during 6 months of full breast-feeding and during the weaning period for lactating women with a dietary calcium intake below 800 mg/day, compared with nonlactating women who had recently given birth. The calcium supplement of 1000 mg/day had no impact on breast milk calcium concentration or on lactation-associated bone mineral changes in the lumbar spine, radius, or total body. Calcium supplementation produced a modest increase in spine bone mineral density in both lactating and nonlactating women, but the potential significance of this effect is unclear. The results of this study support and extend the findings from three previous supplementation studies and suggest that women do not need to consume extra calcium during breast-feeding. |
Ryde,; Eston,; Laskey,; Evans,; Hancock, Changes in body fat: measurements by neutron activation, densitometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Article) Appl Radiat Isot, 49, 5-6, Page(s): 507-509, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology Adult *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Weight Comparative Study Densitometry/methods Densitometry, X-Ray/methods Diet, Reducing Female Human Immersion Middle Age Models, Biological Neutron Activation Analysis/methods *Weight Loss) @article{Paper, name = {Changes in body fat: measurements by neutron activation, densitometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry}, author = {Ryde, S. J. and Eston, R. and Laskey, M. A. and Evans, C. J. and Hancock, D. A.}, note = {0969-8043 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Appl Radiat Isot}, volume = {49}, number = {5-6}, pages = {507-509}, abstract = {The measurement of body fat in ten subjects (BMI from 22 to 43 kg/m2), and in particular the changes arising from a ketogenic diet, by the techniques of in vivo neutron activation analysis (NAA), densitometry (using two- and four-compartment models) by under water weighing (UWW) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was compared. The association between techniques for the fat changes was generally high (r = 0.70 to 0.98) and significant (p < 0.05). Assessment of agreement between DXA and the other techniques revealed discrepancies with significant slope and high association (r = -0.81 and -0.64). Whilst NAA and UWW appeared to measure similar changes, DXA underestimated small changes.}, note = {0969-8043 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology Adult *Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Weight Comparative Study Densitometry/methods Densitometry, X-Ray/methods Diet, Reducing Female Human Immersion Middle Age Models, Biological Neutron Activation Analysis/methods *Weight Loss} } The measurement of body fat in ten subjects (BMI from 22 to 43 kg/m2), and in particular the changes arising from a ketogenic diet, by the techniques of in vivo neutron activation analysis (NAA), densitometry (using two- and four-compartment models) by under water weighing (UWW) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was compared. The association between techniques for the fat changes was generally high (r = 0.70 to 0.98) and significant (p < 0.05). Assessment of agreement between DXA and the other techniques revealed discrepancies with significant slope and high association (r = -0.81 and -0.64). Whilst NAA and UWW appeared to measure similar changes, DXA underestimated small changes. |
Tsuchiya,; Bates, Changes in collagen cross-link ratios in bone and urine of guinea pigs fed graded dietary vitamin C: a functional index of vitamin C status (Article) J Nutr Biochem, 9, Page(s): 402-407, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: guinea pig vitamin C collagen crosslinks pyridinoline deoxypyridinoline) @article{, name = {Changes in collagen cross-link ratios in bone and urine of guinea pigs fed graded dietary vitamin C: a functional index of vitamin C status}, author = {Tsuchiya, H. and Bates, C. J.}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Nutr Biochem}, volume = {9}, pages = {402-407}, abstract = {Vitamin C is essential for the hydroxylation of lysine in collagen. The resulting hydroxylysine residues, together with the precursor lysine residues, are then incorporated into the stable collagen cross-links: pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. A reduction in lysine hydroxylation, resulting from an inadequate supply of vitamin C, might decrease the ratio of the pyridinoline crosslinks to the deoxypyridinoline crosslinks. This hypothesis was tested in a guinea pig model, using a purified diet providing vitamin C in the following amounts: (a) 0.5 mg/day; (b) 1 mg/day; (c) 5 mg/day; (d) 0.25% w/v in the diet (providing 49 mg/day); (e) 1.0% w/v (providing 205 mg/day); or (f) 5.0% w/v (providing 1128 mg/day). Weanling male guinea pigs each received one of these diets for 46 days, after which their tissue vitamin C concentrations, and the concentrations of hydroxyproline, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline in bone, and of creatinine, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline in urine, were measured. The ratio of pyridinoline to deoxypyridinoline in bone collagen and in urinary collagen fragments decreased significantly as vitamin C depletion became more severe. Animals receiving the higher intakes of vitamin C grew more rapidly than did those receiving the lower intakes, but the relationship between vitamin C intake and the collagen crosslinks ratio remained highly significant, even after adjusting for intergroup differences in growth rates. Thus, the ratio between the two collagen crosslinks could provide a specific and sensitive functional index of vitamin C in animals and man. This is an important goal, in view of the need to be able to define optimum intakes of vitamin C.}, keywords = {guinea pig vitamin C collagen crosslinks pyridinoline deoxypyridinoline} } Vitamin C is essential for the hydroxylation of lysine in collagen. The resulting hydroxylysine residues, together with the precursor lysine residues, are then incorporated into the stable collagen cross-links: pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. A reduction in lysine hydroxylation, resulting from an inadequate supply of vitamin C, might decrease the ratio of the pyridinoline crosslinks to the deoxypyridinoline crosslinks. This hypothesis was tested in a guinea pig model, using a purified diet providing vitamin C in the following amounts: (a) 0.5 mg/day; (b) 1 mg/day; (c) 5 mg/day; (d) 0.25% w/v in the diet (providing 49 mg/day); (e) 1.0% w/v (providing 205 mg/day); or (f) 5.0% w/v (providing 1128 mg/day). Weanling male guinea pigs each received one of these diets for 46 days, after which their tissue vitamin C concentrations, and the concentrations of hydroxyproline, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline in bone, and of creatinine, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline in urine, were measured. The ratio of pyridinoline to deoxypyridinoline in bone collagen and in urinary collagen fragments decreased significantly as vitamin C depletion became more severe. Animals receiving the higher intakes of vitamin C grew more rapidly than did those receiving the lower intakes, but the relationship between vitamin C intake and the collagen crosslinks ratio remained highly significant, even after adjusting for intergroup differences in growth rates. Thus, the ratio between the two collagen crosslinks could provide a specific and sensitive functional index of vitamin C in animals and man. This is an important goal, in view of the need to be able to define optimum intakes of vitamin C. |
Coward, Contributions of the doubly labeled water method to studies of energy balance in the Third World (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 4, Page(s): 962S-969S, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent Adult Body Water/*metabolism Child Child, Preschool *Developing Countries *Energy Metabolism Female Human Infant Infant, Newborn *Isotope Labeling Male Middle Age Nutritional Requirements) @article{Paper, name = {Contributions of the doubly labeled water method to studies of energy balance in the Third World}, author = {Coward, W. A.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Am J Clin Nutr}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {962S-969S}, abstract = {Of >250 studies on energy metabolism using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, approximately 12 full papers describe work performed in the Third World. Unfortunately, the term "Third World" is imprecise and the focuses of individual studies were too varied to allow much comparison among the data. There is a need to develop a more uniform approach. Useful investigations will allow comparisons of energy metabolism to be made in a consistent way across a variety of socioeconomic groups within the same country, and between the Third World and the developed world, with a commitment to the long term. In this way, the DLW method, if combined with other measurements of activity, energy intake, and body composition, will provide useful information on energy requirements and the consequences of inadequate or excessive energy intakes for the individual. Such investigations should be done, with standard protocols where possible, not just for the DLW method but also for those methods with which DLW should be integrated. Only if these suggestions are followed will real "value for money" be obtained from DLW studies in the Third World or elsewhere. In the context of these criteria, studies in the Third World using the DLW method have been only partly successful.}, note = {0002-9165 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Body Water/*metabolism Child Child, Preschool *Developing Countries *Energy Metabolism Female Human Infant Infant, Newborn *Isotope Labeling Male Middle Age Nutritional Requirements} } Of >250 studies on energy metabolism using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, approximately 12 full papers describe work performed in the Third World. Unfortunately, the term "Third World" is imprecise and the focuses of individual studies were too varied to allow much comparison among the data. There is a need to develop a more uniform approach. Useful investigations will allow comparisons of energy metabolism to be made in a consistent way across a variety of socioeconomic groups within the same country, and between the Third World and the developed world, with a commitment to the long term. In this way, the DLW method, if combined with other measurements of activity, energy intake, and body composition, will provide useful information on energy requirements and the consequences of inadequate or excessive energy intakes for the individual. Such investigations should be done, with standard protocols where possible, not just for the DLW method but also for those methods with which DLW should be integrated. Only if these suggestions are followed will real "value for money" be obtained from DLW studies in the Third World or elsewhere. In the context of these criteria, studies in the Third World using the DLW method have been only partly successful. |
Bates,; Walmsley,; Prentice,; Finch, Does vitamin C reduce blood pressure? Results of a large study of people aged 65 or older (Article) J Hypertens, 16, 7, Page(s): 925-932, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology Blood Pressure/*drug effects Cross-Sectional Studies Data Collection Diastole Diet Female Great Britain Heart Rate Human Hypertension/prevention & control Male Support) @article{Paper, name = {Does vitamin C reduce blood pressure? Results of a large study of people aged 65 or older}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Walmsley, C. M. and Prentice, A. and Finch, S.}, note = {0263-6352 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Hypertens}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {925-932}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize relationships among blood pressure, pulse rate, vitamin C status and other protective and risk factors for older British people, from a national survey. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of survey data. SETTING: A population study, representative of mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: Among 914 people of both sexes living in the community, 373 were taking blood-pressure-lowering drugs and were therefore excluded from the analyses. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of an interview on health, lifestyle and dietary habits, recording of a 4-day dietary record, anthropometry and taking of a blood sample to determine haematological and biochemical status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rate, indices of micronutrient status including plasma ascorbate concentration, nutrient intake and haematology. RESULTS: Plasma ascorbate concentration was inversely correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate. Other covariates of blood pressure included age, sex, domicile, plasma retinol, fibrinogen and gamma-tocopherol concentrations, erythrocyte count, prothrombin time and urine sodium: creatinine ratio. Covariates of pulse rate included sex, domicile, plasma fibrinogen and platelet count. Blood pressure was also correlated to intake of vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma ascorbate concentration and intake of vitamin C are covariates of blood pressure in older people living in Britain. New intervention studies are now needed, to test for possible causalities.}, note = {0263-6352 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology Blood Pressure/*drug effects Cross-Sectional Studies Data Collection Diastole Diet Female Great Britain Heart Rate Human Hypertension/prevention & control Male Support} } OBJECTIVE: To characterize relationships among blood pressure, pulse rate, vitamin C status and other protective and risk factors for older British people, from a national survey. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of survey data. SETTING: A population study, representative of mainland Britain. SUBJECTS: Among 914 people of both sexes living in the community, 373 were taking blood-pressure-lowering drugs and were therefore excluded from the analyses. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of an interview on health, lifestyle and dietary habits, recording of a 4-day dietary record, anthropometry and taking of a blood sample to determine haematological and biochemical status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rate, indices of micronutrient status including plasma ascorbate concentration, nutrient intake and haematology. RESULTS: Plasma ascorbate concentration was inversely correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate. Other covariates of blood pressure included age, sex, domicile, plasma retinol, fibrinogen and gamma-tocopherol concentrations, erythrocyte count, prothrombin time and urine sodium: creatinine ratio. Covariates of pulse rate included sex, domicile, plasma fibrinogen and platelet count. Blood pressure was also correlated to intake of vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma ascorbate concentration and intake of vitamin C are covariates of blood pressure in older people living in Britain. New intervention studies are now needed, to test for possible causalities. |
Jebb,; Goldberg, Efficacy of very low-energy diets and meal replacements in the treatment of obesity (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 11, 3, Page(s): 219-225, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: meal replacements; obesity; very low-energy diets low-calorie diets; weight-loss program; body-composition; follow-up; mass; maintenance; behavior; therapy; safety; women) @article{, name = {Efficacy of very low-energy diets and meal replacements in the treatment of obesity}, author = {Jebb, S. A. and Goldberg, G. R.}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {219-225}, abstract = {Background: Low-energy diets, ideally in combination with increased energy expenditure through physical activity, are the mainstay of obesity treatment. Very low-energy liquid diets (VLEDs) were developed to provide a safe alternative to starvation, with only a modest attenuation in the rare of weight loss. Aim: This paper considers the evidence concerning the efficacy of both commercial and milk-based total liquid diets, which provide a maximum of 800 kcal/day. Results: Long- term users of low-energy formula diets are a self-selected group who find these preparations acceptable. In these subjects early compliance is often good and weight losses of 8-10 kg in approximately 4-8 weeks are regularly reported. This compares favourably with acute weight losses using other treatment methods. However, there are concerns regarding the composition of tissue lost and the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Conclusion: VLEDs are a proven success in achieving significant short-term reductions in body weight. A subset of patients achieve long-term weight loss. There is evidence to suggest that meal replacements map make a contribution to the maintenance of weight loss in some individuals. Evaluation of integrated programmes using these methods for weight loss and long-term weight control is required.}, keywords = {meal replacements; obesity; very low-energy diets low-calorie diets; weight-loss program; body-composition; follow-up; mass; maintenance; behavior; therapy; safety; women} } Background: Low-energy diets, ideally in combination with increased energy expenditure through physical activity, are the mainstay of obesity treatment. Very low-energy liquid diets (VLEDs) were developed to provide a safe alternative to starvation, with only a modest attenuation in the rare of weight loss. Aim: This paper considers the evidence concerning the efficacy of both commercial and milk-based total liquid diets, which provide a maximum of 800 kcal/day. Results: Long- term users of low-energy formula diets are a self-selected group who find these preparations acceptable. In these subjects early compliance is often good and weight losses of 8-10 kg in approximately 4-8 weeks are regularly reported. This compares favourably with acute weight losses using other treatment methods. However, there are concerns regarding the composition of tissue lost and the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Conclusion: VLEDs are a proven success in achieving significant short-term reductions in body weight. A subset of patients achieve long-term weight loss. There is evidence to suggest that meal replacements map make a contribution to the maintenance of weight loss in some individuals. Evaluation of integrated programmes using these methods for weight loss and long-term weight control is required. |
Bates,; Prentice,; van der Pols,; Walmsley,; Pentieva,; Finch,; Smithers,; Clarke, Estimation of the use of dietary supplements in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. An observed paradox and a recommendation (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 52, 12, Page(s): 917-923, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged *Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain Human Male Minerals/*administration & dosage/blood Nutrition Surveys Questionnaires Support) @article{Paper, name = {Estimation of the use of dietary supplements in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. An observed paradox and a recommendation}, author = {Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and van der Pols, J. C. and Walmsley, C. M. and Pentieva, K. D. and Finch, S. and Smithers, G. and Clarke, P. C.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Eur J Clin Nutr}, volume = {52}, number = {12}, pages = {917-923}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the evidence derived from blood biochemical status indices with the evidence from a questionnaire and from a 4-day weighed dietary record of micronutrient supplement use in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of People Aged 65 Years and Over; to resolve some apparent incompatibility between nutrient intake and status estimates, and to recommend an approach towards supplement recording that should improve accuracy. DESIGN: The survey procedures described in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Report (1998) included a health-and-lifestyle questionnaire, a 4-day weighed diet record, and fasting blood and urine sample for biochemical indices, including a wide range of micronutrients. SETTING: Eighty randomly selected postcode sectors from mainland Britain during 1994-1995. SUBJECTS: Of 2060 people interviewed, 1467 provided a blood sample and 1217 provided both a blood sample, and a complete 4-day diet record. About 20% were living in institutions such as nursing homes, and the remainder were living in private households. RESULTS: After assigning the subjects to four categories by the use of dietary supplements (A, those not taking supplements (by questionnaire or by the 4-day record); B, those taking supplements (excluding prescribed ones) by questionnaire only; C, those taking supplements by 4-day record only; and D, those taking supplements by both questionnaire and 4-day record), these categories were then compared with respect to estimated total nutrient intakes and blood biochemical indices. Those in category B had estimated (4-day) nutrient intakes (from foods and supplements) that were indistinguishable from those in category A, but had biochemical indices that indicated significantly higher dietary intakes of several vitamins. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION: The 4-day weighed intake record may not have identified all of the subjects who were regularly taking micronutrient supplements in amounts sufficient to improve their biochemical status. Because survey respondents may use supplements irregularly or change their usual patterns of supplement use during a period of intensive diet-recording, it is important to design a dietary instrument that will minimise this potential source of inaccuracy. We therefore recommend that population surveys in which an accurate estimate of micronutrient intakes is required, from supplements as well as from food, should record supplement use for a period longer than 4-days. It is likely that a better estimate of long-term intakes can be achieved by combining a 4-day weighed diet record with a structured recall or several weeks of diary records, which focus specifically on the use of supplements.}, note = {0954-3007 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged *Dietary Supplements Female Great Britain Human Male Minerals/*administration & dosage/blood Nutrition Surveys Questionnaires Support} } OBJECTIVE: To compare the evidence derived from blood biochemical status indices with the evidence from a questionnaire and from a 4-day weighed dietary record of micronutrient supplement use in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of People Aged 65 Years and Over; to resolve some apparent incompatibility between nutrient intake and status estimates, and to recommend an approach towards supplement recording that should improve accuracy. DESIGN: The survey procedures described in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Report (1998) included a health-and-lifestyle questionnaire, a 4-day weighed diet record, and fasting blood and urine sample for biochemical indices, including a wide range of micronutrients. SETTING: Eighty randomly selected postcode sectors from mainland Britain during 1994-1995. SUBJECTS: Of 2060 people interviewed, 1467 provided a blood sample and 1217 provided both a blood sample, and a complete 4-day diet record. About 20% were living in institutions such as nursing homes, and the remainder were living in private households. RESULTS: After assigning the subjects to four categories by the use of dietary supplements (A, those not taking supplements (by questionnaire or by the 4-day record); B, those taking supplements (excluding prescribed ones) by questionnaire only; C, those taking supplements by 4-day record only; and D, those taking supplements by both questionnaire and 4-day record), these categories were then compared with respect to estimated total nutrient intakes and blood biochemical indices. Those in category B had estimated (4-day) nutrient intakes (from foods and supplements) that were indistinguishable from those in category A, but had biochemical indices that indicated significantly higher dietary intakes of several vitamins. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION: The 4-day weighed intake record may not have identified all of the subjects who were regularly taking micronutrient supplements in amounts sufficient to improve their biochemical status. Because survey respondents may use supplements irregularly or change their usual patterns of supplement use during a period of intensive diet-recording, it is important to design a dietary instrument that will minimise this potential source of inaccuracy. We therefore recommend that population surveys in which an accurate estimate of micronutrient intakes is required, from supplements as well as from food, should record supplement use for a period longer than 4-days. It is likely that a better estimate of long-term intakes can be achieved by combining a 4-day weighed diet record with a structured recall or several weeks of diary records, which focus specifically on the use of supplements. |
Liggins,; Bluck,; Coward,; Bingham, Extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food (Article) Anal Biochem, 264, 1, Page(s): 1-7, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Food Analysis Genistein/*isolation & purification Glycosides/chemistry Hexanes Hydrolysis Isoflavones/*isolation & purification Lipids/isolation & purification Mass Fragmentography/methods Quality Control Reference Standards Support, Non-P.H.S.) @article{Paper, name = {Extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food}, author = {Liggins, J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A. and Bingham, S. A.}, note = {0003-2697 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Anal Biochem}, volume = {264}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {A simple analytical method has been developed for routine quantification of a broad range of concentrations of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein in food. The synthetic glucosides daidzin and genistin were used as internal standards, combined with each food prior to extraction. The recovery of the aglycones daidzein and genistein from these internal standards were used to ensure the completeness of the extraction and aid quantification of isoflavones from the food. Hydrolytic enzymes from Aspergillus niger were used, in aqueous buffer, to liberate daidzein and genistein from their respective glycosides. The aglycone isoflavones were partitioned from the aqueous buffer into ethyl acetate. After evaporation of the ethyl acetate under nitrogen, the isoflavones were derivatized with N-tert-(butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide and quantified by comparison with authentic synthetic standards using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode. The isoflavone content of a stock soy flour was determined, using 36 separate assays, to be 1.05 mg daidzein and 1.11 mg genistein per gram of freeze-dried food, and the interassay coefficient of variation was 2.7 and 4.7, respectively.}, note = {0003-2697 Journal Article}, keywords = {*Food Analysis Genistein/*isolation & purification Glycosides/chemistry Hexanes Hydrolysis Isoflavones/*isolation & purification Lipids/isolation & purification Mass Fragmentography/methods Quality Control Reference Standards Support, Non-P.H.S.} } A simple analytical method has been developed for routine quantification of a broad range of concentrations of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein in food. The synthetic glucosides daidzin and genistin were used as internal standards, combined with each food prior to extraction. The recovery of the aglycones daidzein and genistein from these internal standards were used to ensure the completeness of the extraction and aid quantification of isoflavones from the food. Hydrolytic enzymes from Aspergillus niger were used, in aqueous buffer, to liberate daidzein and genistein from their respective glycosides. The aglycone isoflavones were partitioned from the aqueous buffer into ethyl acetate. After evaporation of the ethyl acetate under nitrogen, the isoflavones were derivatized with N-tert-(butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide and quantified by comparison with authentic synthetic standards using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode. The isoflavone content of a stock soy flour was determined, using 36 separate assays, to be 1.05 mg daidzein and 1.11 mg genistein per gram of freeze-dried food, and the interassay coefficient of variation was 2.7 and 4.7, respectively. |
Wells,; Ritz,; Davies,; Coward, Factors affecting the 2H to 18O dilution space ratio in infants (Article) Pediatr Res, 43, 4 Pt 1, Page(s): 467-471, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aging Body Composition Cross-Sectional Studies *Deuterium *Energy Metabolism Extracellular Space/*physiology Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Longitudinal Studies Male Models, Biological *Oxygen Isotopes Support) @article{Paper, name = {Factors affecting the 2H to 18O dilution space ratio in infants}, author = {Wells, J. C. K. and Ritz, P. and Davies, P. S. W. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Pediatr Res}, volume = {43}, number = {4 Pt 1}, pages = {467-471}, abstract = {In the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, for measurement of energy expenditure in humans, calculation of carbon dioxide production rate is influenced by the ratio (R) of the dilution spaces of the tracer isotopes 2H and 18O. Recent publications have recommended use of a fixed value for R, using a mean population value (meanR) rather than individually derived experimental values. However, most of the data considered previously were derived from adults. Infants are characterized by rapid rates of energy deposition and high body water content, either of which could influence isotope kinetics. We have considered whether use of a fixed R value is suitable for DLW studies of infants, and whether the adult (meanR) value is appropriate. Data from 281 DLW measurements in healthy infants aged 6 wk to 12 mo were analyzed. Mean R of all measurements was 1.036 (SD 0.019), very similar to (meanR) values recommended for adults. We found analytical precision could account for almost all between-subject variation at a single time point. However, we also found relationships between R and age and weight gain, indicating that physiology does influence the space ratio. The effect of weight gain on R was negligible, but changes of (meanR) with age, reflecting changes in percentage body water during infancy, were of sufficient magnitude to affect calculation of energy expenditure significantly. Our analysis suggests that use of a fixed ratio at a single time point in infancy is acceptable, but that the appropriate value of (meanR) changes over the first year of life.}, note = {0031-3998 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aging Body Composition Cross-Sectional Studies *Deuterium *Energy Metabolism Extracellular Space/*physiology Female Human Indicator Dilution Techniques Infant Longitudinal Studies Male Models, Biological *Oxygen Isotopes Support} } In the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, for measurement of energy expenditure in humans, calculation of carbon dioxide production rate is influenced by the ratio (R) of the dilution spaces of the tracer isotopes 2H and 18O. Recent publications have recommended use of a fixed value for R, using a mean population value (meanR) rather than individually derived experimental values. However, most of the data considered previously were derived from adults. Infants are characterized by rapid rates of energy deposition and high body water content, either of which could influence isotope kinetics. We have considered whether use of a fixed R value is suitable for DLW studies of infants, and whether the adult (meanR) value is appropriate. Data from 281 DLW measurements in healthy infants aged 6 wk to 12 mo were analyzed. Mean R of all measurements was 1.036 (SD 0.019), very similar to (meanR) values recommended for adults. We found analytical precision could account for almost all between-subject variation at a single time point. However, we also found relationships between R and age and weight gain, indicating that physiology does influence the space ratio. The effect of weight gain on R was negligible, but changes of (meanR) with age, reflecting changes in percentage body water during infancy, were of sufficient magnitude to affect calculation of energy expenditure significantly. Our analysis suggests that use of a fixed ratio at a single time point in infancy is acceptable, but that the appropriate value of (meanR) changes over the first year of life. |
Goringe,; Brown,; O'Callaghan,; Rees,; Jebb,; Elia,; Poynton, Glutamine and vitamin E in the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease following high-dose chemotherapy (Article) Bone Marrow Transplant, 21, 8, Page(s): 829-832, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects Glutamine/*administration & dosage Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/*drug therapy Human Male Vitamin E/*administration & dosage) @article{, name = {Glutamine and vitamin E in the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease following high-dose chemotherapy}, author = {Goringe, A. P. and Brown, S. and O'Callaghan, U. and Rees, J. and Jebb, S. and Elia, M. and Poynton, C. H.}, note = {0268-3369 Case Reports Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Bone Marrow Transplant}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, pages = {829-832}, abstract = {Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver is a common complication following high-dose cytotoxic therapy for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Liver injury is believed to occur following free radical damage to endothelial cells of the sinusoids and small hepatic veins. Glutathione the main antioxidant of the cytosol becomes depleted following chemotherapy. Animal studies have shown that glutamine infusions can maintain glutathione levels and protect against free radical injury. We present two cases of established VOD successfully treated with intravenous glutamine (as dipeptide) and oral vitamin E. Although both cases have possible confounding factors we believe that these give support to the notion that glutamine/vitamin E may have a role in the prophylaxis and treatment of VOD. Further formal trials are indicated.}, note = {0268-3369 Case Reports Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects Glutamine/*administration & dosage Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/*drug therapy Human Male Vitamin E/*administration & dosage} } Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver is a common complication following high-dose cytotoxic therapy for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Liver injury is believed to occur following free radical damage to endothelial cells of the sinusoids and small hepatic veins. Glutathione the main antioxidant of the cytosol becomes depleted following chemotherapy. Animal studies have shown that glutamine infusions can maintain glutathione levels and protect against free radical injury. We present two cases of established VOD successfully treated with intravenous glutamine (as dipeptide) and oral vitamin E. Although both cases have possible confounding factors we believe that these give support to the notion that glutamine/vitamin E may have a role in the prophylaxis and treatment of VOD. Further formal trials are indicated. |
Dale,; Thomas,; Darboe,; Coward,; Harding,; Weaver, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric acid secretion, and infant growth (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 26, 4, Page(s): 393-397, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Creatinine/urine Gambia Gastric Acid/*secretion *Growth Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/*physiopathology *Helicobacter pylori Human Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Infant Nutritional Status Prospective Studies Support) @article{Paper, name = {Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric acid secretion, and infant growth}, author = {Dale, A. and Thomas, J. E. and Darboe, M. K. and Coward, W. A. and Harding, M. and Weaver, L. T.}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {393-397}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is very common in Gambian infants and children, who are also at risk of chronic diarrhoea and undernutrition. Acute H. pylori infection is associated with depressed gastric acid secretion, and loss of the gastric acid barrier may predispose to enteric infections. METHODS: In a prospective study a noninvasive test of gastric acid output (measurement of change in urine acid output before and after a feed) was performed on a population of Gambian infants at high risk of H. pylori infection. The 13C urea breath tests was used to measure the prevalence of H. pylori infection and growth was measured by serial anthropometry. RESULTS: In 101 infants aged 3 to 12 months, there was a significant relation between H. pylori infection and depressed urine acid output in those aged 6 months, during weaning when growth failure and malnutrition begin. Those infants with sustained H. pylori infection grew less well than those without. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that H. pylori, acquired in infancy, could be a "key that opens the door" to enteric infection in childhood, leading to recurrent diarrhoea, malnutrition, and growth failure.}, note = {0277-2116 Journal Article}, keywords = {Breath Tests Carbon Isotopes Creatinine/urine Gambia Gastric Acid/*secretion *Growth Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/*physiopathology *Helicobacter pylori Human Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Infant Nutritional Status Prospective Studies Support} } BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is very common in Gambian infants and children, who are also at risk of chronic diarrhoea and undernutrition. Acute H. pylori infection is associated with depressed gastric acid secretion, and loss of the gastric acid barrier may predispose to enteric infections. METHODS: In a prospective study a noninvasive test of gastric acid output (measurement of change in urine acid output before and after a feed) was performed on a population of Gambian infants at high risk of H. pylori infection. The 13C urea breath tests was used to measure the prevalence of H. pylori infection and growth was measured by serial anthropometry. RESULTS: In 101 infants aged 3 to 12 months, there was a significant relation between H. pylori infection and depressed urine acid output in those aged 6 months, during weaning when growth failure and malnutrition begin. Those infants with sustained H. pylori infection grew less well than those without. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that H. pylori, acquired in infancy, could be a "key that opens the door" to enteric infection in childhood, leading to recurrent diarrhoea, malnutrition, and growth failure. |
Richards,; Wadsworth,; Rahimi-Foroushani,; Hardy,; Kuh,; Paul, Infant nutrition and cognitive development in the first offspring of a national UK birth cohort (Article) Dev Med Child Neurol, 40, 3, Page(s): 163-167, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adult Affect Analysis of Variance *Birth Order *Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data Cognition/*physiology Cohort Studies Comparative Study Educational Status Female Great Britain Human Infant Nutrition/*physiology Infant, Newborn Linear Models Longitudinal Studies Male Maternal Age Maternal Behavior/psychology Parents Socioeconomic Factors Support) @article{Paper, name = {Infant nutrition and cognitive development in the first offspring of a national UK birth cohort}, author = {Richards, M. and Wadsworth, M. E. J. and Rahimi-Foroushani, A. and Hardy, R. J. and Kuh, D. and Paul, A.}, note = {0012-1622 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {163-167}, abstract = {Several studies show a modest beneficial effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development after controlling for sociodemographic confounders. It is still unclear, however, to what extent this is due to the nutritional advantage of breast milk or to environmental influences associated with breastfeeding. We compared verbal ability scores at age 8 years in 511 first-born offspring of the National Survey of Health and Development who were ever or never breastfed, adjusting for paternal occupation, maternal education, maternal cognitive performance, attendance at nursery school, and maternal age at birth of the participant. A positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive performance was found but this was no longer the case after adjusting for either paternal occupation, maternal education, or maternal cognitive performance in turn. In contrast, an association between breastfeeding and cognitive function was not found for mothers of these offspring. Breastfeeding was increasingly associated with a non-manual social class across the generations although it remains unclear how this might mediate the effect of breastfeeding on cognitive performance.}, note = {0012-1622 Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Affect Analysis of Variance *Birth Order *Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data Cognition/*physiology Cohort Studies Comparative Study Educational Status Female Great Britain Human Infant Nutrition/*physiology Infant, Newborn Linear Models Longitudinal Studies Male Maternal Age Maternal Behavior/psychology Parents Socioeconomic Factors Support} } Several studies show a modest beneficial effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development after controlling for sociodemographic confounders. It is still unclear, however, to what extent this is due to the nutritional advantage of breast milk or to environmental influences associated with breastfeeding. We compared verbal ability scores at age 8 years in 511 first-born offspring of the National Survey of Health and Development who were ever or never breastfed, adjusting for paternal occupation, maternal education, maternal cognitive performance, attendance at nursery school, and maternal age at birth of the participant. A positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive performance was found but this was no longer the case after adjusting for either paternal occupation, maternal education, or maternal cognitive performance in turn. In contrast, an association between breastfeeding and cognitive function was not found for mothers of these offspring. Breastfeeding was increasingly associated with a non-manual social class across the generations although it remains unclear how this might mediate the effect of breastfeeding on cognitive performance. |
Fruhbeck,; Jebb,; Prentice, Leptin: physiology and pathophysiology (Article) Clin Physiol, 18, 5, Page(s): 399-419, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Animal Carrier Proteins/metabolism Human Leptin Obesity/*metabolism Proteins/metabolism/*physiology Support) @article{Paper, name = {Leptin: physiology and pathophysiology}, author = {Fruhbeck, G. and Jebb, S. A. and Prentice, A. M.}, note = {0144-5979 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Clin Physiol}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {399-419}, abstract = {The identification and sequencing of the ob gene and its product, leptin, in late 1994 opened new insights in the study of the mechanisms controlling body weight and led to a surge of research activity. During this time, a considerable body of knowledge regarding leptin's actions has been accumulated and the field continues to expand rapidly. Currently there is particular interest in the interaction of leptin with other peripheral and neural mechanisms to regulate body weight, reproduction and immunological response. In this review, we attempt to place the current state of knowledge about leptin in the broader perspective of physiology, including its structural characteristics, receptors, binding proteins, signalling pathways, regulation of adipose tissue expression and production, secretion patterns, clearance mechanisms and functional effects. In addition, leptin's involvement in the pathophysiology of obesity, anorexia nervosa, diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, nephropathy, thyroid disease, Cushing's syndrome and growth hormone deficiency will be reviewed.}, note = {0144-5979 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, keywords = {Animal Carrier Proteins/metabolism Human Leptin Obesity/*metabolism Proteins/metabolism/*physiology Support} } The identification and sequencing of the ob gene and its product, leptin, in late 1994 opened new insights in the study of the mechanisms controlling body weight and led to a surge of research activity. During this time, a considerable body of knowledge regarding leptin's actions has been accumulated and the field continues to expand rapidly. Currently there is particular interest in the interaction of leptin with other peripheral and neural mechanisms to regulate body weight, reproduction and immunological response. In this review, we attempt to place the current state of knowledge about leptin in the broader perspective of physiology, including its structural characteristics, receptors, binding proteins, signalling pathways, regulation of adipose tissue expression and production, secretion patterns, clearance mechanisms and functional effects. In addition, leptin's involvement in the pathophysiology of obesity, anorexia nervosa, diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, nephropathy, thyroid disease, Cushing's syndrome and growth hormone deficiency will be reviewed. |
Bingham,; Atkinson,; Liggins,; Bluck,; Coward, Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now? (Article) Br J Nutr, 79, 5, Page(s): 393-406, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Coronary Disease/prevention & control *Diet Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/metabolism/*therapeutic use Female Human Male Neoplasms/*prevention & control Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/prevention & control Risk Factors Soybeans) @article{Paper, name = {Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now?}, author = {Bingham, S. A. and Atkinson, C. and Liggins, J. and Bluck, L. J. C. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Br J Nutr}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, pages = {393-406}, abstract = {Phyto-oestrogens have emerged from their esoteric role in animal husbandry following the hypothesis that the human Western diet is relatively deficient in these substances compared with societies where large amounts of plant foods and legumes are eaten. Evidence is beginning to accrue that they may begin to offer protection against a wide range of human conditions, including breast, bowel, prostate and other cancers, cardiovascular disease, brain function, alcohol abuse, osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. Of the two main classes of these weak oestrogens, the isoflavones are under intensive investigation due to their high levels in soyabean. Like the 'anti-oestrogen' Tamoxifen, these seem to have oestrogenic effects in human subjects in the cardiovascular system and bone. Although previously only available from food, isoflavones are now being marketed in health-food supplements or drinks, and tablets may soon be available over the counter as 'natural' hormone-replacement therapy. In cancer, anti-oestrogenic effects are thought to be important, although genistein especially has been shown to induce wide-ranging anti-cancer effects in cell lines independent of any hormone-related influence. There are few indications of harmful effects at present, although possible proliferative effects have been reported. In infants, the effects of high levels in soya milk formulas are uncertain. The second group, lignans, have been less investigated despite their known antioestrogenic effects and more widespread occurrence in foods. Investigation of the possible benefits of phyto-oestrogens is hampered by lack of analytical standards and, hence, inadequate methods for the measurement of low levels in most foods. This problem may prove to be a major dilemma for regulatory authorities, clinicians and others wishing to advise the general public on whether these compounds really do have the health benefits attributed to them.}, note = {0007-1145 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, keywords = {Coronary Disease/prevention & control *Diet Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/metabolism/*therapeutic use Female Human Male Neoplasms/*prevention & control Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/prevention & control Risk Factors Soybeans} } Phyto-oestrogens have emerged from their esoteric role in animal husbandry following the hypothesis that the human Western diet is relatively deficient in these substances compared with societies where large amounts of plant foods and legumes are eaten. Evidence is beginning to accrue that they may begin to offer protection against a wide range of human conditions, including breast, bowel, prostate and other cancers, cardiovascular disease, brain function, alcohol abuse, osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. Of the two main classes of these weak oestrogens, the isoflavones are under intensive investigation due to their high levels in soyabean. Like the 'anti-oestrogen' Tamoxifen, these seem to have oestrogenic effects in human subjects in the cardiovascular system and bone. Although previously only available from food, isoflavones are now being marketed in health-food supplements or drinks, and tablets may soon be available over the counter as 'natural' hormone-replacement therapy. In cancer, anti-oestrogenic effects are thought to be important, although genistein especially has been shown to induce wide-ranging anti-cancer effects in cell lines independent of any hormone-related influence. There are few indications of harmful effects at present, although possible proliferative effects have been reported. In infants, the effects of high levels in soya milk formulas are uncertain. The second group, lignans, have been less investigated despite their known antioestrogenic effects and more widespread occurrence in foods. Investigation of the possible benefits of phyto-oestrogens is hampered by lack of analytical standards and, hence, inadequate methods for the measurement of low levels in most foods. This problem may prove to be a major dilemma for regulatory authorities, clinicians and others wishing to advise the general public on whether these compounds really do have the health benefits attributed to them. |
Beavan,; Prentice,; Dibba,; Yan,; Cooper,; Ralston, Polymorphism of the collagen type I alpha1 gene and ethnic differences in hip-fracture rates (Article) N Engl J Med, 339, 5, Page(s): 351-352, 1998. (BibTeX | Tags: Collagen/*genetics Female Hip Fractures/*ethnology/genetics Human Osteoporosis/ethnology/genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Prevalence World Health) @article{Letter, name = {Polymorphism of the collagen type I alpha1 gene and ethnic differences in hip-fracture rates}, author = {Beavan, S. R. and Prentice, A. and Dibba, B. and Yan, L. and Cooper, C. and Ralston, S. H.}, note = {0028-4793 Letter}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {339}, number = {5}, pages = {351-352}, note = {0028-4793 Letter}, keywords = {Collagen/*genetics Female Hip Fractures/*ethnology/genetics Human Osteoporosis/ethnology/genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Prevalence World Health} } |
Walmsley,; Bates,; Prentice,; Cole, Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/5 (Article) Public Health Nutr, 1, 3, Page(s): 157-167, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcohol Drinking/*blood Antioxidants/analysis Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet England Female *Health Status *Health Surveys Human Male *Micronutrients Questionnaires Support) @article{Paper, name = {Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/5}, author = {Walmsley, C. M. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Cole, T. J.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Public Health Nutr}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {157-167}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between alcohol consumption and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years or over. SETTING: Mainland Britain during 1994/5. SUBJECTS: 1198 people (623 males, 575 females) aged 65 years or over, of whom 925 were living in private households and 273 were living in institutions. RESULTS: Intermediate alcohol consumption (particularly 0.1-14 units week(-1); 1 unit = 8 g) derived from a 4-day diet diary or a 12-month recall questionnaire, was associated with higher intakes of vitamins C, E, B1, iron, calcium, energy from food, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharides than heavy alcohol consumption (28 + units week(-1)) or abstinence, after adjustment for a number of factors (age, sex, domicile, social class, cigarette smoking, self-reported health, grip strength and total energy intake). Intermediate alcohol consumption was also associated with higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of vitamin C, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and calcium, with the lowest concentrations being found in heavy alcohol users. The lowest concentrations of serum ferritin were found in light drinkers and the highest levels in heavier alcohol drinkers. Alcohol consumption ranging from 0.1 to >28 units week(-1) was directly correlated with intakes of B vitamins, total energy and fat, with blood concentrations (independent of intake) of lycopene, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, plasma pyridoxal phosphate and retinol, and with blood pressure and grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with abstinence and heavy drinking, light to moderate alcohol consumption in older people is associated with higher intakes of certain nutrients, and higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of some micronutrient status indices, including antioxidants. The explanation for the latter associations remains unclear and further investigation is recommended. Heavier alcohol consumption is associated with both beneficial and adverse effects with respect to nutrient intakes and health status.}, note = {1368-9800 Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcohol Drinking/*blood Antioxidants/analysis Cross-Sectional Studies *Diet England Female *Health Status *Health Surveys Human Male *Micronutrients Questionnaires Support} } OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between alcohol consumption and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years or over. SETTING: Mainland Britain during 1994/5. SUBJECTS: 1198 people (623 males, 575 females) aged 65 years or over, of whom 925 were living in private households and 273 were living in institutions. RESULTS: Intermediate alcohol consumption (particularly 0.1-14 units week(-1); 1 unit = 8 g) derived from a 4-day diet diary or a 12-month recall questionnaire, was associated with higher intakes of vitamins C, E, B1, iron, calcium, energy from food, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharides than heavy alcohol consumption (28 + units week(-1)) or abstinence, after adjustment for a number of factors (age, sex, domicile, social class, cigarette smoking, self-reported health, grip strength and total energy intake). Intermediate alcohol consumption was also associated with higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of vitamin C, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and calcium, with the lowest concentrations being found in heavy alcohol users. The lowest concentrations of serum ferritin were found in light drinkers and the highest levels in heavier alcohol drinkers. Alcohol consumption ranging from 0.1 to >28 units week(-1) was directly correlated with intakes of B vitamins, total energy and fat, with blood concentrations (independent of intake) of lycopene, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, plasma pyridoxal phosphate and retinol, and with blood pressure and grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with abstinence and heavy drinking, light to moderate alcohol consumption in older people is associated with higher intakes of certain nutrients, and higher blood concentrations (independent of intake) of some micronutrient status indices, including antioxidants. The explanation for the latter associations remains unclear and further investigation is recommended. Heavier alcohol consumption is associated with both beneficial and adverse effects with respect to nutrient intakes and health status. |
Smithers,; Finch,; Doyle,; Lowe,; Bates,; Prentice,; Clarke, The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) Nutr Food Sci, 98, 3, Page(s): 133-137, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Diet; Nutrition; Older People; Surveys; United Kingdom) @article{Paper, name = {The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over}, author = {Smithers, G. and Finch, S. and Doyle, W. and Lowe, C. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Clarke, P. C.}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Nutr Food Sci}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {133-137}, abstract = {Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Department of Health and carried out by Social and Community Planning Research and MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, the dental hospitals of the Universities of Newcastle and Birmingham and the Department of Epidemiology of the University of London, this research forms part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Set up in 1992 the surveys cover representative groups of the population and examine the diet of the over-65s in terms of actual dietary intake, habits, energy and nutrient intakes, physical measurements. Regional and socio-economic comparisons are made.}, keywords = {Diet; Nutrition; Older People; Surveys; United Kingdom} } Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Department of Health and carried out by Social and Community Planning Research and MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, the dental hospitals of the Universities of Newcastle and Birmingham and the Department of Epidemiology of the University of London, this research forms part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Set up in 1992 the surveys cover representative groups of the population and examine the diet of the over-65s in terms of actual dietary intake, habits, energy and nutrient intakes, physical measurements. Regional and socio-economic comparisons are made. |
Paul,; Cole,; Ahmed,; Whitehead, The need for revised standards for skinfold thickness in infancy (Article) Arch Dis Child, 78, 4, Page(s): 354-358, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Age Factors Birth Weight Body Weight Breast Feeding Child, Preschool Female Great Britain Human Infant Infant, Newborn Male Reference Standards Sex Factors *Skinfold Thickness Weaning) @article{Paper, name = {The need for revised standards for skinfold thickness in infancy}, author = {Paul, A. A. and Cole, T. J. and Ahmed, E. A. and Whitehead, R. G.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Arch Dis Child}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, pages = {354-358}, abstract = {Skinfold standards provide a useful indication of subcutaneous fat. To evaluate skinfold thickness of 252 Cambridge infants over the first 2 years of age, SD scores relative to the Tanner standards were calculated, taking account of skewness in the standards. Cambridge SD scores were low, varying according to age from -1.2 to -1.8 for triceps and -0.6 to -1.2 for subscapular skinfolds. The Tanner skinfold standards were last revised 30 years ago, at a time of high prevalence of infantile obesity, and the present and other studies indicate that infants are now thinner. There is a need for new skinfold standards to reflect this change. Since the Cambridge infants contributed to the recent British height and weight references, it is suggested that their skinfold measurements could also serve as reference points.}, note = {1468-2044 Journal Article}, keywords = {Age Factors Birth Weight Body Weight Breast Feeding Child, Preschool Female Great Britain Human Infant Infant, Newborn Male Reference Standards Sex Factors *Skinfold Thickness Weaning} } Skinfold standards provide a useful indication of subcutaneous fat. To evaluate skinfold thickness of 252 Cambridge infants over the first 2 years of age, SD scores relative to the Tanner standards were calculated, taking account of skewness in the standards. Cambridge SD scores were low, varying according to age from -1.2 to -1.8 for triceps and -0.6 to -1.2 for subscapular skinfolds. The Tanner skinfold standards were last revised 30 years ago, at a time of high prevalence of infantile obesity, and the present and other studies indicate that infants are now thinner. There is a need for new skinfold standards to reflect this change. Since the Cambridge infants contributed to the recent British height and weight references, it is suggested that their skinfold measurements could also serve as reference points. |
Kashiwazaki,; Dejima,; Orias-Rivera,; Coward, Validity of published prediction equations for body composition in high altitude Bolivian Aymara as evaluated by doubly labeled water (Article) Am J Hum Biol, 10, 3, Page(s): 371-384, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: energy-expenditure; skinfold equations; density; fat; anthropometry; fatness; children; women; men; hydration) @article{Paper, name = {Validity of published prediction equations for body composition in high altitude Bolivian Aymara as evaluated by doubly labeled water}, author = {Kashiwazaki, H. and Dejima, Y. and Orias-Rivera, J. and Coward, W. A.}, note = {Article ZK125 AMER J HUM BIOL}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Am J Hum Biol}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {371-384}, abstract = {Total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat as a percentage of body weight (fat%) were estimated by the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique in 23 healthy rural Bolivian subjects of a typical herding community of the high Andes. Using these values as the frame of reference, validation tests of several prediction equations for TBW and body density were made. Estimated values and errors for TBW, FFM, and fat% varied greatly with prediction equation. Among the prediction equations tested, however, three, Mellits and Cheek (1970; M&C), Durnin and Womersley (1974; D&W) and Conlisk et al. (1992; CNL), had a smaller bias and higher precision than others. Compared to the DLW method, the prediction errors of these equations for FFM and fat% as evaluated by the mean bias and the 95% limits of agreement were -0.7 +/- 4.5 kg and 1.5 +/- 10% (M&C),0.9 +/- 3.6 kg and -2.1 +/- 8.5% (D&W), and 1.1 +/- 3.6 kg and -2.7 +/- 9.3% (CNL). For most practical purposes, these prediction errors for FFM as percentage of body weight may not be very important, but the errors in fat% may be serious. The interpretation of predicted data thus needs caution. In spite of differences in ethnic background and age range between the subjects and the samples on which the equations were developed, it is interesting that regression equations based on U.S., British and Guatemalan subjects also predicted the body composition of native Bolivian subjects with unexpectedly high precision. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, note = {Article ZK125 AMER J HUM BIOL}, keywords = {energy-expenditure; skinfold equations; density; fat; anthropometry; fatness; children; women; men; hydration} } Total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat as a percentage of body weight (fat%) were estimated by the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique in 23 healthy rural Bolivian subjects of a typical herding community of the high Andes. Using these values as the frame of reference, validation tests of several prediction equations for TBW and body density were made. Estimated values and errors for TBW, FFM, and fat% varied greatly with prediction equation. Among the prediction equations tested, however, three, Mellits and Cheek (1970; M&C), Durnin and Womersley (1974; D&W) and Conlisk et al. (1992; CNL), had a smaller bias and higher precision than others. Compared to the DLW method, the prediction errors of these equations for FFM and fat% as evaluated by the mean bias and the 95% limits of agreement were -0.7 +/- 4.5 kg and 1.5 +/- 10% (M&C),0.9 +/- 3.6 kg and -2.1 +/- 8.5% (D&W), and 1.1 +/- 3.6 kg and -2.7 +/- 9.3% (CNL). For most practical purposes, these prediction errors for FFM as percentage of body weight may not be very important, but the errors in fat% may be serious. The interpretation of predicted data thus needs caution. In spite of differences in ethnic background and age range between the subjects and the samples on which the equations were developed, it is interesting that regression equations based on U.S., British and Guatemalan subjects also predicted the body composition of native Bolivian subjects with unexpectedly high precision. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Paul,; Bates,; Prentice,; Day,; Tsuchiya, Zinc and phytate intake of rural Gambian infants: contributions from breastmilk and weaning foods (Article) Int J Food Sci Nutr, 49, 2, Page(s): 141-155, 1998. (Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Child, Preschool *Developing Countries Female Gambia Human Infant *Infant Food Infant, Newborn Male *Milk, Human Phytic Acid/*administration & dosage Rural Population Weaning Zinc/*administration & dosage) @article{Paper, name = {Zinc and phytate intake of rural Gambian infants: contributions from breastmilk and weaning foods}, author = {Paul, A. A. and Bates, C. J. and Prentice, A. and Day, K. C. and Tsuchiya, H.}, note = {0963-7486 Journal Article}, year = {1998}, date = {1998-01-01}, journal = {Int J Food Sci Nutr}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {141-155}, abstract = {Zinc and phytate intakes of 183 rural Gambian infants were obtained from weighed records of breastmilk and food intake and measured contents in foods. Total zinc intake of 2.7 mg/d in the first month of age declined to 1.5 mg/d at 3 months, then increased to 4.3 mg/d by 17 months. Breastmilk was an important source of zinc, but the predominant cereal and groundnut-based foods had high [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratios ranging from 13 to 28, indicating potential impaired zinc bioavailability. The [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio for the diet as a whole was low in early infancy, but increased to 13 in the second year. In contrast, this ratio was less than 6 for the diet of 48 Cambridge breastfed infants up to 18 months. A further disadvantage to the Gambian infants was indicated by their lower intake of protein of animal origin. However, calcium intake was estimated in both communities to be below the level which could give rise to zinc chelation in association with phytate. Compared to 'basal' and 'normative' requirements, total zinc intake of the Gambian infants showed the greatest shortfall between 3 and 12 months, making this the age band for maximum probable benefit from focused intervention programmes.}, note = {0963-7486 Journal Article}, keywords = {Child, Preschool *Developing Countries Female Gambia Human Infant *Infant Food Infant, Newborn Male *Milk, Human Phytic Acid/*administration & dosage Rural Population Weaning Zinc/*administration & dosage} } Zinc and phytate intakes of 183 rural Gambian infants were obtained from weighed records of breastmilk and food intake and measured contents in foods. Total zinc intake of 2.7 mg/d in the first month of age declined to 1.5 mg/d at 3 months, then increased to 4.3 mg/d by 17 months. Breastmilk was an important source of zinc, but the predominant cereal and groundnut-based foods had high [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratios ranging from 13 to 28, indicating potential impaired zinc bioavailability. The [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio for the diet as a whole was low in early infancy, but increased to 13 in the second year. In contrast, this ratio was less than 6 for the diet of 48 Cambridge breastfed infants up to 18 months. A further disadvantage to the Gambian infants was indicated by their lower intake of protein of animal origin. However, calcium intake was estimated in both communities to be below the level which could give rise to zinc chelation in association with phytate. Compared to 'basal' and 'normative' requirements, total zinc intake of the Gambian infants showed the greatest shortfall between 3 and 12 months, making this the age band for maximum probable benefit from focused intervention programmes. |
Publications
2011 |
A validation of the first genome-wide association study of calcaneus ultrasound parameters in the European Male Ageing Study (Article) BMC Med Genet, 12, Page(s): 19, 2011. |
Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e969, 2011. |
Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e969, 2011. |
Depression, physical function, and risk of mortality: National Diet and Nutrition Survey in adults older than 65 years (Article) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 19, 1, Page(s): 72-78, 2011. |
Erythrocyte transketolase activity, markers of cardiac dysfunction and the diagnosis of infantile beriberi (Article) PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, 2, Page(s): e971, 2011. |
Measuring abdominal adipose tissue: comparison of simpler methods with MRI (Article) Obes Facts, 4, 1, Page(s): 9-15, 2011. |
Multiple health behaviors and mortality risk in older adults (Article) J Am Geriatr Soc, 59, 2, Page(s): 370-2, 2011. |
Sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom: analysis of 44,000 foods purchased by 21,000 households (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 93, 3, Page(s): 594-600, 2011. |
The ESR1 (6q25) locus is associated with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric bone mineral density in European men (Article) PLoS One, 6, 7, Page(s): e22037, 2011. |
2010 |
A novel stable isotope approach for determining the impact of thickening agents on water absorption (Article) Dysphagia, 25, 1, Page(s): 1-5, 2010. |
A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation upon musculoskeletal health in postmenarchal females (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 10, Page(s): 4643-4651, 2010. |
Acute effects of hyperglycaemia on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), adiponectin and inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP) in overweight and obese women with metabolic syndrome (Article) Br J Biomed Sci, 67, 4, Page(s): 216-8, 2010. |
Alcohol intake and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium (Article) Br J Cancer, 103, Page(s): 747-756, 2010. |
Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods (Article) Obes Rev, 11, 3, Page(s): 251-270, 2010. |
Assessment of physical activity: a review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: a report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (Article) Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 17, 2, Page(s): 127-139, 2010. |
Bariatric surgery: a primer for eating disorder professionals (Article) Eur Eat Disord Rev, 18, 4, Page(s): 304-317, 2010. |
Birth weight predicts bone size in young adulthood at cortical sites in men and trabecular sites in women from The Gambia (Article) Bone, 46, 5, Page(s): 1316-1321, 2010. |
Body composition assessment theory into practice: introduction of multicompartment models (Article) IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, 29, Page(s): 48-59, 2010. |
Dietary fibre and phytate - a balancing act: results from three time points in a British Birth Cohort (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 2, Page(s): 274-280, 2010. |
Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance (Article) N Engl J Med, 363, 22, Page(s): 2102-2113, 2010. |
Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: a randomized controlled trial (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 3, Page(s): 736-747, 2010. |
Influence of lifestyle factors on quantitative heel ultrasound measurements in middle-aged and elderly men (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 86, 3, Page(s): 211-219, 2010. |
Markers of cardiovascular risk are not changed by increased whole-grain intake: the WHOLEheart study, a randomised, controlled dietary intervention (Article) Br J Nutr, 104, 1, Page(s): 125-134, 2010. |
Nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children in the United Kingdom: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE) (Article) Br J Nutr, 104, Page(s): 276-285, 2010. |
Prolonged refeeding improves weight maintenance after weight loss with very-low-energy diets (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 1, Page(s): 141-148, 2010. |
UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: carbohydrate and cardiovascular risk (Article) Br J Nutr, 103, 11, Page(s): 1688-1694, 2010. |
2009 |
3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: new evidence for a subunit structure revealed by single particles analysis of HAADF-STEM images (Article) J Struct Biol, 166, 1, Page(s): 22-31, 2009. |
Aggregate predictions impove accuracy when calculating metabolic variables used to guide treatment (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 2, Page(s): 491-499, 2009. |
An algorithm to assess intestinal iron availability for use in dietary surveys (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, 11, Page(s): 1678-1685, 2009. |
Calcium absorption from fortified ice cream formulations compared with calcium absorption from milk (Article) J Am Diet Assoc, 109, 5, Page(s): 830-835, 2009. |
Circulating levels of cobalt and chromium from metal-on-metal hip replacement are associated with CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia (Article) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 91, 6, Page(s): 835-842, 2009. |
Comparative high-speed profiling of carboxylic acid metabolite levels by differential isotope-coded MALDI mass spectrometry (Article) Anal Chem, 81, 18, Page(s): 7544-51, 2009. |
Developing nutrition education resources for a multi-ethnic population in New Zealand (Article) Health Educ Res, 24, 4, Page(s): 558-574, 2009. |
Diet and cognitive function in later life: a challenge for nutrition epidemiology (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S33-S37, 2009. |
Diet and glycosylated haemoglobin in the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, 9, Page(s): 1084-1090, 2009. |
Dietary assessment at the end of life's spectrum (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Suppl 1, Page(s): S1-4, 2009. |
Dietary energy density affects fat mass in early adolescence and is not modified by FTO variants (Article) PLoS ONE, 4, 3, Page(s): e4594, 2009. |
Effect of acute inflammatory brain injury on accumulation of morphine and morphine 3- and 6-glucuronide in the human brain (Article) Crit Care Med, 37, 10, Page(s): 2767-2774, 2009. |
Effects of beer, wine and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older adult men and women (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 4, Page(s): 1188-1196, 2009. |
Effects of growth hormone and free fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94, 9, Page(s): 3297-3305, 2009. |
Ethnic differences in parathyroid hormone secretion and mineral metabolism in response to oral phosphate administration (Article) Bone, 45, 2, Page(s): 238-245, 2009. |
Folate, related B vitamins and homocysteine in childhood and adolescence: potential implications for disease risk in later life (Article) Pediatrics, 123, 2, Page(s): 627-635, 2009. |
From differentiating metabolites to biomarkers (Article) Anal Bioanal Chem, 394, 3, Page(s): 663-670, 2009. |
High-resolution extracted ion chromatography, a new tool for metabolomics and lipidomics using a second-generation orbitrap mass spectrometer (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 23, 10, Page(s): 1411-1418, 2009. |
Intramyocellular lipid levels are associated with peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity in normal healthy subjects (Article) Clin Sci, 117, 3, Page(s): 111-118, 2009. |
Is it possible to assess free-living physical activity and energy expenditure in young people by self-report? (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 3, Page(s): 862-870, 2009. |
Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and mineral accretion of Gambian infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 98, 8, Page(s): 1360-1362, 2009. |
Moderate ingestion of alcohol is associated with acute ethanol-induced suppression of circulating CTx in a PTH-independent fashion (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 24, 8, Page(s): 1380-1388, 2009. |
Mortality in HIV infection is independently predicted by host iron status and SLC11A1 and HP genotypes, with new evidence of a gene-nutrient interaction (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 90, 1, Page(s): 225-233, 2009. |
National Diet and Nutrition Survey: assigning mixed dishes to food groups in the nutrient databank (Article) J Food Comp Anal, 22, Suppl, Page(s): S52-S56, 2009. |
Postreceptor insulin resistance contributes to human dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis (Article) J Clin Invest, 119, 2, Page(s): 315-322, 2009. |
Recent progress in stable isotope methods for assessing vitamin metabolism (Article) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12, 5, Page(s): 495-500, 2009. |
Regulation of the brain isoprenoids farnesyl- and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate is altered in male Alzheimer patients (Article) Neurobiol Dis, 35, Page(s): 251-257, 2009. |
Semi-quantitative and structural metabolic phenotyping by direct infusion ion trap mass spectrometry and its application in genetical metabolomics (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 23, 15, Page(s): 2253-2263, 2009. |
Successful manipulation of the quality and quantity of fat and carbohydrate consumed by free-living individuals using a food exchange model (Article) J Nutr, 139, 8, Page(s): 1534-1540, 2009. |
The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, Page(s): 825-834, 2009. |
The effect of different meals on the absorption of stable isotope labelled phylloquinone (Article) Br J Nutr, 102, Page(s): 1195-1202, 2009. |
The SHED-IT randomised controlled trial: evaluation of an internet-based weight-loss program for men (Article) Obesity, 17, 11, Page(s): 2025-2032, 2009. |
Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids (Article) Obesity, 17, 1, Page(s): 162-168, 2009. |
Vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences in Africa (Article) Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab, 7, 1, Page(s): 94-106, 2009. |
Workshop 1: Use of technology in dietary assessment (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S75-S77, 2009. |
Workshop 3: Novel approaches for estimating portion sizes (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, Page(s): S80-S81, 2009. |
Year-round high physical activity levels in agropastoralists of Bolivian Andes: results from repeated measurements of DLW method in peak and slack seasons of agricultural activities (Article) Am J Hum Biol, 21, 3, Page(s): 337-345, 2009. |
2008 |
A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1 dependent IL-1b secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection and muramyl dipeptide (Article) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 22, Page(s): 7803-7808, 2008. |
A novel derivative for the assessment of urinary and salivary nitrate using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 22, Page(s): 4158-4164, 2008. |
Abundant sunshine and vitamin D deficiency (Article) Br J Nutr, 99, 6, Page(s): 1171-1173, 2008. |
An investigation of a novel three-dimensional activity monitor to predict free-living energy expenditure (Article) J Sports Sci, 26, 6, Page(s): 553-561, 2008. |
Associations between salivary bacteria and reported sugar intake and their relationship with body mass index in women and their adolescent children (Article) Public Health Nutr, 11, 4, Page(s): 341-348, 2008. |
Avoidance of aluminum toxicity in freshwater snails involves intracellular silicon-aluminum biointeraction (Article) Environ Sci Technol, 42, 6, Page(s): 2189-2194, 2008. |
Changes in bone mineral status and bone size during pregnancy and the influences of body weight and calcium intake (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 4, Page(s): 1032-1039, 2008. |
Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Article) BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 9, Page(s): 85, 2008. |
Circulating markers of inflammation and their link to indices of adiposity (Article) Obes Facts, 1, 5, Page(s): 259-265, 2008. |
Community-level socio-economic status and cognitive and functional impairment in the older population (Article) Eur J Public Health, 18, 1, Page(s): 48-54, 2008. |
Cup inclination angle of greater than 50 degrees increases whole blood concentrations of cobalt and chromium ions after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (Article) Hip Int, 18, 3, Page(s): 212-219, 2008. |
Dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in childhood and throughout adulthood and mammographic density in a British birth cohort (Article) Br J Cancer, 99, 9, Page(s): 1539-1543, 2008. |
Doubly labelled water for the measurement of total energy expenditure in man - progress and applications in the last decade (Article) Nutr Bull, 33, 2, Page(s): 80-90, 2008. |
Efficiency of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to imposed caloric excess in lean men (Article) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 294, 2, Page(s): E416-E424, 2008. |
Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 4, Page(s): 846-854, 2008. |
Erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid profiles in patients with epilepsy: does carbamazepine affect omega-3 fatty acid concentrations? (Article) Epilepsy Behav, 12, 2, Page(s): 317-323, 2008. |
FGF23 is elevated in Gambian children with rickets (Article) Bone, 42, 4, Page(s): 788-797, 2008. |
Isoprenoid quantitation in human brain tissue: a validated HPLC-fluorescence detection method for endogenous farnesyl- (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) (Article) Anal Bioanal Chem, 392, 4, Page(s): 673-680, 2008. |
Letter to the Editor: The fallacy of using percentage body fat as a measure of adiposity (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 1959, 2008. |
Letter: Maternal vitamin D status and breast milk concentrations of calcium and phosphorus (Article) Arch Dis Child, 93, 2, Page(s): 179, 2008. |
Perspectives for metabolomics in human nutrition: an overview (Article) Nutr Bull, 33, 4, Page(s): 324-330, 2008. |
Post-prandial iron absorption in humans: comparison between HFE genotypes and iron deficiency anaemia (Article) Clin Nutr, 27, 2, Page(s): 258-263, 2008. |
Risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events from selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis (Article) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 17, 6, Page(s): 601-608, 2008. |
Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 23, 9, Page(s): 1477-1485, 2008. |
The hydration ability of three commercially available sports drinks and water (Article) J Sci Med Sport, 11, 2, Page(s): 116-123, 2008. |
Validation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for measuring human body composition (Article) Obesity, 16, 1, Page(s): 191-198, 2008. |
Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 2(S), Page(s): 500S-506S, 2008. |
Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective (Article) Nutr Rev, 66, Suppl 2, Page(s): S153-S164, 2008. |
2007 |
A food-group based algorithm to predict non-heme iron absorption (Article) Int J Food Sci Nutr, 58, 1, Page(s): 29-41, 2007. |
A single glucose derivative suitable for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 21, 18, Page(s): 3123-3128, 2007. |
Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and 2H2O measurements of body composition in Brazilian adolescents (Article) Int J Body Comp Res, 5, 1, Page(s): 9-15, 2007. |
Assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in male and female multiple sclerosis patients and control volunteers (Article) Mult Scler, 13, 5, Page(s): 670-672, 2007. |
Carbohydrate terminology and classification (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 61, Suppl 1, Page(s): S5-S18, 2007. |
Challenges in harmonizing energy and nutrient recommendations in Europe (Article) Ann Nutr Metab, 51, 2, Page(s): 108-114, 2007. |
Comparative whole-grain intake of British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1 (Article) Br J Nutr, 97, 5, Page(s): 987-992, 2007. |
Comparison of MALDI to ESI on a triple quadrupole platform for pharmacokinetic analyses (Article) Anal Chem, 79, 23, Page(s): 9000-9006, 2007. |
Conditional Gaussian mixture modelling for dietary pattern analysis (Article) J R Statist Soc A, 170, 1, Page(s): 149-166, 2007. |
Dependence of blood indices of selenium and mercury on estimated fish intake in a national survey of British adults (Article) Public Health Nutr, 10, 5, Page(s): 508-517, 2007. |
Dietary microparticles and their impact on tolerance and immune responsiveness of the gastrointestinal tract (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, Suppl 1, Page(s): S59-S63, 2007. |
Dietary microparticles implicated in Crohn's disease can impair macrophage phagocytic activity and act as adjuvants in the presence of bacterial stimuli (Article) Inflamm Res, 56, 9, Page(s): 353-361, 2007. |
Dietary patterns throughout adult life are associated with body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and red cell folate (Article) J Nutr, 137, 1, Page(s): 99-105, 2007. |
Eating habits in relation to body fatness and gender in adolescents - results from the 'SWEDES' study (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 61, 4, Page(s): 517-525, 2007. |
Effectiveness of an early supplementation scheme of high-dose vitamin A versus standard WHO protocol in Gambian mothers and infants: a randomised controlled trial (Article) Lancet, 369, 9579, Page(s): 2088-2096, 2007. |
Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects (Article) N Engl J Med, 357, 8, Page(s): 741-752, 2007. |
Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection (Article) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 46, 4, Page(s): 498-507, 2007. |
Elsie Widdowson Lecture 2006, Mining the depths: new metabolic insights into mineral nutrition (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 66, 4, Page(s): 512-521, 2007. |
Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method (Article) Br J Nutr, 97, 6, Page(s): 1169-1176, 2007. |
Executive Summary: FORESIGHT 'Tackling Obesities: Future Choices' project (Article) Obes Rev, 8, Suppl 1, Page(s): vi-ix, 2007. |
Fortified complementary foods with or without alpha-amylase treatment increase hemoglobin but do not reduce breast milk intake of 9-mo-old Zambian infants (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 4, Page(s): 1094-1103, 2007. |
Frequent feeding delays the gastric emptying of a subsequent meal (Article) Appetite, 48, 2, Page(s): 199-205, 2007. |
Haem and non-haem iron intake through 17 years of adult life of a British birth cohort (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, 5, Page(s): 1021-1028, 2007. |
Is sugar-sweetened beverage consumption associated with increased fatness in children? (Article) Nutrition, 23, 7-8, Page(s): 557-563, 2007. |
Low dietary calcium levels modulate mucosal caspase expression and increase disease activity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis (Article) J Nutr, 137, 11, Page(s): 2475-2480, 2007. |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to soluble and particulate heat shock protein 65 in health and inflammatory bowel disease (Article) Inflamm Res, 56, 4, Page(s): 143-148, 2007. |
Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis (Article) Gut, 56, 9, Page(s): 1291-1295, 2007. |
The impact of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on inflammation, insulin sensitivity and CVD risk in a group of overweight women with an inflammatory phenotype (Article) Diabetes Obes Metab, 9, 1, Page(s): 70-80, 2007. |
The role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression (Article) Nutr Bull, 32, Suppl 1, Page(s): 90-99, 2007. |
Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 509-519, 2007. |
UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health (Article) Br J Nutr, 98, 6, Page(s): 1305-1310, 2007. |
Use of stable-isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 4, Page(s): 1075-1082, 2007. |
Using the Mini-Mental State Examination for tracking cognition in the older population based on longitudinal data (Article) J Am Geriatr Soc, 55, 7, Page(s): 1066-1071, 2007. |
Validity of the leg-to-leg bioimpedance to estimate changes in body fat during weight loss and regain in overweight women: a comparison with multi-compartment models (Article) Int J Obes, 31, 5, Page(s): 756-762, 2007. |
Why do normal weight young women look for diet-therapy? Findings from a pilot study in a clinical and non-clinical population (Article) Eat Weight Disord, 12, 2, Page(s): e35-e38, 2007. |
2006 |
A pilot study on body image, attractiveness and body size in Gambians living in an urban community (Article) Eat Weight Disord, 11, 2, Page(s): 100-109, 2006. |
Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women (Article) Int J Obes, 30, 10, Page(s): 1535-1544, 2006. |
An evaluation of Bayesian designs for dose-escalation studies in healthy volunteers (Article) Stat Med, 25, 3, Page(s): 433-445, 2006. |
An investigation of whether factors associated with short-term attrition change or persist over ten years: data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) (Article) BMC Public Health, 6, Page(s): 185, 2006. |
Analysis of isotope ratios in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) from human plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 20, 12, Page(s): 1894-1898, 2006. |
Biological factors influencing tissue compartmentalization of trace metals in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus at geochemically distinct vent sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Article) Environ Res, 101, 2, Page(s): 221-229, 2006. |
Blood indices of selenium and mercury, and their correlations with fish intake, in young people living in Britain (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 3, Page(s): 523-531, 2006. |
Body fat reference curves for children (Article) Int J Obes, 30, 4, Page(s): 598-602, 2006. |
Can self-reported dieting and dietary restraint identify underreporters of energy intake in dietary surveys? (Article) J Am Diet Assoc, 106, 10, Page(s): 1667-1672, 2006. |
Case-control study of breast milk calcium in mothers of children with and without nutritional rickets (Article) Acta Paediatr, 95, 7, Page(s): 826-832, 2006. |
Comparative dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) among British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1 (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 6, Page(s): 1105-1115, 2006. |
Electron beam damage studies of synthetic 6-line ferrihydrite and ferritin molecule cores within a human liver biopsy (Article) Micron, 37, 5, Page(s): 403-411, 2006. |
Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 6, Page(s): 1420-1428, 2006. |
Human milk vacuolating cytotoxin A immunoglobulin A antibodies modify Helicobacter pylori infection in Gambian children (Article) Clin Infect Dis, 43, 8, Page(s): 1040-1042, 2006. |
Identification and quantitive analysis of calcium phosphate microparticles in intestinal tissue by nuclear microscopy (Article) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B, 249, Page(s): 665-669, 2006. |
Immunolocalization of duodenal cytochrome B: a relationship with circulating markers of iron status (Article) Eur J Clin Invest, 36, 12, Page(s): 890-898, 2006. |
Influence of tea drinking on manganese intake, manganese status and leucocyte expression of MnSOD and cytosolic aminopeptidase P (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 60, 1, Page(s): 1-8, 2006. |
Iron bioavailability: UK Food Standards Agency workshop report (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 5, Page(s): 985-990, 2006. |
Longitudinal changes in dietary patterns during adult life (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 4, Page(s): 735-744, 2006. |
Measurement of gastric emptying by the 13C-octanoate breath test - rationalization with scintigraphy (Article) Physiol Meas, 27, 3, Page(s): 279-289, 2006. |
Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 65, 3, Page(s): 291-310, 2006. |
Nutrition and bone growth and development (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 65, 4, Page(s): 348-360, 2006. |
Oily fish reduces plasma triacylglycerols: a primary prevention study in overweight men and women (Article) Nutrition, 22, 10, Page(s): 1012-1024, 2006. |
PIXImus bone densitometer and associated technical measurement issues of skeletal growth in the young rat (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 78, 3, Page(s): 186-192, 2006. |
Plasma homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 compared between rural Gambian and UK adults (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 3, Page(s): 508-515, 2006. |
Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in British adults aged 19-64 years (Article) Br J Nutr, 96, 6, Page(s): 1116-1124, 2006. |
Post-capture investigations of hydrothermal vent macro-invertebrates to study adaptations to extreme environments (Article) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 5, 2-3, Page(s): 193-201, 2006. |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 3, Page(s): 657-666, 2006. |
Relationships between biochemical bone turnover markers, season, and inflammatory status indices in prepubertal Gambian boys (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 79, 1, Page(s): 15-21, 2006. |
Role of protein kinase C delta in curcumin-induced antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression in human monocytes (Article) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 341, 4, Page(s): 1007-1016, 2006. |
Serum iron curves can be used to estimate dietary iron bioavailability in humans (Article) J Nutr, 136, 7, Page(s): 1910-1914, 2006. |
Socio-economic and environmental factors influence energy utilization in Brazilian breast-fed infants (Article) J Nutr, 136, 11, Page(s): 2945-2951, 2006. |
Stepwise haplotype analysis: are LD patterns repeatable? (Article) Hum Genom, 2, 6, Page(s): 376-382, 2006. |
The association between metal ions from hip resurfacing and reduced T-cell counts (Article) J Bone Joint Surg Br, 88, 4, Page(s): 449-454, 2006. |
The use of stable isotopes to measure vitamin A bioavailability from carotenoids: the effectiveness of vegetables as sources of vitamin A (PhD Thesis) University of Cambridge, 2006. |
Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaeste) from geochemically distinct vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Article) J Sea Research, 56, 1, Page(s): 45-52, 2006. |
TV and inactivity are separate contributors to metabolic risk factors in children (Article) PLoS Med, 3, 12, Page(s): 2197-2198, 2006. |
What influences diet in early old age? Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort (Article) Eur J Public Health, 16, 3, Page(s): 316-324, 2006. |
2005 |
13C- and 2H-labelled glucose compared for minimal model estimates of glucose metabolism in man (Article) Clin Sci, 109, 6, Page(s): 513-521, 2005. |
A provisional database for the silicon content of foods in the United Kingdom (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 804-812, 2005. |
Alpha-lipoic acid-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression is mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human monocytic cells (Article) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, 10, Page(s): 2100-2105, 2005. |
Assocation of physical activity with body-composition indexes in children aged 6-8 y at varied risk of obesity (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 1, Page(s): 13-20, 2005. |
Behavioural determinants of obesity (Article) Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 19, 3, Page(s): 343-358, 2005. |
Calcium supplementation increases stature and bone mineral mass of 16- to 18-year-old boys (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 6, Page(s): 3153-3161, 2005. |
Comparability of dietary patterns assessed by multiple dietary assessment methods: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 3, Page(s): 341-352, 2005. |
Complementary feeding with cow's milk alters sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants (Article) J Nutr, 135, 8, Page(s): 1889-1895, 2005. |
Dietary silicon and bone health (Article) Nutr Bull, 30, 3, Page(s): 222-230, 2005. |
Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 813-817, 2005. |
Dietary strategies for the prevention of obesity (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 2, Page(s): 217-227, 2005. |
Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on vitamin K status in healthy older adults from China and the UK (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 6, Page(s): 956-961, 2005. |
Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not compensation (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 2, Page(s): 302-308, 2005. |
Ethnic differences in osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation, plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and apolipoprotein E genotype (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 1, Page(s): 72-81, 2005. |
Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s (Article) Public Health Nutr, 8, 2, Page(s): 171-180, 2005. |
Lack of efficacy of a reduced microparticle diet in a multi-centred trial of patients with active Crohn's disease (Article) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, 3, Page(s): 377-384, 2005. |
Lipopolysaccharide-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in human monocytic cells is mediated via Nrf2 and protein kinase C (Article) J Immunol, 175, 7, Page(s): 4408-4415, 2005. |
Measurement of gastric emptying by octanoate metabolism (Article) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 8, 5, Page(s): 538-544, 2005. |
Obesity management (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 18, 2, Page(s): 147-8, 2005. |
Positive, site-specific associations between bone mineral status, fitness, and time spent at high-impact activities in 16- to 18-year-old boys (Article) Bone, 36, 1, Page(s): 101-110, 2005. |
Prediction of total body water in infants and children (Article) Arch Dis Child, 90, 9, Page(s): 965-971, 2005. |
Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain (Article) Obes Rev, 6, 1, Page(s): 11-12, 2005. |
Report of a Joint Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council workshop on cancer cachexia research at the Royal College of Physicians, Tuesday, 2 December 2003 (Article) Br J Cancer, 92, 10, Page(s): 1830-1833, 2005. |
Secular trends in under-reporting in young people (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 2, Page(s): 241-247, 2005. |
Selecting a healthy diet score: lessons from a study of diet and health in early old age (the Boyd Orr cohort) (Article) Public Health Nutr, 8, 3, Page(s): 321-326, 2005. |
Supplement use is associated with health status and health-related behaviors in the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) J Nutr, 135, 7, Page(s): 1782-1789, 2005. |
The 'anomalous' absorption of labelled and unlabelled vitamin C in man (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 5, Page(s): 627-632, 2005. |
The effect of normalisation of ECW volume as a marker of hydration in PD patients and controls (Article) Perit Dial Int, 25, Suppl 3, Page(s): S49-S51, 2005. |
Vitamin C status and collagen cross-link ratios in Gambian children (Article) Br J Nutr, 93, 4, Page(s): 501-507, 2005. |
Vitamin D status and its relationship with parathyroid hormone and bone mineral status in older adolescents (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 64, 2, Page(s): 193-203, 2005. |
Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4-18 years (Article) Br J Nutr, 94, 5, Page(s): 825-831, 2005. |
2004 |
Abnormalities of body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients (Article) Perit Dial Int, 24, 2, Page(s): 169-175, 2004. |
Can osteoporosis be prevented with dietary strategies during adolescence? (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 1, Page(s): 5-6, 2004. |
Comparison of narrow-angle fan-beam and pencil-beam densitometers: in vivo and phantom study of the effect of bone density, scan mode, and tissue depth on spine measurements (Article) J Clin Densitom, 7, 3, Page(s): 341-348, 2004. |
Determination of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plasma and serum by HPLC with fluorescence detection (Article) Clin Chim Acta, 347, 1-2, Page(s): 199-207, 2004. |
Dexamethasone enhances LPS induction of tissue factor expression in human monocytic cells by increasing tissue factor mRNA stability (Article) J Leukoc Biol, 76, 1, Page(s): 145-151, 2004. |
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis (Article) Public Health Nutr, 7, 1A, Page(s): 227-243, 2004. |
Dietary sources of inorganic microparticles and their intake in healthy subjects and patients with Crohn's disease (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 6, Page(s): 947-955, 2004. |
Do appendicular bone measurements reflect changes in the axial skeleton?: the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound measurements during lactation (Article) J Clin Densitom, 7, 3, Page(s): 296-301, 2004. |
Early Helicobacter pylori colonisation: the association with growth faltering in The Gambia (Article) Arch Dis Child, 89, 12, Page(s): 1149-1154, 2004. |
Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 8, Page(s): 1004-1010, 2004. |
Energy and nutrient dietary reference values for children in Europe: methodological approaches and current nutritional recommendations (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, Suppl 2, Page(s): S83-S146, 2004. |
Energy intake/physical activity interactions in the homeostasis of body weight regulation (Article) Nutr Rev, 62, 7 Pt 2, Page(s): S98-S104, 2004. |
Ethnic differences in the relationship between fasting leptin and BMI in children (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 1, Page(s): 17-21, 2004. |
Intake of dietary iron is low in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 1, Page(s): 141-148, 2004. |
Multiple imputation for body mass index: lessons from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (Article) Stat Med, 23, 19, Page(s): 3077-3087, 2004. |
Nutrient partitioning during treatment of tuberculosis: gain in body fat mass but not in protein mass (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 6, Page(s): 1006-1012, 2004. |
Oral ferrous sulphate leads to a marked increase in pro-oxidant nontransferrin-bound iron (Article) Eur J Clin Invest, 34, 11, Page(s): 782-784, 2004. |
Stable isotope-labelled vitamin C as a probe for vitamin C absorption by human subjects (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 5, Page(s): 699-705, 2004. |
The application of a simple algorithm to isotope ratio measurements by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Meas Sci Technol, 15, Page(s): N21-N24, 2004. |
The impact of inter-generational social and regional circumstances on dietary intake patterns of British adults: results from the 1946 British Birth Cohort (Article) Public Health Nutr, 7, 6, Page(s): 737-744, 2004. |
The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers (Article) Br J Nutr, 91, 3, Page(s): 403-409, 2004. |
Use of isotopically labelled octanoic acid to assess the effect of meal size on gastric emptying (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 10, Page(s): 1003-1007, 2004. |
Using a non-invasive stable isotope tracer to measure the absorption of water in humans (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 6, Page(s): 701-706, 2004. |
Vitamin K status of older individuals in northern China is superior to that of older individuals in the UK (Article) Br J Nutr, 92, 6, Page(s): 939-945, 2004. |
Zinc and vitamin A intake and status in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 58, 2, Page(s): 363-375, 2004. |
2003 |
An evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of energy expenditure measured by heart rate and the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: basal metabolic rate for identifying mis-reporting of energy intake by adults and children: a retrospective analysis (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, 3, Page(s): 455-463, 2003. |
Comparison of vitamin C deficiency with food restriction on collagen cross-link ratios in bone, urine and skin of weanling guinea-pigs (Article) Br J Nutr, 89, 3, Page(s): 303-310, 2003. |
Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18-y-old adolescent girls (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 4, Page(s): 985-992, 2003. |
Evaluation of air-displacement plethysmography in children aged 5-7 years using a three-component model of body composition (Article) Br J Nutr, 90, 3, Page(s): 699-707, 2003. |
Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Article) Diabetes, 52, 4, Page(s): 910-917, 2003. |
Improving communication to tackle obesity in the UK (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 62, 3, Page(s): 577-581, 2003. |
Leptin does not respond to 48 h fat deposition or mobilization in women (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 4, Page(s): 457-462, 2003. |
Measurement of total energy expenditure in grossly obese women: comparison of the bicarbonate-urea method with whole-body calorimetry and free-living doubly labelled water (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 6, Page(s): 641-647, 2003. |
Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn (Article) J Nutr, 133, 5 Suppl 2, Page(s): 1693S-1699S, 2003. |
Nutritional management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the evidence (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 16, 2, Page(s): 97-109, 2003. |
Physical and mental health: changes during menopause transition (Article) Qual Life Res, 12, 4, Page(s): 405-412, 2003. |
Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B12 intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, 2, Page(s): 349-357, 2003. |
The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults (Article) J Nutr, 133, 10, Page(s): 3130-3136, 2003. |
The problems of sleep for older women: changes in health outcomes (Article) Age Ageing, 32, 2, Page(s): 154-163, 2003. |
Who consumes whole grains, and how much? (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 62, 1, Page(s): 123-127, 2003. |
2002 |
2H- and 13C-labelled tracers compared for kinetic studies of ascorbic acid metabolism in man: a factor analytical approach (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 9, Page(s): 879-883, 2002. |
A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children (Article) J Nutr, 132, 12, Page(s): 3693-3699, 2002. |
Age- and gender-related differences in bone mineral status and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in northern Chinese men and women (Article) Bone, 30, 2, Page(s): 412-415, 2002. |
Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency (Article) J Clin Invest, 110, 8, Page(s): 1093-1103, 2002. |
Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 3, Page(s): 681-686, 2002. |
Changes in physical symptoms during the menopause transition (Article) Int J Behav Med, 9, 1, Page(s): 53-67, 2002. |
Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease with body fat loss in obese women (Article) Diabetes Obes Metab, 4, 6, Page(s): 379-387, 2002. |
Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4-18 years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 1, Page(s): 71-79, 2002. |
Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, 2, Page(s): 200-207, 2002. |
Good nutrition vital for healthy old age (Article) Health and Ageing, Jan, Page(s): 19-21, 2002. |
Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1): variation with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 605-613, 2002. |
Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort (Article) Int J Epidemiol, 31, 2, Page(s): 383-390, 2002. |
Leptin and undernutrition (Article) Nutr Rev, 60, 10 Pt 2, Page(s): S56-S67, 2002. |
Leptin, malnutrition, and immune response in rural Gambian children (Article) Arch Dis Child, 87, 3, Page(s): 192-197, 2002. |
Measurement of deuterium oxide by infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for quantifying daily milk intake in breastfed infants and maternal body fat (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 38-41, 2002. |
Measurement of gastric emptying in man using deuterated octanoic acid (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 2, Page(s): 127-133, 2002. |
Measurement of insulin sensitivity indices using 13C-glucose and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 21, Page(s): 2009-2014, 2002. |
Menarche and nutritional status in pubescent British girls (Article) Nutr Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 423-432, 2002. |
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study (Article) Lancet, 360, 9347, Page(s): 1781-1782, 2002. |
Oral contraceptives and nutritional status in adolescent British girls (Article) Nutr Res, 22, 4, Page(s): 449-462, 2002. |
Plasma carotenoid and vitamin E concentrations in women living in a rural West African (Gambian) community (Article) Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 72, 3, Page(s): 133-141, 2002. |
Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Nutr, 87, 6, Page(s): 615-622, 2002. |
Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and standard addition of intrinsically labelled standards (SAIL) - application to isoflavones in foods (Article) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 16, 24, Page(s): 2249-2254, 2002. |
Selenium status and associated factors in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 y (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 56, 9, Page(s): 873-881, 2002. |
Selenium status and its correlates in a British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Trace Elem Med Biol, 16, 1, Page(s): 1-8, 2002. |
Sociodemographic inequalities in the diet of young children in the 1946 British birth cohort (Article) Public Health Nutr, 5, 6, Page(s): 733-745, 2002. |
Stable isotope techniques in human nutrition research: concerted action is needed (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 69-75, 2002. |
The contribution of fat and fat-free tissue to body mass index in contemporary children and the reference child (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, 10, Page(s): 1323-1328, 2002. |
The rate of appearance and disappearance of ascorbate (vitamin C) in plasma of orally-dosed humans, studied by stable isotope probes (Article) Free Radic Res, 36, Suppl 1, Page(s): 39-40, 2002. |
Use of Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) for determination of breast milk output by the deuterium dilution method among Senegalese women (Article) Food Nutr Bull, 23, 3 Suppl, Page(s): 138-141, 2002. |
Weight reference charts for British long-term breastfed infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 91, 12, Page(s): 1296-1300, 2002. |
What are the dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D? (Article) Calcif Tissue Int, 70, 2, Page(s): 83-88, 2002. |
2001 |
Beyond body mass index (Article) Obes Rev, 2, 3, Page(s): 141-147, 2001. |
De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 6, Page(s): 737-746, 2001. |
Dose-response relationship between fat ingestion and oxidation: quantitative estimation using whole-body calorimetry and 13C isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 55, 1, Page(s): 10-18, 2001. |
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a new insight into geophagy (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 32, 5, Page(s): 615-616, 2001. |
Geographical variations in nutrition-related vascular risk factors in the UK: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Nutr Health Aging, 5, 4, Page(s): 220-225, 2001. |
Intake and status in healthy Havana men, 2 years after the Cuban epidemic neuropathy (Article) Br J Nutr, 85, 6, Page(s): 641-642, 2001. |
Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity (Article) Nature, 414, 6859, Page(s): 34-35, 2001. |
Single definition of overweight and obesity should be used (Article) Br Med J, 323, 7319, Page(s): 999, 2001. |
The measurement of total body potassium in patients on peritoneal dialysis (Article) Perit Dial Int, 21, Suppl 3, Page(s): S163-S167, 2001. |
The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people (Article) J Dent Res, 80, 2, Page(s): 408-413, 2001. |
The relative contribution of diet and genotype to bone development (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 60, 1, Page(s): 45-52, 2001. |
The work burden of women (Article) Science, 294, 5543, Page(s): 812, 2001. |
2000 |
A combined heart rate and movement sensor: proof of concept and preliminary testing study (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 54, 5, Page(s): 409-414, 2000. |
A weighty issue (Article) Nurs Times, 96, 36, Page(s): 32-33, 2000. |
Association between ethnicity, body mass index, and bioelectrical impedance. Implications for the population specificity of prediction equations (Article) Ann N Y Acad Sci, 904, Page(s): 199-202, 2000. |
Calcium in pregnancy and lactation (Article) Ann Rev Nutr, 20, Page(s): 249-272, 2000. |
Comparison of recoveries in breath carbon dioxide of H13CO3- and H14CO3- administered simultaneously by single 6 h constant unprimed intravenous infusion (Article) Br J Nutr, 84, 3, Page(s): 269-274, 2000. |
Daidzein and genistein contents of vegetables (Article) Br J Nutr, 84, 5, Page(s): 717-725, 2000. |
Dietary supplement use at the population level: recent experience from the 1994-5 British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) J Nutr Health Aging, 4, 1, Page(s): 51-53, 2000. |
Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency (Article) J Clin Invest, 106, 2, Page(s): 271-279, 2000. |
Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in Gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 2, Page(s): 544-549, 2000. |
Effects of growth during infancy and childhood on bone mineralization and turnover in preterm children aged 8-12 years (Article) Acta Paediatr, 89, 2, Page(s): 148-153, 2000. |
Energy expenditure of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 4, Page(s): 1025-1031, 2000. |
Energy requirements in Chilean infants (Article) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 83, 2, Page(s): F120-F123, 2000. |
Evaluation of a new bioelectrical impedance instrument for the prediction of body cell mass independently of height or weight (Article) Nutrition, 16, 9, Page(s): 745-750, 2000. |
Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model (Article) Br J Nutr, 83, 2, Page(s): 115-122, 2000. |
Fat and energy needs of children in developing countries (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 5 Suppl, Page(s): 1253S-1265S, 2000. |
Growth patterns of breastfed infants (Article) Acta Paediatr, 89, 2, Page(s): 136-138, 2000. |
Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 3, Page(s): 694-701, 2000. |
Interactions between physical activity and diet in the regulation of body weight (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 2, Page(s): 193-198, 2000. |
Long-term adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding: how scientific research has led to revised opinions (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 1, Page(s): 17-23, 2000. |
Maternal calcium metabolism and bone mineral status (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 5 Suppl, Page(s): 1312S-1316S, 2000. |
Methodological approaches to assess body-weight regulation and aetiology of obesity (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 3, Page(s): 405-411, 2000. |
Overweight and obesity in European children and adolescents (Article) Eur J Pediatr, 159, Suppl 1, Page(s): S2-S4, 2000. |
Risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 years (Article) Public Health Nutr, 3, 4, Page(s): 433-440, 2000. |
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4-18 years. (Article) Nutr Bull, 25, 2, Page(s): 105-111, 2000. |
Visual acuity measurements in a national sample of British elderly people (Article) Br J Ophthalmol, 84, 2, Page(s): 165-170, 2000. |
Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone concentrations in Chinese women and men from north-east of the People's Republic of China (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 54, 1, Page(s): 68-72, 2000. |
1999 |
A possible role for vitamin C in age-related cataract (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 2, Page(s): 295-301, 1999. |
A simple, sensitive and reproducible assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human plasma (Article) Clin Chim Acta, 280, 1-2, Page(s): 101-111, 1999. |
An appraisal of vitamin B6 status indices and associated confounders, in young people aged 4-18 years and in people aged 65 years and over, in two national British surveys (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 4, Page(s): 529-535, 1999. |
An investigation of ethnic differences in bone mineral, hip axis length, calcium metabolism and bone turnover between West African and Caucasian adults living in the United Kingdom (Article) Ann Hum Biol, 26, 3, Page(s): 229-242, 1999. |
Anomalies in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of total-body bone mineral during weight change using Lunar, Hologic and Norland instruments (Article) Br J Radiol, 72, 859, Page(s): 661-669, 1999. |
Bone mineral changes during and after lactation (Article) Obstet Gynecol, 94, 4, Page(s): 608-615, 1999. |
Bone mineralization and turnover in preterm infants at 8-12 years of age: the effect of early diet (Article) J Bone Miner Res, 14, 5, Page(s): 810-820, 1999. |
Breast feeding and obesity. Relation may be accounted for by social factors (Article) Br Med J, 319, 7224, Page(s): 1576, 1999. |
Comparison of adult and paediatric spine and whole body software for the Lunar dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (Article) Br J Radiol, 72, 862, Page(s): 967-976, 1999. |
Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues (Article) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 11 Suppl, Page(s): S534-S541, 1999. |
Development of fat digestion in infancy (Article) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 80, 3, Page(s): F183-F187, 1999. |
Diagnosis and detection of vitamin deficiencies (Article) Br Med Bull, 55, 3, Page(s): 643-657, 1999. |
Effects of inactivity and diet composition on human energy balance (Article) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 23, 12, Page(s): 1269-75, 1999. |
Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency (Article) N Engl J Med, 341, 12, Page(s): 879-884, 1999. |
Energy expenditure of young Polynesian and European women in New Zealand and relations to body composition (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 1, Page(s): 43-48, 1999. |
Epidemiological study of hip fracture in Shenyang, People's Republic of China (Article) Bone, 24, 2, Page(s): 151-155, 1999. |
Food and nutrient intake of a national sample of 4-year-old children in 1950: comparison with the 1990s (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 4, Page(s): 537-547, 1999. |
Gender differences in food and nutrient intakes and status indices from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 53, 9, Page(s): 694-699, 1999. |
Helicobacter pylori colonization in early life (Article) Pediatr Res, 45, 2, Page(s): 218-223, 1999. |
Interpreting the 13C-urea breath test among a large population of young children from a developing country (Article) Pediatr Res, 46, 2, Page(s): 147-151, 1999. |
Is the frequency of having an eye test associated with socioeconomic factors? A national cross sectional study in British elderly (Article) J Epidemiol Community Health, 53, 11, Page(s): 737-738, 1999. |
Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 82, 1, Page(s): 7-15, 1999. |
North-south differences in some indices of vitamin B6 nutritional status in older British people (Article) Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 69, 6, Page(s): 371-377, 1999. |
Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over (Article) Br J Nutr, 81, 3, Page(s): 191-201, 1999. |
Plasma total homocysteine response to oral doses of folic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) in healthy individuals. Oral doses of vitamin B6 reduce concentrations of serum folate (Article) Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 59, 2, Page(s): 139-146, 1999. |
Relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/95 (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 2, Page(s): 199-208, 1999. |
The Nutrition Society Medal Lecture. Obesity: from molecules to man (Article) Proc Nutr Soc, 58, 1, Page(s): 1-14, 1999. |
The use of infrared spectrophotometry for measuring body water spaces (Article) Clin Chem, 45, 7, Page(s): 1077-1081, 1999. |
Use of medicines by older people in a large British national survey, and their relation to vitamin status indices (Article) Public Health Nutr, 2, 1, Page(s): 15-22, 1999. |
Vitamin D: seasonal and regional differences in preschool children in Great Britain (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 53, 3, Page(s): 195-198, 1999. |
1998 |
A simple method for the extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Article) Biochem Soc Trans, 26, 2, Page(s): S87, 1998. |
Bile salt-stimulated lipase and digestion of non-breast milk fat (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 26, 1, Page(s): 39-42, 1998. |
Biochemical markers of calcium and bone metabolism during 18 months of lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake and in those consuming a calcium supplement (Article) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 4, Page(s): 1059-1066, 1998. |
Bone changes after 3 mo of lactation: influence of calcium intake, breast-milk output, and vitamin D-receptor genotype (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 4, Page(s): 685-692, 1998. |
Calcium requirements of breast-feeding mothers (Article) Nutr Rev, 56, 4 Pt 1, Page(s): 124-127, 1998. |
Changes in body fat: measurements by neutron activation, densitometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Article) Appl Radiat Isot, 49, 5-6, Page(s): 507-509, 1998. |
Changes in collagen cross-link ratios in bone and urine of guinea pigs fed graded dietary vitamin C: a functional index of vitamin C status (Article) J Nutr Biochem, 9, Page(s): 402-407, 1998. |
Contributions of the doubly labeled water method to studies of energy balance in the Third World (Article) Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 4, Page(s): 962S-969S, 1998. |
Does vitamin C reduce blood pressure? Results of a large study of people aged 65 or older (Article) J Hypertens, 16, 7, Page(s): 925-932, 1998. |
Efficacy of very low-energy diets and meal replacements in the treatment of obesity (Article) J Hum Nutr Diet, 11, 3, Page(s): 219-225, 1998. |
Estimation of the use of dietary supplements in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. An observed paradox and a recommendation (Article) Eur J Clin Nutr, 52, 12, Page(s): 917-923, 1998. |
Extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food (Article) Anal Biochem, 264, 1, Page(s): 1-7, 1998. |
Factors affecting the 2H to 18O dilution space ratio in infants (Article) Pediatr Res, 43, 4 Pt 1, Page(s): 467-471, 1998. |
Glutamine and vitamin E in the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease following high-dose chemotherapy (Article) Bone Marrow Transplant, 21, 8, Page(s): 829-832, 1998. |
Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric acid secretion, and infant growth (Article) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 26, 4, Page(s): 393-397, 1998. |
Infant nutrition and cognitive development in the first offspring of a national UK birth cohort (Article) Dev Med Child Neurol, 40, 3, Page(s): 163-167, 1998. |
Leptin: physiology and pathophysiology (Article) Clin Physiol, 18, 5, Page(s): 399-419, 1998. |
Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now? (Article) Br J Nutr, 79, 5, Page(s): 393-406, 1998. |
Polymorphism of the collagen type I alpha1 gene and ethnic differences in hip-fracture rates (Article) N Engl J Med, 339, 5, Page(s): 351-352, 1998. |
Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/5 (Article) Public Health Nutr, 1, 3, Page(s): 157-167, 1998. |
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over (Article) Nutr Food Sci, 98, 3, Page(s): 133-137, 1998. |
The need for revised standards for skinfold thickness in infancy (Article) Arch Dis Child, 78, 4, Page(s): 354-358, 1998. |
Validity of published prediction equations for body composition in high altitude Bolivian Aymara as evaluated by doubly labeled water (Article) Am J Hum Biol, 10, 3, Page(s): 371-384, 1998. |
Zinc and phytate intake of rural Gambian infants: contributions from breastmilk and weaning foods (Article) Int J Food Sci Nutr, 49, 2, Page(s): 141-155, 1998. |